The world's population first reached one billion people in 1803, and reach eight billion in 2023, and will peak at almost 11 billion by the end of the century. Although it took thousands of years to reach one billion people, it did so at the beginning of a phenomenon known as the demographic transition; from this point onwards, population growth has skyrocketed, and since the 1960s the population has increased by one billion people every 12 to 15 years. The demographic transition sees a sharp drop in mortality due to factors such as vaccination, sanitation, and improved food supply; the population boom that follows is due to increased survival rates among children and higher life expectancy among the general population; and fertility then drops in response to this population growth. Regional differences The demographic transition is a global phenomenon, but it has taken place at different times across the world. The industrialized countries of Europe and North America were the first to go through this process, followed by some states in the Western Pacific. Latin America's population then began growing at the turn of the 20th century, but the most significant period of global population growth occurred as Asia progressed in the late-1900s. As of the early 21st century, almost two thirds of the world's population live in Asia, although this is set to change significantly in the coming decades. Future growth The growth of Africa's population, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, will have the largest impact on global demographics in this century. From 2000 to 2100, it is expected that Africa's population will have increased by a factor of almost five. It overtook Europe in size in the late 1990s, and overtook the Americas a decade later. In contrast to Africa, Europe's population is now in decline, as birth rates are consistently below death rates in many countries, especially in the south and east, resulting in natural population decline. Similarly, the population of the Americas and Asia are expected to go into decline in the second half of this century, and only Oceania's population will still be growing alongside Africa. By 2100, the world's population will have over three billion more than today, with the vast majority of this concentrated in Africa. Demographers predict that climate change is exacerbating many of the challenges that currently hinder progress in Africa, such as political and food instability; if Africa's transition is prolonged, then it may result in further population growth that would place a strain on the region's resources, however, curbing this growth earlier would alleviate some of the pressure created by climate change.

Understanding the influence of environmental variability on population dynamics is a fundamental goal of ecology. Theory suggests that, for populations in variable environments, temporal correlations between demographic vital rates (e.g., growth, survival, reproduction) can increase (if positive) or decrease (if negative) the variability of year-to-year population growth. Because this variability generally decreases long-term population viability, vital rate correlations may importantly affect population dynamics in stochastic environments. Despite long-standing theoretical interest, it is unclear whether vital rate correlations are common in nature, whether their directions are predominantly negative or positive, and whether they are of sufficient magnitude to warrant broad consideration in studies of stochastic population dynamics. We used long-term demographic data for three perennial plant species, hierarchical Bayesian parameterization of population projection models, and stochastic simulations to address the following questions: (1) What are the sign, magnitude, and uncertainty of temporal correlations between vital rates? (2) How do specific pairwise correlations affect the year-to-year variability of population growth? (3) Does the net effect of all vital rate correlations increase or decrease year-to-year variability? (4) What is the net effect of vital rate correlations on the long-term stochastic population growth rate (λS)? We found only four moderate to strong correlations, both positive and negative in sign, across all species and vital rate pairs; otherwise, correlations were generally weak in magnitude and variable in sign. The net effect of vital rate correlations ranged from a slight decrease to an increase in the year-to-year variability of population growth, with average changes in variance ranging from -1% to +22%. However, vital rate correlations caused virtually no change in the estimates of λS (mean effects ranging from -0.01% to +0.17%). Therefore, the proportional changes in the variance of population growth caused by demographic correlations were too small on an absolute scale to importantly affect population growth and viability. We conclude that in our three focal populations and perhaps more generally, vital rate correlations have little effect on stochastic population dynamics. This may be good news for population ecologists, because estimating vital rate correlations and incorporating them into population models can be data-intensive and technically challenging.

The tradeoff between investment in current reproduction versus future survival is central to life-history theory, and long-lived, iteroparous mammals disproportionately favor their own survival. Previous work has demonstrated that adjustment of reproductive effort in long-lived mammals often occurs after parturition, owing to the greater cost of lactation relative to gestation. Under the right conditions, however, this difference in the relative costs of reproduction may also facilitate another, arguably less intuitive, strategy. Those conditions, which are relatively common among capital-breeding ungulates, include: (1) Females have the capacity to adjust gestation length; (2) Neonatal mortality occurs mostly during the first month of life and is inversely related to birth mass; and (3) The influence of birth mass on the probability of surviving the first month of life is stronger than the influence of autumn body mass on the probability of surviving the first winter of life. Under these circumstances, a female in poor condition in early spring could potentially increase fitness by delaying parturition and increasing investment in gestation, giving birth to a correspondingly larger neonate that has a higher probability of survival during its first month of life, and subsequently reducing investment in lactation to help rebuild somatic reserves. We developed and empirically parameterized a state-dependent model of maternal resource allocation that reflected this strategy. We tested the prediction that population growth would be faster when resource allocation was state-dependent than when gestation length was decoupled from dam condition and adjustment of reproductive investment was largely post-natal. Our results supported this prediction: state-dependent resource allocation by maternal females increased lambda by an average of 4%, leading to larger population sizes after 30 years. Population growth was consistent across a range of winter severities, suggesting that state-dependent resource allocation could help buffer ungulate populations against climatic variation. Our results reveal a potentially general mechanism underpinning intraspecific variation in life-history strategies of long-lived, capital-breeding mammals, and suggest that such variation at the individual level can influence performance outcomes at the population level.

Successful wildlife conservation in an era of global change requires understanding determinants of species population growth. However, when populations are faced with novel stressors, factors associated with healthy populations can change, necessitating shifting conservation strategies. For example, emerging infectious diseases can cause conditions previously beneficial to host populations to increase disease impacts. Here, we paired a population dataset of 265 colonies of the federally endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) with 50.7 logger-years of environmental data to explore factors that affected colony response to white-nose syndrome (WNS), an emerging fungal disease. We found variation in colony responses to WNS, ranging from extirpation to stabilization. The severity of WNS impacts was associated with hibernaculum temperature, as colonies of cold hibernacula declined more severely than those in relatively warm hibernacula, an association that arose following pathogen emergence...., , , # Data from: Drivers of population dynamics of at-risk populations change with pathogen arrival

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3xsj3txqb

This dataset contains population census data from 265 colonies of the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) impacted by white-nose syndrome. It additionally contains data on the temperature and humidity conditions of their hibernacula, information used to explore dynamic associations between environmental conditions and population response to pathogen invasion.Â

Description of the data and file structure

The data used in the study is provided in a single .csv file entitled "data.csv." It contains yearly census and population growth data for each of the 265 Indiana bat colonies. Below is a description of the data contained in each column:

• Site: a unique name randomly assigned to each hibernaculum containing an Indiana bat colony.Â
• State: U.S. state of colony.
• County: county of colony.
• Wyear: year census...

Capture and Mortality Metrics of Mule Deer in SE WyomingThis data was collected from 2010-2014 of helicopter captured mule deer near Douglas, Wyoming, USA. The information is coded and look-up tables are provided on additional worksheets contained in the Excel file that explain what each code represents. Mule deer were GPS radio-collared and followed for the duration of the study. Marked deer were recaptured annually to test for CWD and pregnancy.CWD_MuleDeer_WY.xlsx

The annual population growth in India increased by 0.1 percentage points (+12.66 percent) in 2023. This was the first time during the observed period that the population growth has increased in India. Population growth refers to the annual change in population, and is based on the balance between birth and death rates, as well as migration.Find more key insights for the annual population growth in countries like Nepal and Sri Lanka.

The data set records one belt, one road, 1960-2017 countries' population data along 65 countries. The total population is the sum of population groups living in a certain time and a certain area. Population density is the number of people per unit land area. Population growth rate is the rate of population growth caused by natural and migration changes in a certain period of time. Total population, population density and population growth rate are the most basic indicators in population statistics. They are of great significance for understanding national conditions and national strength, formulating population plans and economic and social development plans, and carrying out population scientific research. Data sources: (1) United Nations Population Division, world population prospects: 2017, 2018 revision; (2) census reports and other statistical publications of the National Bureau of statistics; (3) Eurostat: population statistics; (4) United Nations Statistics Division, population and vital statistics reports (different years); (5) United States Census Bureau: international database; (6) Pacific Community Secretariat: statistical and demographic programme. The data set contains three data tables: total population, population density, population growth rate,

Peru PE: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data was reported at 69.000 % in 2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 66.800 % for 2009. Peru PE: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data is updated yearly, averaging 64.500 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2011, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 69.000 % in 2011 and a record low of 57.700 % in 1992. Peru PE: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Peru – Table PE.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of death registration is the estimated percentage of deaths that are registered with their cause of death information in the vital registration system of a country.; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository/World Health Statistics (http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.1?lang=en).; Weighted average;

Feed the Future (FtF) seeks to reduce poverty and undernutrition in 19 developing countries by focusing on accelerating growth of the agricultural sector, addressing the root causes of undernutrition, and reducing gender inequality. This dataset captures data in the geographic areas within Tajikistan known as Zones of Influence (ZOI) targeted by FtF interventions. These data cover the Tajikistan FtF population-based survey )PBS) and secondary sources that serve as the baseline values for the U.S. Government's FtF initiative led by USAID.

IT: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data was reported at 100.000 % in 2010. This stayed constant from the previous number of 100.000 % for 2009. IT: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data is updated yearly, averaging 98.100 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2010, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in 2010 and a record low of 95.200 % in 1992. IT: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of death registration is the estimated percentage of deaths that are registered with their cause of death information in the vital registration system of a country.; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository/World Health Statistics (http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.1?lang=en).; Weighted average;

Genetic rescue, an increase in population growth owing to the infusion of new alleles, can aid the persistence of small populations, but its use as a management tool is limited by a lack of empirical data geared towards predicting effects of gene flow on local adaptation and demography. Experimental translocations provide an ideal opportunity to monitor the demographic consequences of gene flow. In this study we take advantage of two experimental introductions of Trinidadian guppies to test the effects of gene flow on downstream native populations. We individually marked guppies from the native populations to monitor population dynamics for 3 months before and 26 months after gene flow. We genotyped all individuals caught during the first 17 months at microsatellite loci to classify individuals by their genetic ancestry: native, immigrant, F1 hybrid, F2 hybrid, or backcross. Our study documents a combination of demographic and genetic rescue over multiple generations under fully natural conditions. Within both recipient populations, we found substantial and long-term increases in population size that could be attributed to high survival and recruitment caused by immigration and gene flow from the introduction sites. Our results suggest that low levels of gene flow, even from a divergent ecotype, can provide a substantial demographic boost to small populations, which may allow them to withstand environmental stochasticity.

Stroke Risk Prediction Dataset (Version 2)

Medically Validated, Age-Accurate, and Balanced
Samples: 35,000 | Features: 16 | Targets: 2 (Binary + Regression)

📌 Overview

This dataset is designed for predicting stroke risk using symptoms, demographics, and medical literature-inspired risk modeling. Version 2 significantly improves upon Version 1 by incorporating age-dependent symptom probabilities, gender-specific risk modifiers, and medically validated feature engineering.

Key Enhancements in Version 2:

1. Age-Accurate Risk Modeling:

   • Stroke risk now follows a sigmoidal curve (sharp increase after age 50), reflecting real-world epidemiological trends.
   • Symptom probabilities (e.g., hypertension, chest pain) scale with age (see Medical Validity).

2. Gender-Specific Risk:

   • Males under 60 have 1.5× higher risk, while females over 60 have 1.8× higher risk (post-menopausal hormonal changes).

3. Balanced and Expanded Data:

   • 35,000 samples (vs. 10,000 in Version 1) to improve model generalizability and capture rare symptom combinations.
   • 50% at-risk (stroke risk ≥50%) and 50% not-at-risk (stroke risk <50%).

📊 Dataset Statistics

Age distribution in Version 2 vs. Version 1
https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F21100322%2F6317df05bc7526268853e24a5ce831ba%2FAge%20Distribution%20Plot.png?generation=1740875866152537&alt=media" alt="">

🔬 Medical Validity

This dataset is grounded in peer-reviewed medical literature, with symptom probabilities, risk weights, and demographic relationships directly derived from clinical guidelines and epidemiological studies. Below is a detailed breakdown of how medical knowledge was translated into dataset parameters:

1. Age-Dependent Symptom Probabilities

The prevalence of symptoms increases with age, reflecting real-world clinical observations. Probabilities are calibrated using population-level data from medical literature:

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

• Probability by Age: 10% (18–30), 25% (31–50), 45% (51–70), 60% (71–90).
• Source: WHO Global Report on Stroke (2023) identifies hypertension as the leading modifiable stroke risk factor, with prevalence rising from ~12% in adults <30 to ~65% in adults >70.
• Clinical Basis: Arterial stiffness and cumulative vascular damage over time explain the age-dependent increase (Chapter 4, Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine).

Chest Pain

• Probability by Age: 5% (18–30), 15% (31–50), 25% (51–70), 35% (71–90).
• Source: The Stroke Book (Cambridge Medicine) notes that chest pain is rare in young adults but becomes prevalent in older populations due to atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.
• Clinical Basis: Atherosclerotic plaque buildup accelerates after age ...

Saudi Arabia SA: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data was reported at 51.000 % in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 50.600 % for 2009. Saudi Arabia SA: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data is updated yearly, averaging 50.800 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2012, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 51.000 % in 2012 and a record low of 50.600 % in 2009. Saudi Arabia SA: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Saudi Arabia – Table SA.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of death registration is the estimated percentage of deaths that are registered with their cause of death information in the vital registration system of a country.; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository/World Health Statistics (http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.1?lang=en).; Weighted average;

Project Abstract

Habitat fragmentation can pose a significant risk to population survival by causing both demographic stochasticity and genetic drift within local populations to increase, thereby increasing genetic load. Higher load causes population numbers to decline, which reduces the efficiency of selection and further increases load, resulting in a positive feedback which may drive entire populations to extinction. Here, we investigate this eco-evolutionary feedback in a metapopulation consisting of local demes connected via migration, with individuals subject to deleterious mutation at a large number of loci. We first analyse the determinants of load under soft selection, where population sizes are fixed, and then build upon this to understand hard selection, where population sizes and load co-evolve. We show that under soft selection, very little gene flow (less than one migrant per generation) is enough to prevent fixation of deleterious alleles. By contrast, much higher levels of migration are required to mitigate load and prevent extinction when selection is hard, with critical migration thresholds for metapopulation persistence increasing sharply as the genome-wide deleterious mutation rate becomes comparable to the baseline population growth rate. Moreover, critical migration thresholds are highest if deleterious mutations have intermediate selection coefficients, but lower if alleles are predominantly recessive rather than additive (due to more efficient purging of recessive load within local populations). Our analysis is based on a combination of analytical approximations and simulations, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing load and extinction in fragmented populations.

This repository is the official implementation of the project described above.

Layout

The repository is split into two main directories named Fortran and Mathemamtica. The Fortran directory houses codes run with Fortran and contains 7 subdirectories. Six of the subdirectories are named based on general parameter values used (for example, the directory named Ks10h002 contains results run with parameter values; per locus strength of selection scaled by the carrying capacity, $Ks = 10$ and dominannce coefficient, $h = 0.02$). The last subdirectory called $\textit{differentK}$ contains results run with different values of carrying capacity, $K$.

Within each subdirectory are .txt files named based on other specific parameters used and each .txt file contains several columms indicating computed statistics. Aside from the subdirectories, the Fortran directory also contains other fortran simulations (.f files) and their corresponding output (.txt) files. Again, in these cases, the name of the files indicate the parameters used for the run (e.g., sim_noLDL6000h002Km10.f indicates a simulation run assuming no LD (i.e., no linkage disequilibrium) with parameter values; number of loci, $L = 6000$, dominance coefficient, $h = 0.02$ and the strength of migration scaled by the carrying capacity, $Km = 10$).

The Mathematica directory houses a mathematica notebook named Manuscript.nb which consists of the Mathematica codes for the analytical work done in the project.

Software versions

* Mathematica version 12.1 or later
* GNU Fortran 14.1.0

Mexico MX: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data was reported at 99.000 % in 2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 93.900 % for 2009. Mexico MX: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data is updated yearly, averaging 93.900 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2011, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 99.000 % in 2011 and a record low of 90.100 % in 1992. Mexico MX: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of death registration is the estimated percentage of deaths that are registered with their cause of death information in the vital registration system of a country.; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository/World Health Statistics (http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.1?lang=en).; Weighted average;

Body size, and, by extension, growth has impacts on physiology, survival, attainment of sexual maturity, fecundity, generation time, and population dynamics, especially in ectotherm animals that often exhibit extensive growth following attainment of sexual maturity. Frequently, growth is analyzed at the population level, providing useful population mean growth parameters but ignoring individual variation that is also of ecological and evolutionary significance. Our long-term study of Lake Erie Watersnakes, Nerodia sipedon insularum, provides data sufficient for a detailed analysis of population and individual growth. We describe population mean growth separately for males and females based on size of known age individuals (847 captures of 769 males, 748 captures of 684 females) and annual growth increments of individuals of unknown age (1,152 males, 730 females). We characterize individual variation in asymptotic size based on repeated measurements of 69 males and 71 females that were each captured in five to nine different years. The most striking result of our analyses is that asymptotic size varies dramatically among individuals, ranging from 631–820 mm snout-vent length in males and from 835–1125 mm in females. Because female fecundity increases with increasing body size, we explore the impact of individual variation in asymptotic size on lifetime reproductive success using a range of realistic estimates of annual survival. When all females commence reproduction at the same age, lifetime reproductive success is greatest for females with greater asymptotic size regardless of annual survival. But when reproduction is delayed in females with greater asymptotic size, lifetime reproductive success is greatest for females with lower asymptotic size when annual survival is low. Possible causes of individual variation in asymptotic size, including individual- and cohort-specific variation in size at birth and early growth, warrant further investigation.

This data set contains the information necessary to reproduce our article "Depenbusch L, Klasen S. The effect of bigger human bodies on the future global calorie requirements. PLoS ONE. 2019. Forthcoming" Abstract: Existing studies show how population growth and rising incomes will cause a massive increase in the future global demand for food. We add to the literature by estimating the potential effect of increases in human weight, caused by rising BMI and height, on future calorie requirements. Instead of using a market based approach, the estimations are solely based on human energy requirements for maintenance of weight. We develop four different scenarios to show the effect of increases in human height and BMI. In a world where the weight per age-sex group would stay stable, we project calorie requirements to increases by 61.05 percent between 2010 and 2100. Increases in BMI and height could add another 18.73 percentage points to this. This additional increase amounts to more than the combined calorie requirements of India and Nigeria in 2010. These increases would particularly affect Sub-Saharan African countries, which will already face massively rising calorie requirements due to the high population growth. The stark regional differences call for policies that increase food access in currently economically weak regions. Such policies should shift consumption away from energy dense foods that promote overweight and obesity, to avoid the direct burden associated with these conditions and reduce the increases in required calories. Supplying insufficient calories would not solve the problem but cause malnutrition in populations with weak access to food. As malnutrition is not reducing but promoting rises in BMI levels, this might even aggravate the situation. An earlier version appeared as GlobalFood Discussion Papers, No. 109. The data is stored as Stata Version 13 .dta file, and in Excel .xlsx format. In the Excel file the first row contains variable names, the second row contains variable labels. Age specifications in the label of the type "<=x" describe that the variable aggregates from the next smaller age group over all ages up to age "x".

Demographic data for introduced crab from multiple bays along the Central California coast, shallow subtidal (<3 m depth), in 2015. access_formats=.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson acquisition_description=We conducted monthly trappings of invasive European green crabs to gather demographic data from several bays in northern California: Bodega Harbor, Tomales Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, San Francisco Bay, and Elkhorn Slough. All sites were accessed by foot via shore entry. At each of four sites within each bay, we placed 5 baited traps (folding Fukui fish traps) and 5 baited minnow traps in shallow intertidal areas. Traps arrays were set with fish and minnow traps alternating and with each 20 m apart. Traps were retrieved 24 hours later and traps were rebaited and collected again the following day.\u00a0Trapping was continued for three consecutive days with traps removed on the final day.\u00a0Each day, data for crab species, size, sex, reproductive condition, and injuries were collected for all crabs in the field. Following data collection, all crabs were returned to the lab, and frozen overnight prior to disposal.\u00a0

See Turner et al. (2016)\u00a0Biological Invasions\u00a018: 533-548 for additional methodological details:
Turner, B.C., de Rivera, C.E., Grosholz, E.D., & Ruiz, G.M. 2016. Assessing population increase as a possible outcome to management of invasive species. Biological Invasions, 18(2), pp 533\u2013548. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-1026-9 awards_0_award_nid=699764 awards_0_award_number=OCE-1514893 awards_0_data_url=http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1514893 awards_0_funder_name=NSF Division of Ocean Sciences awards_0_funding_acronym=NSF OCE awards_0_funding_source_nid=355 awards_0_program_manager=David L. Garrison awards_0_program_manager_nid=50534 cdm_data_type=Other comment=Demographic data for introduced crab from multiple bays in 2015 PI: Edwin Grosholz (UC Davis) Co-PI: Catherine de Rivera & Gregory Ruiz (Portland State University)
Version: 15 June 2017 Conventions=COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3 data_source=extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019 defaultDataQuery=&time<now doi=10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.701751.1 Easternmost_Easting=-121.738422 geospatial_lat_max=38.316968 geospatial_lat_min=36.823953 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-121.738422 geospatial_lon_min=-123.058725 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east infoUrl=https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/701751 institution=BCO-DMO instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description=At each of four sites within each bay, we placed 5 baited traps (folding Fukui fish traps) and 5 baited minnow traps in shallow intertidal areas. instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid=701774 instruments_0_description=Fukui produces multi-species, multi-purpose collapsible or stackable fish traps, available in different sizes. instruments_0_instrument_name=Fukui fish trap instruments_0_instrument_nid=701772 instruments_0_supplied_name=folding Fukui fish traps metadata_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/701751 Northernmost_Northing=38.316968 param_mapping={'701751': {'lat': 'master - latitude', 'lon': 'master - longitude'}} parameter_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/701751/parameters people_0_affiliation=University of California-Davis people_0_affiliation_acronym=UC Davis people_0_person_name=Edwin Grosholz people_0_person_nid=699768 people_0_role=Principal Investigator people_0_role_type=originator people_1_affiliation=Portland State University people_1_affiliation_acronym=PSU people_1_person_name=Catherine de Rivera people_1_person_nid=699771 people_1_role=Co-Principal Investigator people_1_role_type=originator people_2_affiliation=Portland State University people_2_affiliation_acronym=PSU people_2_person_name=Gregory Ruiz people_2_person_nid=471603 people_2_role=Co-Principal Investigator people_2_role_type=originator people_3_affiliation=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution people_3_affiliation_acronym=WHOI BCO-DMO people_3_person_name=Shannon Rauch people_3_person_nid=51498 people_3_role=BCO-DMO Data Manager people_3_role_type=related project=Invasive_predator_harvest projects_0_acronym=Invasive_predator_harvest projects_0_description=The usual expectation is that when populations of plants and animals experience repeated losses to predators or human harvest, they would decline over time. If instead these populations rebound to numbers exceeding their initial levels, this would seem counter-intuitive or even paradoxical. However, for several decades mathematical models of population processes have shown that this unexpected response, formally known as overcompensation, is not only possible, but even expected under some circumstances. In what may be the first example of overcompensation in a marine system, a dramatic increase in a population of the non-native European green crab was recently observed following an intensive removal program. This RAPID project will use field surveys and laboratory experiments to verify that this population explosion results from overcompensation. Data will be fed into population models to understand to what degree populations processes such as cannibalism by adult crabs on juvenile crabs and changes in maturity rate of reproductive females are contributing to or modifying overcompensation. The work will provide important insights into the fundamental population dynamics that can produce overcompensation in both natural and managed populations. Broader Impacts include mentoring graduate trainees and undergraduate interns in the design and execution of field experiments as well as in laboratory culture and feeding experiments. The project will also involve a network of citizen scientists who are involved with restoration activities in this region and results will be posted on the European Green Crab Project website. This project aims to establish the first example of overcompensation in marine systems. Overcompensation refers to the paradoxical process where reduction of a population due to natural or human causes results in a greater equilibrium population than before the reduction. A population explosion of green crabs has been recently documented in a coastal lagoon and there are strong indications that this may be the result of overcompensation. Accelerated maturation of females, which can accompany and modify the expression of overcompensation has been observed. This RAPID project will collect field data from this unusual recruitment class and conduct targeted mesocosm experiments. These will include population surveys and mark-recapture studies to measure demographic rates across study sites. Laboratory mesocosm studies using this recruitment class will determine size specific mortality. Outcomes will be used in population dynamics models to determine to what degree overcompensation has created this dramatic population increase. The project will seek answers to the following questions: 1) what are the rates of cannibalism by adult green crabs and large juveniles on different sizes of juvenile green crabs, 2) what are the consequences of smaller size at first reproduction for population dynamics and for overcompensation and 3) how quickly will the green crab population return to the levels observed prior to the eradication program five years earlier? projects_0_end_date=2016-11 projects_0_geolocation=Europe projects_0_name=RAPID: A rare opportunity to examine overcompensation resulting from intensive harvest of an introduced predator projects_0_project_nid=699765 projects_0_start_date=2014-12 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=36.823953 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v55 version=1 Westernmost_Easting=-123.058725 xml_source=osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3

United States US: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data was reported at 98.000 % in 2009. This records an increase from the previous number of 97.400 % for 2002. United States US: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data is updated yearly, averaging 98.000 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2009, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 98.400 % in 1992 and a record low of 97.400 % in 2002. United States US: Completeness of Death Registration with Cause-of-Death Information data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Completeness of death registration is the estimated percentage of deaths that are registered with their cause of death information in the vital registration system of a country.; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository/World Health Statistics (http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.1?lang=en).; Weighted average;

While adult sex ratio (ASR) is a crucial component for population management, there is still a limited understanding of how its fluctuation affects population dynamics. To demonstrate mechanisms that hinder population growth under a biased ASR, we examined changes in reproductive success with ASR using a decapod crustacean exposed to female-selective harvesting.

We examined the effect of ASR on the spawning success of females. A laboratory experiment showed that the number of eggs carried by females decreased as the proportion of males in the mating groups increased. Although the same result was not observed in data collected over 25 years in the wild, the negative effect of ASR was suggested when success in carrying eggs was considered as a spawning success. These results indicate that a surplus of males results in females failing to carry eggs, probably due to sexual coercion, and the negative effect of ASR can be detected at the population level only when the bias increases becaus...