This dataset provides values for PRIVATE DEBT TO GDP reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Context

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects. The World Bank's stated goal is the reduction of poverty. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank

Content

This dataset contains both national and regional debt statistics captured by over 200 economic indicators. Time series data is available for those indicators from 1970 to 2015 for reporting countries.

For more information, see the World Bank website.

Fork this kernel to get started with this dataset.

Acknowledgements

https://bigquery.cloud.google.com/dataset/bigquery-public-data:world_bank_intl_debt

https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/public-data/world-bank-international-debt

Citation: The World Bank: International Debt Statistics

Dataset Source: World Bank. This dataset is publicly available for anyone to use under the following terms provided by the Dataset Source - http://www.data.gov/privacy-policy#data_policy - and is provided "AS IS" without any warranty, express or implied, from Google. Google disclaims all liability for any damages, direct or indirect, resulting from the use of the dataset.

Banner Photo by @till_indeman from Unplash.

Inspiration

What countries have the largest outstanding debt?

https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/images/outstanding-debt.png" alt="enter image description here"> https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/images/outstanding-debt.png

This dataset provides values for HOUSEHOLDS DEBT TO INCOME reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

This dataset provides values for GOVERNMENT DEBT TO GDP reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Total outstanding debt of the U.S. government reported daily. Includes a breakout of intragovernmental holdings (federal debt held by U.S. government) and debt held by the public (federal debt held by entities outside the U.S. government).

Summarizes the U.S. government's total outstanding debt at the end of each fiscal year from 1789 to the current year.

The United States recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 124.30 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2024. This dataset provides - United States Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt: Total Public Debt (GFDEBTN) from Q1 1966 to Q1 2025 about public, debt, federal, government, and USA.

Contains data from the World Bank's data portal. There is also a consolidated country dataset on HDX.

Debt statistics provide a detailed picture of debt stocks and flows of developing countries. Data presented as part of the Quarterly External Debt Statistics takes a closer look at the external debt of high-income countries and emerging markets to enable a more complete understanding of global financial flows. The Quarterly Public Sector Debt database provides further data on public sector valuation methods, debt instruments, and clearly defined tiers of debt for central, state and local government, as well as extra-budgetary agencies and funds. Data are gathered from national statistical organizations and central banks as well as by various major multilateral institutions and World Bank staff.

Contains data from the World Bank's data portal. There is also a consolidated country dataset on HDX.

Debt statistics provide a detailed picture of debt stocks and flows of developing countries. Data presented as part of the Quarterly External Debt Statistics takes a closer look at the external debt of high-income countries and emerging markets to enable a more complete understanding of global financial flows. The Quarterly Public Sector Debt database provides further data on public sector valuation methods, debt instruments, and clearly defined tiers of debt for central, state and local government, as well as extra-budgetary agencies and funds. Data are gathered from national statistical organizations and central banks as well as by various major multilateral institutions and World Bank staff.

Key information about United States Household Debt

• United States Household Debt reached 18,036.0 USD bn in Dec 2024, compared with the reported number of 17,943.0 USD bn in the previous quarter
• US Household Debt: USD mn data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 1999 to Dec 2024
• The data reached an all-time high of 18,036.0 USD bn in Dec 2024 and a record low of 4,540.0 USD bn in Mar 1999

• In the latest reports, United States Household Debt accounted for 61.7 % of the country's Nominal GDP in Dec 2024
• Money Supply M2 in United States increased 21,533.8 USD bn YoY in Dec 2024
• United States Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 34.9 USD bn in Dec 2024
• The Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 0.1 Months of Import in Dec 2024
• United States Domestic Credit reached 30,648.3 USD bn in Mar 2024, representing an drop of 0.3 % YoY

Government Debt in the United States increased to 36215818 USD Million in May from 36213557 USD Million in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Government Debt- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Contains data from the World Bank's data portal. There is also a consolidated country dataset on HDX.

Debt statistics provide a detailed picture of debt stocks and flows of developing countries. Data presented as part of the Quarterly External Debt Statistics takes a closer look at the external debt of high-income countries and emerging markets to enable a more complete understanding of global financial flows. The Quarterly Public Sector Debt database provides further data on public sector valuation methods, debt instruments, and clearly defined tiers of debt for central, state and local government, as well as extra-budgetary agencies and funds. Data are gathered from national statistical organizations and central banks as well as by various major multilateral institutions and World Bank staff.

This table contains information on general government debt. Debt is broken down into debt instruments and counterpart sectors (debt holders). Government debt is presented at face value (redemption value of debt) as well as market value (value at which debt can be traded). General government debt according to the Maastricht-definitions relevant in the Stability and Growth Pact is valued at face value, whereas the market value is applied in national accounts. Government debt denominated in euros as well as debt denominated in foreign currency are separately disclosed. Foreign currency debt is valued at prevailing currency exchange rate. The figures are consolidated which means that flows between units that belong to the same sector of general government are eliminated. As a result, the debt of subsectors do not add up to total debt of general government. For example, debt of the State to social security funds is part of debt of the State. However, it is not included in the consolidated debt of general government, because it is debt of general government to general government. The terms and definitions used are in accordance with the framework of the national accounts. National accounts are based on the international definitions of the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). Small temporary differences in this table with publications of the Dutch national accounts may occur due to the fact that the Dutch government finance statistics are sometimes more up to date.

Data available from: Yearly figures from 1995, quarterly figures from 1999.

Status of the figures: The figures for the period 1995-2023 are final. The figures for 2024 and 2025 are provisional.

Changes as of 24 June 2025: The figures for the first quarter of 2025 are available. Figures for 2023 and 2024 have been adjusted due to updated information. The figures for 2023 are final. In the context of the revision policy of National accounts, the annual figures from 1995 and the quarterly figures from 1999 have been revised.

When will new figures be published? Provisional quarterly figures are published three months after the end of the quarter. In September the figures on the first quarter may be revised, in December the figures on the second quarter may be revised and in March the first three quarters may be revised. Yearly figures are published for the first time three months after the end of the year concerned. Yearly figures are revised two times: 6 and 18 months after the end of the year. Please note that there is a possibility that adjustments might take place at the end of March or September, in order to provide the European Commission with the latest figures. Revised yearly figures are published in June each year. Quarterly figures are aligned to revised years at the end of June. More information on the revision policy of Dutch national accounts and government finance statistics can be found under 'relevant articles' under paragraph 3.

Contains data from the World Bank's data portal. There is also a consolidated country dataset on HDX.

Debt statistics provide a detailed picture of debt stocks and flows of developing countries. Data presented as part of the Quarterly External Debt Statistics takes a closer look at the external debt of high-income countries and emerging markets to enable a more complete understanding of global financial flows. The Quarterly Public Sector Debt database provides further data on public sector valuation methods, debt instruments, and clearly defined tiers of debt for central, state and local government, as well as extra-budgetary agencies and funds. Data are gathered from national statistical organizations and central banks as well as by various major multilateral institutions and World Bank staff.

Contains data from the World Bank's data portal. There is also a consolidated country dataset on HDX.

Debt statistics provide a detailed picture of debt stocks and flows of developing countries. Data presented as part of the Quarterly External Debt Statistics takes a closer look at the external debt of high-income countries and emerging markets to enable a more complete understanding of global financial flows. The Quarterly Public Sector Debt database provides further data on public sector valuation methods, debt instruments, and clearly defined tiers of debt for central, state and local government, as well as extra-budgetary agencies and funds. Data are gathered from national statistical organizations and central banks as well as by various major multilateral institutions and World Bank staff.

This dataset provides values for GOVERNMENT DEBT TO GDP reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Summary, reconciliation and revisions information on UK government deficit and debt figures by calendar and financial year.

Indonesia Gross Public Financial Corporation Debt: Long Term: More than 1 Year data was reported at 14.963 USD bn in Mar 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 19.023 USD bn for Dec 2018. Indonesia Gross Public Financial Corporation Debt: Long Term: More than 1 Year data is updated quarterly, averaging 11.871 USD bn from Mar 2010 (Median) to Mar 2019, with 37 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.023 USD bn in Dec 2018 and a record low of 4.705 USD bn in Mar 2010. Indonesia Gross Public Financial Corporation Debt: Long Term: More than 1 Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate General of Budget Financing and Risk Management. The data is categorized under Indonesia Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table ID.FE008: Gross Public Financial Corporation Debt: in USD.

TDMentions: A Dataset of Technical Debt Mentions in Online Posts (version 1.0)

TDMentions is a dataset that contains mentions of technical debt from Reddit, Hacker News, and Stack Exchange. It also contains a list of blog posts on Medium that were tagged as technical debt. The dataset currently contains approximately 35,000 items.

Data collection and processing

The dataset is mainly collected from existing datasets. We used data from:

• the archive of Reddit posts by Jason Baumgartner (available at https://pushshift.io,
• the archive of Hacker News available at Google's BigQuery (available at https://console.cloud.google.com/marketplace/details/y-combinator/hacker-news), and the Stack Exchange data dump (available at https://archive.org/details/stackexchange).
• the GHTorrent project
• the GH Archive

The data set currently contains data from the start of each source/service until 2018-12-31. For GitHub, we currently only include data from 2015-01-01.

We use the regular expression tech(nical)?[\s\-_]*?debt to find mentions in all sources except for Medium. We decided to limit our matches to variations of technical debt and tech debt. Other shorter forms, such as TD, can result in too many false positives. For Medium, we used the tag technical-debt.

Data Format

The dataset is stored as a compressed (bzip2) JSON file with one JSON object per line. Each mention is represented as a JSON object with the following keys.

• id: the id used in the original source. We use the URL path to identify Medium posts.
• body: the text that contains the mention. This is either the comment or the title of the post. For Medium posts this is the title and subtitle (which might not mention technical debt, since posts are identified by the tag).
• created_utc: the time the item was posted in seconds since epoch in UTC.
• author: the author of the item. We use the username or userid from the source.
• source: where the item was posted. Valid sources are:
  • HackerNews Comment
  • HackerNews Job
  • HackerNews Submission
  • Reddit Comment
  • Reddit Submission
  • StackExchange Answer
  • StackExchange Comment
  • StackExchange Question
  • Medium Post
• meta: Additional information about the item specific to the source. This includes, e.g., the subreddit a Reddit submission or comment was posted to, the score, etc. We try to use the same names, e.g., score and num_comments for keys that have the same meaning/information across multiple sources.

This is a sample item from Reddit:

{
 "id": "ab8auf",
 "body": "Technical Debt Explained (x-post r/Eve)",
 "created_utc": 1546271789,
 "author": "totally_100_human",
 "source": "Reddit Submission",
 "meta": {
  "title": "Technical Debt Explained (x-post r/Eve)",
  "score": 1,
  "num_comments": 0,
  "url": "http://jestertrek.com/eve/technical-debt-2.png",
  "subreddit": "RCBRedditBot"
 }
}

Sample Analyses

We decided to use JSON to store the data, since it is easy to work with from multiple programming languages. In the following examples, we use jq to process the JSON.

How many items are there for each source?

lbzip2 -cd postscomments.json.bz2 | jq '.source' | sort | uniq -c

How many submissions that mentioned technical debt were posted each month?

lbzip2 -cd postscomments.json.bz2 | jq 'select(.source == "Reddit Submission") | .created_utc | strftime("%Y-%m")' | sort | uniq -c

What are the titles of items that link (meta.url) to PDF documents?

lbzip2 -cd postscomments.json.bz2 | jq '. as $r | select(.meta.url?) | .meta.url | select(endswith(".pdf")) | $r.body'

Please, I want CSV!

lbzip2 -cd postscomments.json.bz2 | jq -r '[.id, .body, .author] | @csv'

Note that you need to specify the keys you want to include for the CSV, so it is easier to either ignore the meta information or process each source.

Please see https://github.com/sse-lnu/tdmentions for more analyses

Limitations and Future updates

The current version of the dataset lacks GitHub data and Medium comments. GitHub data will be added in the next update. Medium comments (responses) will be added in a future update if we find a good way to represent these.