Turkey, Russia, Portugal, and Latvia were the countries with the highest house price-to-rent-ratio in the ranking in the second quarter of 2024. In all three countries, the ratio exceeded *** index points, meaning that house price growth had outpaced rents by over ** percent between 2015 and 2024. What does the house-price-to-rent ratio show? The house-price-to-rent-ratio measures the evolution of house prices compared to rents. It is generally calculated by dividing the median house price by the median annual rent. In this statistic, the values have been normalized with 100 equaling the 2015 ratio. Consequentially, a value under 100 means that rental rates have risen more than house prices. When all OECD countries are considered as a whole, the gap between house prices and rents was wider than in the Euro area. Measures of housing affordability The national house-price-to-rent ratio may not fully reflect the cost of housing in a particular country, as it does not capture the price variations that can exist between different regions. It also does not take into consideration the relationship between incomes and housing costs, which is measured by the house-price-to-income and household-rent-to-income ratios. Taking both these factors into account uncovers vast differences in housing affordability between different regions and different professions.

New Zonage “A/B/C” applicable from 01/10/2014 (Ministerial Decree of 01 August 2014). The “A/B/C” zoning, created in 2003 at the time when Robien’s rental investment scheme was introduced, characterises the tension of the local real estate market, i.e. the adequacy of the demand for and the supply of available housing on a territory. It consists of five modalities ranging from the most tense (Abis) to the most relaxed (C).Franche-Comté is only affected by zones B2 and C. Several financial schemes use this zoning to determine the eligibility of territories for aid or to adjust their parameters (level of aid, ceiling of rents, etc.). These include the Intermediate Rental Investment Facility for Individuals (see Duflot Zoning), the Old Borloo, the Intermediate Rental Loan (PLI), the Zero Rate Loan (PTZ), the Social Accession Rental Loan (PSLA) and the Social Access Loan (PAS) to property, and the reduced rate VAT in the ANRU area.Some ANAH aid to social lenders is also linked to a ceiling on rent and the amount of resources of the tenant, which varies according to the zoning A/B/C. Following a consultation conducted by the Regional Prefect with the local authorities in the 4th quarter of 2013, the new zoning A/B/C was adopted by the Minister in charge of Housing on 1 August 2014. For Franche-Comté, 19 new municipalities were reclassified from C to B2, while no decommissioning was recorded. Its entry into force varies between 1 October 2014 and 1 February 2015 depending on the arrangements attached to it: as of 1 October 2014 for: — the zero-rate loan; — the guarantee scheme of the FGAS; — the reduced rate VAT scheme for intermediate rental accommodation (279-0a A of the CGI); — the aid scheme for intermediate rental investment for private individuals (199 novitiies of the General Tax Code (CGI); — promises of sales of public land, pursuant to Article R. 3211-15 of the General Code of Ownership of Public Persons; on 1 January 2015 for: — the benefit of aid from the National Housing Agency, the ‘old Borloo’ tax scheme; — the intermediate rental loan; — reduced VAT in ANRU area; — devices related to HLM promotion; — the assessment of resources for new intermediate dwellings held by HLML bodies in the context of their service of general economic interest; as of 1 February 2015 for: — approvals of social loans for leasing-accession. Data sources: order of the Minister of Housing dated 01 August 2014

Article 55 of the Law of 13 December 2000 on solidarity and urban renewal (SRU) created an obligation for municipalities with more than 3,500 inhabitants in an agglomeration with more than 50,000 inhabitants to have at least 20 % of social rental housing in relation to the number of principal residences in the municipal territory (Articles L.302-5 et seq. of the Construction and Housing Code (CCH) and R.302-14 to R.302-26). This dataset lists the municipalities of Charente-Maritime as of 1 January 2020, with an obligation to have at least 20 % of social rental housing, their current rate of social housing and the municipalities carenced in the previous 2017-2019 balance sheet.

The DSS Payment Demographic data set is made up of:\r \r Selected DSS payment data by \r \r * Geography: state/territory, electorate, postcode, LGA and SA2 (for 2015 onwards)\r \r * Demographic: age, sex and Indigenous/non-Indigenous \r \r * Duration on Payment (Working Age & Pensions)\r \r * Duration on Income Support (Working Age, Carer payment & Disability Support Pension)\r \r * Rate (Working Age & Pensions)\r \r * Earnings (Working Age & Pensions)\r \r * Age Pension assets data \r \r * JobSeeker Payment and Youth Allowance (other) Principal Carers\r \r * Activity Tested Recipients by Partial Capacity to Work (NSA,PPS & YAO)\r \r * Exits within 3, 6 and 12 months (Newstart Allowance/JobSeeker Payment, Parenting Payment, Sickness Allowance & Youth Allowance)\r \r * Disability Support Pension by medical condition\r \r * Care Receiver by medical conditions\r \r * Commonwealth Rent Assistance by Payment type and Income Unit type have been added from March 2017. For further information about Commonwealth Rent Assistance and Income Units see the Data Descriptions and Glossary included in the dataset.\r \r From December 2022, the "DSS Expanded Benefit and Payment Recipient Demographics – quarterly data" publication has introduced expanded reporting populations for income support recipients. As a result, the reporting population for Jobseeker Payment and Special Benefit has changed to include recipients who are current but on zero rate of payment and those who are suspended from payment. The reporting population for ABSTUDY, Austudy, Parenting Payment and Youth Allowance has changed to include those who are suspended from payment.\r The expanded report will replace the standard report after June 2023.\r \r Additional data for DSS Expanded Benefit and Payment Recipient Demographics – quarterly data includes:\r \r • A new contents page to assist users locate the information within the spreadsheet\r \r • Additional data for the ‘Suspended’ population in the ‘Payment by Rate’ tab to enable users to calculate the old reporting rules.\r \r • Additional information on the Employment Earning by ‘Income Free Area’ tab.\r \r \r From December 2022, Services Australia have implemented a change in the Centrelink payment system to recognise gender other than the sex assigned at birth or during infancy, or as a gender which is not exclusively male or female. \r To protect the privacy of individuals and comply with confidentialisation policy, persons identifying as ‘non-binary’ will initially be grouped with ‘females’ in the period immediately following implementation of this change.\r The Department will monitor the implications of this change and will publish the ‘non-binary’ gender category as soon as privacy and confidentialisation considerations allow.\r \r \r Local Government Area has been updated to reflect the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) 2022 boundaries from June 2023.\r \r Commonwealth Electorate Division has been updated to reflect the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) 2021 boundaries from June 2023.\r \r SA2 has been updated to reflect the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) 2021 boundaries from June 2023. \r \r From December 2021, the following are included in the report:\r \r * selected payments by work capacity, by various demographic breakdowns\r \r * rental type and homeownership\r \r * Family Tax Benefit recipients and children by payment type\r \r * Commonwealth Rent Assistance by proportion eligible for the maximum rate\r \r * an age breakdown for Age Pension recipients\r \r For further information, please see the Glossary.\r \r From June 2021, data on the Paid Parental Leave Scheme is included yearly in June releases. This includes both Parental Leave Pay and Dad and Partner Pay, across multiple breakdowns. Please see Glossary for further information. \r \r From March 2017 the DSS demographic dataset will include top 25 countries of birth. For further information see the glossary.\r \r From March 2016 machine readable files containing the three geographic breakdowns have also been published for use in National Map, links to these datasets are below:\r \r * Statistical Area 2 - SA2\r \r * Commonwealth Electoral Division - CED\r \r * Local Government Area - LGA\r \r Pre June 2014 Quarter Data contains:\r \r Selected DSS payment data by \r \r * Geography: state/territory; electorate; postcode and LGA\r \r * Demographic: age, sex and Indigenous/non-Indigenous \r \r Note: JobSeeker Payment replaced Newstart Allowance and other working age payments from 20 March 2020, for further details see: https://www.dss.gov.au/benefits-payments/jobseeker-payment\r \r For data on DSS payment demographics as at June 2013 or earlier, the department has published data which was produced annually. \r Data is provided by payment type containing timeseries’, state, gender, age range, and various other demographics. Links to these publications are below: \r \r * Statistical Paper series\r \r Concession card data in the March and June 2020 quarters have been re-stated to address an over-count in reported cardholder numbers.\r \r 28/06/2024 – The March 2024 and December 2023 reports were republished with updated data in the ‘Carer Receivers by Med Condition’ section, updates are exclusive to the ‘Care Receivers of Carer Payment recipients’ table, under ‘Intellectual / Learning’ and ‘Circulatory System’ conditions only.

This layer was developed by the Research & Analytics Group of the Atlanta Regional Commission, using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 5-year estimates for 2013-2017, to show comparison of housing ownership costs and rental costs to income by Regional Commission in the Atlanta region.

The user should note that American Community Survey data represent estimates derived from a surveyed sample of the population, which creates some level of uncertainty, as opposed to an exact measure of the entire population (the full census count is only conducted once every 10 years and does not cover as many detailed characteristics of the population). Therefore, any measure reported by ACS should not be taken as an exact number – this is why a corresponding margin of error (MOE) is also given for ACS measures. The size of the MOE relative to its corresponding estimate value provides an indication of confidence in the accuracy of each estimate. Each MOE is expressed in the same units as its corresponding measure; for example, if the estimate value is expressed as a number, then its MOE will also be a number; if the estimate value is expressed as a percent, then its MOE will also be a percent.

The user should also note that for relatively small geographic areas, such as census tracts shown here, ACS only releases combined 5-year estimates, meaning these estimates represent rolling averages of survey results that were collected over a 5-year span (in this case 2013-2017). Therefore, these data do not represent any one specific point in time or even one specific year. For geographic areas with larger populations, 3-year and 1-year estimates are also available.

For further explanation of ACS estimates and margin of error, visit Census ACS website.

Naming conventions:

Prefixes:

None

Count

p

Percent

r

Rate

m

Median

a

Mean (average)

t

Aggregate (total)

ch

Change in absolute terms (value in t2 - value in t1)

pch

Percent change ((value in t2 - value in t1) / value in t1)

chp

Change in percent (percent in t2 - percent in t1)

Suffixes:

None

Change over two periods

_e

Estimate from most recent ACS

_m

Margin of Error from most recent ACS

_00

Decennial 2000

Attributes:

SumLevel

Summary level of geographic unit (e.g., County, Tract, NSA, NPU, DSNI, SuperDistrict, etc)

GEOID

Census tract Federal Information Processing Series (FIPS) code

NAME

Name of geographic unit

Planning_Region

Planning region designation for ARC purposes

Acres

Total area within the tract (in acres)

SqMi

Total area within the tract (in square miles)

County

County identifier (combination of Federal Information Processing Series (FIPS) codes for state and county)

CountyName

County Name

HUM_SMOCAPI_e

# Housing units with a mortgage, costs as a percentage of income computed, 2017

HUM_SMOCAPI_m

# Housing units with a mortgage, costs as a percentage of income computed, 2017 (MOE)

MSMOCAPI30PctPlus_e

# Housing units with a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017

MSMOCAPI30PctPlus_m

# Housing units with a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017 (MOE)

pMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_e

% Housing units with a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017

pMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_m

% Housing units with a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017 (MOE)

HUNM_SMOCAPI_e

# Housing units without a mortgage, costs as a percentage of income computed, 2017

HUNM_SMOCAPI_m

# Housing units without a mortgage, costs as a percentage of income computed, 2017 (MOE)

NMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_e

# Housing units without a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017

NMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_m

# Housing units without a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017 (MOE)

pNMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_e

% Housing units without a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017

pNMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_m

% Housing units without a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017 (MOE)

OccGRAPI_e

# Occupied units for which rent as a percentage of income can be computed, 2017

OccGRAPI_m

# Occupied units for which rent as a percentage of income can be computed, 2017 (MOE)

GRAPI30PctPlus_e

# Gross rent 30.0 percent of income or greater, 2017

GRAPI30PctPlus_m

# Gross rent 30.0 percent of income or greater, 2017 (MOE)

pGRAPI30PctPlus_e

% Gross rent 30.0 percent of income or greater, 2017

pGRAPI30PctPlus_m

% Gross rent 30.0 percent of income or greater, 2017 (MOE)

HousingCost30PctPlus_e

# All occupied units for which costs exceed 30 percent of income, 2017

HousingCost30PctPlus_m

# All occupied units for which costs exceed 30 percent of income, 2017 (MOE)

PayingForHousing_e

# Total households paying for housing (rent or owner costs), 2017

PayingForHousing_m

# Total households paying for housing (rent or owner costs), 2017 (MOE)

pHousingCost30PctPlus_e

% Occupied units for which costs exceed 30 percent of income, 2017

pHousingCost30PctPlus_m

% Occupied units for which costs exceed 30 percent of income, 2017 (MOE)

last_edited_date

Last date the feature was edited by ARC

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Atlanta Regional Commission

Date: 2013-2017

For additional information, please visit the Census ACS website.

Multifamily Tax Subsidy Projects (MTSP) Income Limits were developed to meet the requirements established by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-289). MTSP Income Limits are provided and are used to determine qualification levels as well as set maximum rental rates. Complete documentation is provided for selecting Income Limits of any area of the country.

Retail properties had the highest capitalization rates in the United States in 2023, followed by offices. The cap rate for office real estate was **** percent in the fourth quarter of the year and was forecast to rise further to **** percent in 2024. Cap rates measure the expected rate of return on investment, and show the net operating income of a property as a percentage share of the current asset value. While a higher cap rate indicates a higher rate of return, it also suggests a higher risk. Why have cap rates increased? The increase in cap rates is a consequence of a repricing in the commercial real estate sector. According to the National NCREIF Property Return Index, prices for commercial real estate declined across all property types in 2023. Rental growth was slow during the same period, resulting in a negative annual return. The increase in cap rates reflects the increased risk in the investment environment. Pricing uncertainty in the commercial real estate sector Between 2014 and 2021, commercial property prices in the U.S. enjoyed steady growth. Access to credit with low interest rates facilitated economic growth and real estate investment. As inflation surged in the following two years, lending policy tightened. That had a significant effect on the sector. First, it worsened sentiment among occupiers. Second, it led to a decline in demand for commercial spaces and commercial real estate investment volumes. Uncertainty about the future development of interest rates and occupier demand further contributed to the repricing of real estate assets.

In 2007, a cash-strapped Brian Chesky came up with a shrewd way to pay his $1,200 San Francisco apartment rent. He would offer “Air bed and breakfast”, which consisted of three airbeds,...

Zoning A/B/C classifies territories according to the degree of tension in their local real estate market. It is used to modulate several housing devices, the parameters of which vary according to each area. These include rental investment, intermediate housing, the Zero Rate Loan (PTZ), the Social Accession Rental Loan (PSLA) and the Homeownership Loan (PAS). The zoning A/B/C was revised by the Order of 1 August 2014 made pursuant to Article R. 304-1 of the Construction and Housing Code. The list of municipalities concerned was subsequently amended by the Decree of 30 September 2014. The Midi Pyrenees region is not covered by Class A.

In 2022, house price growth in the UK slowed, after a period of decade-long increase. Nevertheless, in March 2025, prices reached a new peak, with the average home costing ******* British pounds. This figure refers to all property types, including detached, semi-detached, terraced houses, and flats and maisonettes. Compared to other European countries, the UK had some of the highest house prices. How have UK house prices increased over the last 10 years? Property prices have risen dramatically over the past decade. According to the UK house price index, the average house price has grown by over ** percent since 2015. This price development has led to the gap between the cost of buying and renting a property to close. In 2023, buying a three-bedroom house in the UK was no longer more affordable than renting one. Consequently, Brits have become more likely to rent longer and push off making a house purchase until they have saved up enough for a down payment and achieved the financial stability required to make the step. What caused the recent fluctuations in house prices? House prices are affected by multiple factors, such as mortgage rates, supply, and demand on the market. For nearly a decade, the UK experienced uninterrupted house price growth as a result of strong demand and a chronic undersupply. Homebuyers who purchased a property at the peak of the housing boom in July 2022 paid ** percent more compared to what they would have paid a year before. Additionally, 2022 saw the most dramatic increase in mortgage rates in recent history. Between December 2021 and December 2022, the **-year fixed mortgage rate doubled, adding further strain to prospective homebuyers. As a result, the market cooled, leading to a correction in pricing.

Housing Index in Saudi Arabia increased to 104.90 points in the first quarter of 2025 from 104.20 points in the fourth quarter of 2024. This dataset provides - Saudi Arabia Housing Index- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

This layer was developed by the Research & Analytics Group of the Atlanta Regional Commission, using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 5-year estimates for 2013-2017, to show comparison of housing ownership costs and rental costs to income by Dekalb Sustainable Neighborhood Initiative in the Atlanta region.

The user should note that American Community Survey data represent estimates derived from a surveyed sample of the population, which creates some level of uncertainty, as opposed to an exact measure of the entire population (the full census count is only conducted once every 10 years and does not cover as many detailed characteristics of the population). Therefore, any measure reported by ACS should not be taken as an exact number – this is why a corresponding margin of error (MOE) is also given for ACS measures. The size of the MOE relative to its corresponding estimate value provides an indication of confidence in the accuracy of each estimate. Each MOE is expressed in the same units as its corresponding measure; for example, if the estimate value is expressed as a number, then its MOE will also be a number; if the estimate value is expressed as a percent, then its MOE will also be a percent.

The user should also note that for relatively small geographic areas, such as census tracts shown here, ACS only releases combined 5-year estimates, meaning these estimates represent rolling averages of survey results that were collected over a 5-year span (in this case 2013-2017). Therefore, these data do not represent any one specific point in time or even one specific year. For geographic areas with larger populations, 3-year and 1-year estimates are also available.

For further explanation of ACS estimates and margin of error, visit Census ACS website.

Naming conventions:

Prefixes:

None

Count

p

Percent

r

Rate

m

Median

a

Mean (average)

t

Aggregate (total)

ch

Change in absolute terms (value in t2 - value in t1)

pch

Percent change ((value in t2 - value in t1) / value in t1)

chp

Change in percent (percent in t2 - percent in t1)

Suffixes:

None

Change over two periods

_e

Estimate from most recent ACS

_m

Margin of Error from most recent ACS

_00

Decennial 2000

Attributes:

SumLevel

Summary level of geographic unit (e.g., County, Tract, NSA, NPU, DSNI, SuperDistrict, etc)

GEOID

Census tract Federal Information Processing Series (FIPS) code

NAME

Name of geographic unit

Planning_Region

Planning region designation for ARC purposes

Acres

Total area within the tract (in acres)

SqMi

Total area within the tract (in square miles)

County

County identifier (combination of Federal Information Processing Series (FIPS) codes for state and county)

CountyName

County Name

HUM_SMOCAPI_e

# Housing units with a mortgage, costs as a percentage of income computed, 2017

HUM_SMOCAPI_m

# Housing units with a mortgage, costs as a percentage of income computed, 2017 (MOE)

MSMOCAPI30PctPlus_e

# Housing units with a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017

MSMOCAPI30PctPlus_m

# Housing units with a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017 (MOE)

pMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_e

% Housing units with a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017

pMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_m

% Housing units with a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017 (MOE)

HUNM_SMOCAPI_e

# Housing units without a mortgage, costs as a percentage of income computed, 2017

HUNM_SMOCAPI_m

# Housing units without a mortgage, costs as a percentage of income computed, 2017 (MOE)

NMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_e

# Housing units without a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017

NMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_m

# Housing units without a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017 (MOE)

pNMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_e

% Housing units without a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017

pNMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_m

% Housing units without a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017 (MOE)

OccGRAPI_e

# Occupied units for which rent as a percentage of income can be computed, 2017

OccGRAPI_m

# Occupied units for which rent as a percentage of income can be computed, 2017 (MOE)

GRAPI30PctPlus_e

# Gross rent 30.0 percent of income or greater, 2017

GRAPI30PctPlus_m

# Gross rent 30.0 percent of income or greater, 2017 (MOE)

pGRAPI30PctPlus_e

% Gross rent 30.0 percent of income or greater, 2017

pGRAPI30PctPlus_m

% Gross rent 30.0 percent of income or greater, 2017 (MOE)

HousingCost30PctPlus_e

# All occupied units for which costs exceed 30 percent of income, 2017

HousingCost30PctPlus_m

# All occupied units for which costs exceed 30 percent of income, 2017 (MOE)

PayingForHousing_e

# Total households paying for housing (rent or owner costs), 2017

PayingForHousing_m

# Total households paying for housing (rent or owner costs), 2017 (MOE)

pHousingCost30PctPlus_e

% Occupied units for which costs exceed 30 percent of income, 2017

pHousingCost30PctPlus_m

% Occupied units for which costs exceed 30 percent of income, 2017 (MOE)

last_edited_date

Last date the feature was edited by ARC

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Atlanta Regional Commission

Date: 2013-2017

For additional information, please visit the Census ACS website.

This layer was developed by the Research & Analytics Group of the Atlanta Regional Commission, using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 5-year estimates for 2013-2017, to show comparison of housing ownership costs and rental costs to income by Westside Future Fund in the Atlanta region.

The user should note that American Community Survey data represent estimates derived from a surveyed sample of the population, which creates some level of uncertainty, as opposed to an exact measure of the entire population (the full census count is only conducted once every 10 years and does not cover as many detailed characteristics of the population). Therefore, any measure reported by ACS should not be taken as an exact number – this is why a corresponding margin of error (MOE) is also given for ACS measures. The size of the MOE relative to its corresponding estimate value provides an indication of confidence in the accuracy of each estimate. Each MOE is expressed in the same units as its corresponding measure; for example, if the estimate value is expressed as a number, then its MOE will also be a number; if the estimate value is expressed as a percent, then its MOE will also be a percent.

The user should also note that for relatively small geographic areas, such as census tracts shown here, ACS only releases combined 5-year estimates, meaning these estimates represent rolling averages of survey results that were collected over a 5-year span (in this case 2013-2017). Therefore, these data do not represent any one specific point in time or even one specific year. For geographic areas with larger populations, 3-year and 1-year estimates are also available.

For further explanation of ACS estimates and margin of error, visit Census ACS website.

Naming conventions:

Prefixes:

None

Count

p

Percent

r

Rate

m

Median

a

Mean (average)

t

Aggregate (total)

ch

Change in absolute terms (value in t2 - value in t1)

pch

Percent change ((value in t2 - value in t1) / value in t1)

chp

Change in percent (percent in t2 - percent in t1)

Suffixes:

None

Change over two periods

_e

Estimate from most recent ACS

_m

Margin of Error from most recent ACS

_00

Decennial 2000

Attributes:

SumLevel

Summary level of geographic unit (e.g., County, Tract, NSA, NPU, DSNI, SuperDistrict, etc)

GEOID

Census tract Federal Information Processing Series (FIPS) code

NAME

Name of geographic unit

Planning_Region

Planning region designation for ARC purposes

Acres

Total area within the tract (in acres)

SqMi

Total area within the tract (in square miles)

County

County identifier (combination of Federal Information Processing Series (FIPS) codes for state and county)

CountyName

County Name

HUM_SMOCAPI_e

# Housing units with a mortgage, costs as a percentage of income computed, 2017

HUM_SMOCAPI_m

# Housing units with a mortgage, costs as a percentage of income computed, 2017 (MOE)

MSMOCAPI30PctPlus_e

# Housing units with a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017

MSMOCAPI30PctPlus_m

# Housing units with a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017 (MOE)

pMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_e

% Housing units with a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017

pMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_m

% Housing units with a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017 (MOE)

HUNM_SMOCAPI_e

# Housing units without a mortgage, costs as a percentage of income computed, 2017

HUNM_SMOCAPI_m

# Housing units without a mortgage, costs as a percentage of income computed, 2017 (MOE)

NMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_e

# Housing units without a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017

NMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_m

# Housing units without a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017 (MOE)

pNMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_e

% Housing units without a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017

pNMSMOCAPI30PctPlus_m

% Housing units without a mortgage, costs 30.0 percent of income or more, 2017 (MOE)

OccGRAPI_e

# Occupied units for which rent as a percentage of income can be computed, 2017

OccGRAPI_m

# Occupied units for which rent as a percentage of income can be computed, 2017 (MOE)

GRAPI30PctPlus_e

# Gross rent 30.0 percent of income or greater, 2017

GRAPI30PctPlus_m

# Gross rent 30.0 percent of income or greater, 2017 (MOE)

pGRAPI30PctPlus_e

% Gross rent 30.0 percent of income or greater, 2017

pGRAPI30PctPlus_m

% Gross rent 30.0 percent of income or greater, 2017 (MOE)

HousingCost30PctPlus_e

# All occupied units for which costs exceed 30 percent of income, 2017

HousingCost30PctPlus_m

# All occupied units for which costs exceed 30 percent of income, 2017 (MOE)

PayingForHousing_e

# Total households paying for housing (rent or owner costs), 2017

PayingForHousing_m

# Total households paying for housing (rent or owner costs), 2017 (MOE)

pHousingCost30PctPlus_e

% Occupied units for which costs exceed 30 percent of income, 2017

pHousingCost30PctPlus_m

% Occupied units for which costs exceed 30 percent of income, 2017 (MOE)

last_edited_date

Last date the feature was edited by ARC

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Atlanta Regional Commission

Date: 2013-2017

For additional information, please visit the Census ACS website.

The study constructs new series of nominal wages in industry and crafts as well as a new consumer goods price index for the period 1850-1889; the coefficient of the two series gives the real wage. While such information was collected and published by government agencies from the late 1880s onwards, the decades before are part of the pre-statistical age. After all, information is available from municipal authorities, from branches of territorial state authorities and from individual companies. For the construction of a new nominal wage series, the current study refer to Kuczynski´s material (1961/62), supplements it with information from individual studies of the past 50 years, and constructs wage indices for the heavy ironware, machine construction, mining, printing, and municipal construction industries on this basis by means of unbalanced panel regression with fixed effects. Of the 38 individual wage series on which these sector indices are based, 27 come from Kuczynski, the remainder from more recent studies. Wages in the textile sector are represented by those in the cotton industry. The study uses the wage series published by Kirchhain (1977). Weighted according to employment figures, all these sector-specific series (excluding miners´ wages) are aggregated into a Fisher index of nominal wages in industry and crafts. Both this index and the indices at sector level are linked in 1888/89 with the series by Hoffmann (1965); the resulting values denote annual earnings in Marks. The sector indices differ little from those of Kuczynski and Hoffmann despite the expansion of the database and the different methodology of index construction, but the aggregated index shows a stronger growth rate than that of Kuczynski; the latter index is obviously erroneous (Pfister 2018, 576).

The consumer goods price index is based on five sub-indices for (1) food, (2) beverages and luxury foods, (3) rent, (4) furniture, household goods and heating, and (5) clothing. The sub-indices for food and rent are new, the other three are from Hoffmann (1965). Weights are determined for 1848/49 and 1889 on the basis of research literature, values in between are interpolated linearly. Both the sub-index of food prices and the overall index are constructed as Fisher indices.

Both the rental index and the food prices rise more strongly in the long term than the two corresponding Hoffmann indices (Pfister 2018, 578 and 582). Hoffmann constructs the rental price index only indirectly by multiplying the estimated building capital by an assumed interest rate. The rent index of the current study is based on data from three major cities. Only if it is assumed that large cities are completely unrepresentative for the entire real estate market should Hoffmann´s series still be considered.

In the case of food prices, the comparatively stronger long-term increase - compared to previous research - results from the higher weight of prices from the southern parts of the country far from the sea in the new sub-index. Here, the price dampening effect of growing imports of American grain had a weaker effect than in the coastal regions in the north. Thus, one of the main findings of the study is that the assessment of the development of the living standards of urban workers from the 1850s to 1880s strongly depends on how one determines the effect of the first wave of modern globalization on the German price structure. The greater consideration given in this study to food prices in areas distant from the sea results in a more pessimistic view of the development of real wages during this period than has been the case with some previous research.

To the data:

1. individual wage series (table set A.01)

This set of tables contains wage series from six branches at the level of regions, cities, individual enterprises and in one case (cotton industry) an entire branch. Only series containing data for at least 15 years were taken into account. In detail, the series are the following: Heavy Ironware Bochum 1869-1889: Average annual income of the workers of the Bochumer Verein (steelworks) in Mark; Däbritz (1934, Annex Table 4). Essen 1848-1889: Average annual income of the workers of the Krupp works in Mark; Kuczynksi (1961-62, vol. I, 377, vol. II, 227, vol. III, 426). Ruhr 1855-1889: Average annual income of the workers at the blast furnaces in the Ruhr district in Mark; banks (2000, Table A59). Saar 1869-1889: Day wage of workers at the blast furnaces of the Burba...