This dataset provides values for GOVERNMENT DEBT TO GDP reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

This dataset provides values for PRIVATE DEBT TO GDP reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

This dataset provides values for GOVERNMENT DEBT reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

This dataset provides values for HOUSEHOLDS DEBT TO INCOME reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The European State Finance Database (ESFD) is an international collaborative research project for the collection of data in European fiscal history. There are no strict geographical or chronological boundaries to the collection, although data for this collection comprise the period between c.1200 to c.1815. The purpose of the ESFD was to establish a significant database of European financial and fiscal records. The data are drawn from the main extant sources of a number of European countries, as the evidence and the state of scholarship permit. The aim was to collect the data made available by scholars, whether drawing upon their published or unpublished archival research, or from other published material. The ESFD project at the University of Leicester serves also to assist scholars working with the data by providing statistical manipulations of data and high quality graphical outputs for publication. The broad aim of the project was to act as a facilitator for a general methodological and statistical advance in the area of European fiscal history, with data capture and the interpretation of data in key publications as the measurable indicators of that advance. The data were originally deposited at the UK Data Archive in SAS transport format and as ASCII files; however, data files in this new edition have been saved as tab delimited files. Furthermore, this new edition features documentation in the form of a single file containing essential data file metadata, source details and notes of interest for particular files. Main Topics: The files in this dataset relate to the datafiles held in the Leicester database in the directory /poul/.. The data were compiled from various medieval sources and, for the early modern period, the source used is M.L. Nathanson, Historisk statistik Fremstilling af Danmarks National og Stats Huusholdning fra Frederik den Fjerdes Tid indtil Nutiden, (Copenhagen, 1836). File Information g130dd04. Revenues of the Particulair-Kasse (the king's special revenues), 1731-1.7.1771 g130dd05. Revenues from toll, excise duties and subsidies, 1747-1806 g130dd06. Expenditure of the Danish state, 1731-84 g130dd07. The national debt of Denmark, 1731-63 g130dd08. Expenditure of the Danish state, 1602-99 g130dd09. Revenues of the Danish state, 1600-50 g130dd10. Ordinary and extraordinary revenues of the Danish state, 1710-20 g130dd11. Total revenue from the Danish domains (len and Amter), 1642-48 g130dd12. Revenue from the 'Uniontaxes' from Denmark, the Norwegian fiefs (len) and the towns and clergy in Norway, 1640-48 g130dd13. Revenue from the Sound toll, 1636-48 g130dd14. Ordinary and extraordinary revenues of the Danish state, 1710-20 g130dd15. Annual Danish mint output, 1626-70 g130dd16. Revenue from the Sound toll, 1560-84 g130dd17. Revenue from Danish taxes, 1558-87 g130dd18. Estimated revenues of the Danish king, c 1230 and c 1524 g130dd19. Revenues of the Danish Finansdeputation, 1820-40 g130dd20. Revenues of the Danish Statsgeldsdirektion, 1820-40 g130dd21. Revenues of the Danish state, 1841-53 g130dd22. Revenues of the Danish state, 1854-67 g130dd23. Revenues and expenditure of Aabenraa amt, Schleswig, 1535-39 g130dd24. Revenues of the Danish central administration, 1513-23, including domestic credit g130dd25. Revenues of the Swedish royal chamber, 1527-37 g130dd26. Total debt of the Danish king, 1534-48 g130dm01. Danish royal revenues, 1710-1806 g130dm02. Danish royal revenues and expenditure, 1710-1806 g130dm03. Expenditure of the Danish state, 1710-1784 g130dm04. Revenue from the Sound toll, 1560-1648 g130dm05. Revenue to the Danish monarchy from Denmark, Norway and Schleswig-Holstein, 1731-71 g130dm06.* Denmark and Norway: army size, army cost and revenue to Danish monarchy, 1730-1769 Please note: this study does not include information on named individuals and would therefore not be useful for personal family history research.

With the outbreak of the Great Recession, the European Union suffered an extraordinary crisis. More specifically, the sovereign debt crisis in the euro area had a particularly devastating impact on the Southern periphery of the EU, where unemployment levels rocketed and living standards dropped substantially (Bermeo and Pontusson 2012). At the same time, these countries have applied strong austerity policies, which have been generally rejected by the majority of the population and have contributed to a rise in inequality to levels not seen since before the 1930s (IMF, 2013). Since 2007, levels of satisfaction with democracy, trust in the democratic institutions and support for the EU and the euro dropped extraordinarily. This research project covers five surveys conducted in Spain, one of the main Southern European countries, on the topic of democratic dissatisfaction. The surveys contribute to a better understanding of the political consequences of the crisis in Southern Europe by analysing the increase in democratic disaffection and its relation with EU constraints, globalization and governments implementing policies that do not represent citizens’ preferences. The surveys also study responsibility attributions in a multilevel state like Spain. The main hypothesis of this project is that Southern European countries are undergoing a crisis of legitimation. Citizens' democratic dissatisfaction is the consequence of a responsiveness gap: that is, citizens' perception that governments are not responding to their demands anymore. The surveys allow to study how this crisis of representation and legitimation has taken place and its consequences. They provide information of what are the mechanisms by which democratic dissatisfaction increased in the decade after the Great Recession and the austerity measures implemented by the subsequent Spanish governments. All surveys include representative samples of the Spanish population. The data contains a collection of five surveys in which different views on satisfaction with democracy, views on the European Union and the financial crisis were asked in Spain.This project wants to contribute to a better understanding of the political consequences of the crisis in Southern Europe and is motivated by the unprecedented decrease in levels of satisfaction with democracy. The main hypothesis of this project is that Southern European countries are undergoing a crisis of legitimation. Citizens' democratic dissatisfaction is the consequence of a responsiveness gap: that is, citizens' perception that governments are not responding to their demands anymore. The project will study how this crisis of representation and legitimation is taking place and its consequences. More specifically, the project answers to three main questions: 1. What explains democratic dissatisfaction in Southern Europe? This part of the project will test the core argument: the crisis of legitimation stems from national governments not being responsive to citizens' mandate given the institutional constraints of euro membership. One of the key principles of democratic systems is to provide an alternative to voters if they believe that the government has not performed well enough. The argument put forward here is that the crisis has undermined this essential function of voting in Southern Europe: elections are not able to generate governments in which political parties become a real alternative to each other. 2. What is the impact of democratic dissatisfaction on attitudes towards national democracy? The project will argue that the increase in democratic dissatisfaction and the breakup of the representation link has a strong impact on attitudes in several dimensions of national-level politics: 1) austerity policies have an impact in the expectations that citizens have from a democratic system and make citizens depart from a liberal and minimal view on democracy to conceive democracies more as a result, placing more weight on the social rights of citizens 2) the project will also test whether the crisis of legitimation increases the demand for institutions of direct democracy; 3) the project will account for whether, as a result of this representation breakup, some citizens have become less engaged with politics and others have become more mobilised. In doing this, differences between the countries of analysis will also be explored. 3. How does democratic dissatisfaction shape attitudes towards the European Union and the euro in Southern Europe? The project will assess the implications of the crisis in terms of the support and views about the European Union project and also the conditions under which citizens of Southern Europe would support a breakup of the Eurozone. This last stream of the project will fill two main gaps in the discipline: to provide an updated account of citizens' motivations to support the euro and open a new avenue of research on the support for debt repayment and the conditions of bailout agreements. All surveys were fielded by Netquest. All surveys have representative national samples of the Spanish population. The surveys use quota samples by gender, age and in some cases region. The surveys were completed online, following ethical criteria and drawing from the online panel of Netquest.

Views on the introduction of the euro. Themes: Contact with and use of euro banknotes and euro coins; use of euro banknotes and euro coins in respondent´s country or abroad; knowledge test of the design of euro coins and banknotes and about the number of EU countries that have introduced the euro; country has a choice to introduce the euro; expected year of introduction in respondent´s country; feeling well informed about the euro; desired time for information on the introduction of the euro; trust in selected institutions or groups regarding their informations on the changeover to the euro; essential issues for the information campaign; essential information campaign actions; positive or negative consequences for those countries that are using the euro already; expected positive or negative consequences of the introduction of the euro for the respondent´s country and for him personally; attitude towards the introduction of the euro; desired time to introduce the euro as new currency; suspected impact of the introduction of the euro on prices in the country; positive aspects of the euro-introduction (easier comparison of prices, easier shopping in other countries that use the euro, save of money by elimination fees of currency exchange, more convenient for traveling, protection of the country from the effects of international crises); positive aspects of the adoption of the euro for the country (will ensure lower interest rates, less debt charges, sounder public finances, improvement of growth and employment, ensure low inflation rates, reinforce the place of Europe in the world, feeling more European); the replacement of the national currency by the euro will cause a lot of inconvenience; concern about abusive price setting during the changeover; adoption of the euro leads to the lose of control over the economic policy of the country; adopting the euro will mean that the country will lose a part of its identity. Demography: Age; gender; age when finished full-time education; occupation and occupational status; region; type of community (degree of urbanization); possession of a mobile phone and a landline phone; number of persons in the household aged 15 years or more (household size). Ansichten über die Einführung des Euro. Themen: Kontakt mit und Verwendung von Euro-Banknoten und Euro-Münzen; Verwendung von Euro-Banknoten und Euro-Münzen im Inland oder im Ausland; Wissenstest über das Design der Euro-Münzen und Euro-Banknoten und über die Zahl der EU-Länder, die den Euro eingeführt haben; Land hat die Wahl, den Euro einzuführen; erwartetes Jahr der Euro-Einführung im Land; Gefühl, gut über den Euro informiert zu sein; gewünschte Zeit für Informationen über die Einführung des Euro; Vertrauen in ausgewählte Institutionen oder Gruppen in Bezug auf ihre Informationen zur Umstellung auf den Euro; wesentliche Fragen für die Informationskampagne; wesentliche Maßnahmen der Informationskampagne; positive oder negative Folgen für die Länder, die den Euro bereits verwenden; erwartete positive oder negativen Folgen der Einführung des Euro für das Land und für den Befragten persönlich; Einstellung zur Einführung des Euro; gewünschte Zeit für die Einführung des Euro als neue Währung; erwartete Auswirkungen der Einführung des Euro auf die Preise im Land; positiven Aspekte der Euro-Einführung (einfacherer Preisvergleich, einfacherer Einkauf in anderen Euro-Ländern, Einsparungen durch Wegfall von Wechselgebühren, praktisch für Reisen, Schutz des Landes vor den Auswirkungen der internationale Krisen); positive Aspekte der Einführung des Euro für das Land (Sicherstellen niedrigerer Zinsen, weniger Schuldengebühren, gesündere öffentliche Finanzen, Verbesserung von Wachstum und der Beschäftigung, sorgen für geringe Inflationsraten, verstärken den Platz Europas in der Welt, stärken eine europäische Identität); Ersetzen der nationalen Währung durch den Euro wird Unannehmlichkeiten verursachen; Besorgnis über missbräuchliche Preisauszeichnungen während der Umstellung; Einführung des Euro führt zum Kontrollverlust über die Wirtschaftspolitik des Landes; die Einführung des Euro bedeutet teilweisen Identitätsverlust für das Land. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Alter bei Ende der Schulbildung; Beruf und berufliche Stellung; Region; Urbanisierungsgrad; Besitz von Mobiltelefon und Festnetz-Telefon; Anzahl der Personen im Haushalt im Alter von 15 Jahren und älter (Haushaltsgröße).

The decisions faced by members of the European Union (EU) during the sovereign debt crisis focused on fiscal policies in the Eurozone and structural reforms in the countries that experienced fiscal problems. Who sided with whom in these decision processes and why? We posit that states in strong economic positions will minimize the expense of supporting weaker economies because those economically strong states do not see austerity measures for themselves in the foreseeable future. Meanwhile, less competitive states seek to avoid austerity measures because, even if an austerity outcome that imposes heavy costs on their state is inevitable, vocal opposition to the measures will minimize the electoral costs incurred by the government. States that are neither competitive nor uncompetitive should avoid taking an open position and simply support a majority coalition. Empirically, we show that the competiveness of a given state’s national economy is the major explanatory factor for the position it ultimately takes.

Italy recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 135.30 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2024. This dataset provides - Italy Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise. Finanzdienstleistungen und Finanzprodukte. Korruption im eigenen Land und in Europa. Frauen in Führungspositionen. Themen: Die Europäer und die Krise: Einschätzung der Auswirkungen der Krise auf die globale, europäische, nationale Wirtschaft sowie auf die persönliche Situation; Arbeitsplatzverlust des Befragten und in seinem näherem Umfeld; Milderung der negativen Auswirkungen der Krise durch den Euro; geschätzte Zeitdauer bis zur Rückkehr des Wirtschaftswachstums; Präferenz nationaler oder gemeinsamer europäischer Maßnahmen bei der Krisenbewältigung; Beurteilung der bisherigen Zusammenarbeit der EU-Mitgliedsstaaten, um die Krise zu bewältigen; Einstellung der finanziellen Hilfe des Herkunftslandes für einen anderen EU-Mitgliedsstaat; Gründe für die Präferenz von Finanzhilfen bzw. für die Verweigerung von Finanzhilfen; Einstellung zur Einführung von Beratungen zwischen europäischen und nationalen Institutionen bei der nationalen Haushaltsplanung sowie Geldstrafen für EU-Mitgliedsstaaten bei Regelverstoß; Einstellungen zur solidarischen Übernahme von Staatsschulden anderer EU-Mitgliedsstaaten (Skala); Kenntnis von Eurobonds; Präferenz für Eurobonds; Kenntnis von Ratingagenturen; Einstellung zu Ratingagenturen und deren Anteil an der Finanzkrise. Prioritäten in der Energiepolitik. Finanzdienstleistungen: persönlicher Besitz von Finanzprodukten und Finanzdienstleistungen; persönlicher Grund kein Girokonto zu eröffnen; Erwerb von Finanzprodukten außerhalb des Herkunftslandes; Art der Finanzprodukte, die in den letzten fünf Jahren erworben wurden; Erwerb von Finanzprodukten direkt von einem Anbieter oder über einen Berater; Offenlegung der Provisionen für den Berater während des Verkaufsgespräches; Aushändigung schriftlicher Informationen zu Finanzprodukten durch den Berater; für das erste Finanzprodukt entschieden oder verschiedene Produkte miteinander verglichen; genutzte Empfehlungen für Finanzprodukte vom Anbieter, Verbraucherorganisation oder Produktempfehlungen in den Medien; Interesse an einem Finanzprodukt aus einem anderen EU-Mitgliedsstaat; Bedenken beim Kauf von Finanzprodukten aus einem anderen EU-Mitgliedsstaat; Schwierigkeiten beim Anbieterwechsel; Erfahrung mit Problemen mit einem erworbenen Finanzprodukt; Beschwerdeverhalten; erste Anlaufstelle bei Problemen mit Finanzdienstleistungen; Erwerb von Waren aus dem europäischen Ausland und dabei verwendetes Zahlungsmittel. Korruption: Einschätzung der Verbreitung von Korruption im eigenen Land (Skala); Beurteilung des Anstiegs von Korruption in den letzten drei Jahren im eigenen Land; Gefühl der persönlichen Informiertheit über nationale und innereuropäische Korruption; Einschätzung der Korruptionsanfälligkeit ausgewählter Berufsgruppen (z.B. bei Unternehmen, Politik und Verwaltung); persönlich erhaltene Aufforderung zur Zahlung von Schmiergeld; vermutete Gründe für das Vorhandensein von Korruption im eigenen Land; Einschätzung der Bekämpfung von Korruption im eigenen Land (Skala); Nennung der verantwortlichen Institution zur Bekämpfung von Korruption; präferierte Anlaufstelle im Falle persönlicher Betroffenheit von Korruption. Entwicklungshilfe: Bedeutsamkeit der Hilfe für Entwicklungsländer; Nennung der Regionen der Welt, die am stärksten auf Entwicklungshilfe angewiesen sind; Einstellung zur Erhöhung der Entwicklungshilfe auf effizientere Bereiche für die Entwicklung; Präferenz für die Einhaltung von Grundsätzen (z.B. Menschenrechte) der Entwicklungsländer für den Bezug von EU-Entwicklungshilfe; präferierte Akteure und Maßnahmen in Zusammenarbeit mit der EU für eine wirksamere Entwicklungshilfe; Informationsquelle über Entwicklungspolitik; Einstellung zu einer Entwicklungshilfe in Verbindung mit anderen europäischen Zielen (z.B. Steuerung von Migrationsströmen); Bereitschaft mehr Geld für Lebensmittel aus Entwicklungsländern zu bezahlen. Frauen in Führungspositionen: Einstellungen zu Frauen in Führungspositionen (Skala); Zustimmung zu einem ausgewogenen Geschlechterverhältnis in Führungspositionen; Gründe für die Befürwortung von Frauen in Führungspositionen; Präferenz für freiwillige oder gesetzliche Regelung; präferierter Prozentsatz für eine Quotenregelung; präferierter Zeitraum für die Umsetzung eines ausgewogenen Geschlechterverhältnisses in Aufsichtsräten; präferierte Sanktion bei Nicht-Erfüllung; Präferenz für Regelung auf nationaler oder europäischer Ebene. Demographie: Staatsangehörigkeit; Alter; Selbsteinschätzung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; Familienstand und Familiensituation; Alter bei Beendigung der Schulbildung; Geschlecht; Beruf; berufliche Position; Urbanisierungsgrad; Anzahl Personen ab 15 Jahren im Haushalt; Anzahl der Kinder unter 10 Jahren und von 10 bis 14 Jahren im Haushalt; Festnetz-Telefonanschluss oder Mobiltelefon im Haushalt; Besitz langlebiger Wirtschaftsgüter (Unterhaltungsmedien, Internetanschluss, Kfz-Besitz, abzuzahlendes bzw. bereits abgezahltes Wohneigentum); Zahlungsschwierigkeiten im letzten Jahr; Selbsteinschätzung der gesellschaftlichen Stellung (Skalometer); Internetnutzung (zuhause, am Arbeitsplatz, in der Schule). Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Interviewdatum; Interviewbeginn; Interviewdauer; anwesende Personen; Kooperationsbereitschaft des Befragten; Ortsgröße; Region; Gewichtungsfaktor. The economic and financial crisis. Financial services: consumer behaviour and experiences; corruption: awareness, experience, attitudes; attitudes towards development aid. Gender equality: women in decision-making positions. Perception of the economic and financial crisis and European Union policy priorities; European Parliament energy policy priorities; consumer behaviour and experiences regarding retail financial services across borders; awareness of, experiences with and attitudes towards corruption; attitudes towards development aid; attitudes towards gender equality related to women in decision-making positions. Topics: 1. Economic and financial crisis: impact of the crisis on the world economy, the European economy, the national economy and on respondent`s personal situation; job loss in social environment (personal, relative, colleague, acquaintance) as a direct consequence of the crisis; the euro has mitigated the negative effects of the crisis; expected period for returning to national growth; preferred crisis management of the own country and of the various EU Member States: individually or coordinated with the other EU countries; attitude towards financial help to another EU Member State facing difficulties and reasons for this attitude; attitude towards consultations between European institutions and automatic application of escalating financial penalties if state does not comply with rules; a share of the public debt of the EU Member States, should be held jointly; knowledge of Eurobonds; approval to the creation of Eurobonds; knowledge of credit rating agencies; attitude towards credit rating agencies (scale). Energy policy priorities. 2. Retail financial services: kind of purchased financial products and services (current bank account, mortgage, credit card, personal loan, shares of bonds, investment fund, life insurance and other insurance products); reason for not having a bank account; purchase of financial products and services in another EU Member State; financial products purchased within the last five years; type of acquisition of these products (directly from the provider or through an intermediary or advisor); information by the seller about the payment of a commission, bonus or additional remuneration; written information about the characteristics of the product; comparison of several different products before the final decision; received recommendations for a specific suitable product; willingness to purchase financial products from another EU Member State; main concerns about purchasing financial products and services from another EU Member State; change of provider concerning current account, mortgage, credit card or personal loan; problems with a financial product or service; complaint about these problems, contact for such complaints; way of purchasing goods or services from outside; method of payment. 3. Corruption: attitude towards corruption (scale); change of the level of national corruption in the last years; personally informed about the change of national corruption; widespread of corruption in country; own experiences with bribery (expectation of another person to pay a bribe for his or her services); reasons for national corruption; effort to fight against corruption in one´s country; responsibility for preventing and fighting against corruption; institution the respondent trusts most to complain about a corruption case. 4. Development aid: importance of development aid; parts of the world which are most in need of development aid; attitude towards increasing the level of EU-development aid; EU-policy area with the biggest impact on developing countries; EU should require developing countries to follow certain rules as a condition for receiving EU development aid; preferred cooperation partner to increase the impact of EU development aid; best way to improve EU effectiveness in terms of development aid; source of information on issues related to development policy; attitude towards the linking of EU development aid to other European objectives; willingness to pay higher prices for products from developing countries. 5. Women in decision-making positions: attitudes towards women in decision-making positions (scale); preferred method for maintaining a balanced gender ratio in enterprises; attitude towards legal measures to ensure a gender balance; preferred quota system; expected time for implementation of balanced gender equality in supervisory boards; preferred sanction for non-compliance; preferred decision-makers about gender relations in enterprises at

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. The World Bank Africa Development Indicators (ADI) provided annual time series data for over 1,400 indicators. No further updates of this database are currently planned. Topics covered by the extensive database include national accounts, balance of payments, trade, prices, government finance and external debt with data on household welfare (from the Survey-based Harmonized Indicators Program), demography, health, education, the regulatory environment, communications, transport, energy and the environment. The ADI data cover the period 1960 to 2011 for countries and regional country groups. See the World Development Indicators for more recent data on Africa. Main Topics: Basic Indicators and National Accounts:basic indicatorsbalance of payment statistics (BOPS)debtglobal finance statistics (GFS)moneynational accountspricesDevelopment Outcomes:agriculture and rural developmentdoing businessdrivers of growthgovernance and partnershipHIV/AIDShuman developmentinfrastructureinvestment climatelabour, migration and populationmalarianational accountspopulationprivate sector developmentprotected areastradeMillennium Development Goals:Millennium Development Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerMillennium Development Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Millennium Development Goal 3: Promote gender equity and empower women Millennium Development Goal 4: Reduce child mortalityMillennium Development Goal 5: Improve maternal healthMillennium Development Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseasesMillennium Development Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainabilityMillennium Development Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

The United States recorded a trade deficit of 60.18 USD Billion in June of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Balance of Trade - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.