The establishment of a BES Multi-User Geodatabase (BES-MUG) allows for the storage, management, and distribution of geospatial data associated with the Baltimore Ecosystem Study. At present, BES data is distributed over the internet via the BES website. While having geospatial data available for download is a vast improvement over having the data housed at individual research institutions, it still suffers from some limitations. BES-MUG overcomes these limitations; improving the quality of the geospatial data available to BES researches, thereby leading to more informed decision-making. BES-MUG builds on Environmental Systems Research Institute's (ESRI) ArcGIS and ArcSDE technology. ESRI was selected because its geospatial software offers robust capabilities. ArcGIS is implemented agency-wide within the USDA and is the predominant geospatial software package used by collaborating institutions. Commercially available enterprise database packages (DB2, Oracle, SQL) provide an efficient means to store, manage, and share large datasets. However, standard database capabilities are limited with respect to geographic datasets because they lack the ability to deal with complex spatial relationships. By using ESRI's ArcSDE (Spatial Database Engine) in conjunction with database software, geospatial data can be handled much more effectively through the implementation of the Geodatabase model. Through ArcSDE and the Geodatabase model the database's capabilities are expanded, allowing for multiuser editing, intelligent feature types, and the establishment of rules and relationships. ArcSDE also allows users to connect to the database using ArcGIS software without being burdened by the intricacies of the database itself. For an example of how BES-MUG will help improve the quality and timeless of BES geospatial data consider a census block group layer that is in need of updating. Rather than the researcher downloading the dataset, editing it, and resubmitting to through ORS, access rules will allow the authorized user to edit the dataset over the network. Established rules will ensure that the attribute and topological integrity is maintained, so that key fields are not left blank and that the block group boundaries stay within tract boundaries. Metadata will automatically be updated showing who edited the dataset and when they did in the event any questions arise. Currently, a functioning prototype Multi-User Database has been developed for BES at the University of Vermont Spatial Analysis Lab, using Arc SDE and IBM's DB2 Enterprise Database as a back end architecture. This database, which is currently only accessible to those on the UVM campus network, will shortly be migrated to a Linux server where it will be accessible for database connections over the Internet. Passwords can then be handed out to all interested researchers on the project, who will be able to make a database connection through the Geographic Information Systems software interface on their desktop computer. This database will include a very large number of thematic layers. Those layers are currently divided into biophysical, socio-economic and imagery categories. Biophysical includes data on topography, soils, forest cover, habitat areas, hydrology and toxics. Socio-economics includes political and administrative boundaries, transportation and infrastructure networks, property data, census data, household survey data, parks, protected areas, land use/land cover, zoning, public health and historic land use change. Imagery includes a variety of aerial and satellite imagery. See the readme: http://96.56.36.108/geodatabase_SAL/readme.txt See the file listing: http://96.56.36.108/geodatabase_SAL/diroutput.txt

The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) generates and acquires geospatial data. To maintain trust and confidence in the accuracy of this data, MPI has developed standards for both internal staff and external contractors.The MPI SDE (Spatial Database Engine) are populated with data sourced from external parties or created within the Ministry. To maintain this data to high standards, MPI requires robust metadata, i.e., the information describing the data held by the Ministry. Quality geospatial metadata should allow anyone unfamiliar with the data to use and manage it appropriately. This document provides detailed guidance on populating fields (i.e. Metadata Elements) using the ISO 19139 Metadata Implementation Specification. See ESRI documentation for more details.

This data layer was developed to support Denver's Food Retail Expansion to Support Health (FRESH) program. This layer will be stored on the City and County of Denver Spatial Database Engine (SDE) server. The data will be maintained on the SDE by the Office of Economic Development. It will be distributed through the SDE and the Denver Open Data Catalog. Data will be updated as time and resources permit, as data falls out of date, or through annual/bi-annual scheduled maintenance.Denver FRESH representatives will monitor Denver GIS requirements and submit current FRESH data layers to City SDE as applicable. Published data will comply with the City and County of Denver’s requirements and Denver Environmental Health’s GIS Cartographic Standards as described in the data layer’s metadata file. Data sources that originate outside the City must be cited. City data beyond normal base layers should have the sources stated, or if the layer is “unusual” or time sensitive then the source and year should be stated.

Michigan’s environmental remediation program authorizes EGLE to set cleanup standards by considering how the contaminated land will be used in the future. Michigan’s cleanup standards are risk-based and reflect the potential for human health or ecological risks from exposure to hazardous or regulated substances at contaminated sites. A person may use land use or resource use restrictions, as outlined in Part 201 and Part 213, to manage risk by reducing or restricting exposure to environmental contamination left in-place at a property.

Land or Resource Use Restrictions may be in various forms including Restrictive Covenant, Notice of Aesthetic Impact, Notice of Corrective Action, Local Public Highway Institutional Control, Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) Environmental License Agreement, Local Ordinance, or an Alternative Institutional Control.

This dataset shows locations of Land or Resource Use Restrictions that have been used to aid in the closure of a site of environmental contamination. The locations provided are not all-inclusive as they only represent those restrictions that have been sent to EGLE. This point dataset must be used along with the available polygon dataset Land or Resource Use Restrictions (Polygons) to show all the EGLE-mapped restrictions. Restrictions having proper legal descriptions and/or surveyed restriction area are represented with a polygon, while those having incomplete area and/or location details are represented by a point feature. The data is refreshed daily from EGLE’s spatial database engine.

Restrictions are mapped relative to existing GIS datasets including survey sections and aerial imagery and therefore have inherent inaccuracies. Locations provide a general representation but should not be relied upon for site-specific planning or decision making.The dataset’s field names are described below.

Field Name

Description

OBJECTID

Unique identifier for the GIS

Acres

Area of the restriction (acres)

SquareMiles

Area of the restriction (square miles)

KermitID

Unique identifier used to link to a scan of the restriction

RestrictionType

Numeric Code for the type of restriction

1 = Restrictive Covenant (RC)
2 = Notice of Corrective
  Action (NCA)
3 = Notice of Aesthetic
  Impairment (NAI)
4 = Ordinance
5 = Notice of Approved
  Environmental Remediation (NAER)
6 = Notice of Environmental Remediation (NER)
7 = Rescission of a Notice
  of Approved Environmental Remediation
8 (Not used)9 = Michigan Department of Transportation, Environmental License Agreement (MDOT)
0 = Other Institutional
  Control. This includes State Law/Local Health Code (SLHC), Public
  Highway Institutional Control (PHIC), Notice of Contamination (NOC),

RestrictionStatus

Status of the restriction

2 = Filed, Effective,
  Issued, or Recorded

FacilityName

Name of the Part 213 site or Part 201 facility

Address

Physical street address for the site or facility

City

City in which the site or facility is located

ZipCode

Zip code for the site or facility

EgleReferenceNumber

Unique reference number assigned by EGLE to the Land and Resource Use Restriction

Shape

GIS geometry type

CreatedUser

Username of person who created the feature

CreatedDate

Date of feature creation

LastEditedUser

Username of the person who last edited the feature

LastEditedDate

Date the feature was last updated

LandUseRestrictionType

Text descriptor for the type of restriction

MgEntityCd

Lead EGLE division managing the site when restriction was imposed

ProgramType

Pertinent part of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act

DeedDate

Date of effectiveness and/or recording with the Register of Deeds

LocationId

Unique identifier for the site within RRD’s RIDE database

For questions about this data, please reach out to EGLE-Maps@Michigan.gov.

Snapshot img

North America Geographic Information System Market Size 2025-2029

The geographic information system market size in North America is forecast to increase by USD 11.4 billion at a CAGR of 23.7% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing adoption of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, satellite imagery, and sensors in various industries. In fleet management, GIS software is being used to optimize routes and improve operational efficiency. In the context of smart cities, GIS solutions are being utilized for content delivery, public safety, and building information modeling. The demand for miniaturization of technologies is also driving the market, allowing for the integration of GIS into smaller devices and applications. However, data security concerns remain a challenge, as the collection and storage of sensitive information requires robust security measures. The insurance industry is also leveraging GIS for telematics and risk assessment, while the construction sector uses GIS for server-based project management and planning. Overall, the GIS market is poised for continued growth as these trends and applications continue to evolve.

What will be the Size of the market During the Forecast Period?

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The Geographic Information System (GIS) market encompasses a range of technologies and applications that enable the collection, management, analysis, and visualization of spatial data. Key industries driving market growth include transportation, infrastructure planning, urban planning, and environmental monitoring. Remote sensing technologies, such as satellite imaging and aerial photography, play a significant role in data collection. Artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT) are increasingly integrated into GIS solutions for real-time location data processing and operational efficiency.
Applications span various sectors, including agriculture, natural resources, construction, and smart cities. GIS is essential for infrastructure analysis, disaster management, and land management. Geospatial technology enables spatial data integration, providing valuable insights for decision-making and optimization. Market size is substantial and growing, fueled by increasing demand for efficient urban planning, improved infrastructure, and environmental sustainability. Geospatial startups continue to emerge, innovating in areas such as telematics, natural disasters, and smart city development.

How is this market segmented and which is the largest segment?

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Component

  Software
  Data
  Services


Deployment

  On-premise
  Cloud


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    Mexico
    US

By Component Insights

The software segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The Geographic Information System (GIS) market encompasses desktop, mobile, cloud, and server software for managing and analyzing spatial data. In North America, industry-specific GIS software dominates, with some commercial entities providing open-source alternatives for limited functions like routing and geocoding. Despite this, counterfeit products pose a threat, making open-source software a viable option for smaller applications. Market trends indicate a shift towards cloud-based GIS solutions for enhanced operational efficiency and real-time location data. Spatial data applications span various sectors, including transportation infrastructure planning, urban planning, natural resources management, environmental monitoring, agriculture, and disaster management. Technological innovations, such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), and satellite imagery, are revolutionizing GIS solutions.

Cloud-based GIS solutions, IoT integration, and augmented reality are emerging trends. Geospatial technology is essential for smart city projects, climate monitoring, intelligent transportation systems, and land management. Industry statistics indicate steady growth, with key players focusing on product innovation, infrastructure optimization, and geospatial utility solutions.

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Market Dynamics

Our North America Geographic Information System Market researchers analyzed the data with 2024 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challenges. A holistic analysis of drivers will help companies refine their marketing strategies to gain a competitive advantage.

What are the key market drivers leading to the rise in the adoption of the North America Geographic Information System Market?

Rising applications of geographic

State and Local Public Health Departments in the United States Governmental public health departments are responsible for creating and maintaining conditions that keep people healthy. A local health department may be locally governed, part of a region or district, be an office or an administrative unit of the state health department, or a hybrid of these. Furthermore, each community has a unique "public health system" comprising individuals and public and private entities that are engaged in activities that affect the public's health. (Excerpted from the Operational Definition of a functional local health department, National Association of County and City Health Officials, November 2005) Please reference http://www.naccho.org/topics/infrastructure/accreditation/upload/OperationalDefinitionBrochure-2.pdf for more information. Facilities involved in direct patient care are intended to be excluded from this dataset; however, some of the entities represented in this dataset serve as both administrative and clinical locations. This dataset only includes the headquarters of Public Health Departments, not their satellite offices. Some health departments encompass multiple counties; therefore, not every county will be represented by an individual record. Also, some areas will appear to have over representation depending on the structure of the health departments in that particular region. Town health officers are included in Vermont and boards of health are included in Massachusetts. Both of these types of entities are elected or appointed to a term of office during which they make and enforce policies and regulations related to the protection of public health. Visiting nurses are represented in this dataset if they are contracted through the local government to fulfill the duties and responsibilities of the local health organization. Since many town health officers in Vermont work out of their personal homes, TechniGraphics represented these entities at the town hall. This is denoted in the [DIRECTIONS] field. Effort was made by TechniGraphics to verify whether or not each health department tracks statistics on communicable diseases. Records with "-DOD" appended to the end of the [NAME] value are located on a military base, as defined by the Defense Installation Spatial Data Infrastructure (DISDI) military installations and military range boundaries. "#" and "*" characters were automatically removed from standard HSIP fields populated by TechniGraphics. Double spaces were replaced by single spaces in these same fields. At the request of NGA, text fields in this dataset have been set to all upper case to facilitate consistent database engine search results. At the request of NGA, all diacritics (e.g., the German umlaut or the Spanish tilde) have been replaced with their closest equivalent English character to facilitate use with database systems that may not support diacritics. The currentness of this dataset is indicated by the [CONTDATE] field. Based on this field, the oldest record dates from 11/18/2009 and the newest record dates from 01/08/2010.

Imaging N-glycan spatial distribution in tissues using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is emerging as a promising tool in biological and clinical applications. However, there is currently no high-throughput tool for visualization and molecular annotation of N-glycans in MSI data, which significantly slows down data processing and hampers the applicability of this approach. Here, we present how METASPACE, an open-source cloud engine for molecular annotation of MSI data, can be used to automatically annotate, visualize, analyze, and interpret high-resolution mass spectrometry-based spatial N-glycomics data. METASPACE is an emerging tool in spatial metabolomics, but the lack of compatible glycan databases has limited its application for comprehensive N-glycan annotations from MSI data sets. We created NGlycDB, a public database of N-glycans, by adapting available glycan databases. We demonstrate the applicability of NGlycDB in METASPACE by analyzing MALDI-MSI data from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human kidney and mouse lung tissue sections. We added NGlycDB to METASPACE for public use, thus, facilitating applications of MSI in glycobiology.

Hospitals in Kansas

The term "hospital" ... means an institution which-

(1) is primarily engaged in providing, by or under the supervision of physicians, to inpatients

(A) diagnostic services and therapeutic services for medical diagnosis, treatment, and care of injured, disabled, or sick persons, or (B) rehabilitation services for the rehabilitation of injured, disabled, or sick persons;

(...)

(5) provides 24-hour nursing service rendered or supervised by a registered professional nurse, and has a licensed practical nurse or registered professional nurse on duty at all times; ...

(...)

(7) in the case of an institution in any State in which State or applicable local law provides for the licensing of hospitals,

(A) is licensed pursuant to such law or (B) is approved, by the agency of such State or locality responsible for licensing hospitals, as meeting the standards established for such licensing;

(Excerpt from Title XVIII of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. § 1395x(e)], )

Included in this dataset are General Medical and Surgical Hospitals, Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals, and Specialty Hospitals (e.g., Children's Hospitals, Cancer Hospitals, Maternity Hospitals, Rehabilitation Hospitals, etc.).

TGS has made a concerted effort to include all general medical/surgical hospitals in Kansas. Other types of hospitals are included if they were represented in datasets sent by the state. Therefore, not all of the specialty hospitals in Kansas are represented in this dataset.

Hospitals operated by the Veterans Administration (VA) are included, even if the state they are located in does not license VA Hospitals.

Nursing homes and Urgent Care facilities are excluded because they are included in a separate dataset. Locations that are administrative offices only are excluded from the dataset.

Records with "-DOD" appended to the end of the [NAME] value are located on a military base, as defined by the Defense Installation Spatial Data Infrastructure (DISDI) military installations and military range boundaries.

Text fields in this dataset have been set to all upper case to facilitate consistent database engine search results.

All diacritics (e.g., the German umlaut or the Spanish tilde) have been replaced with their closest equivalent English character to facilitate use with database systems that may not support diacritics.

The currentness of this dataset is indicated by the [CONTDATE] field. Based upon this field, the oldest record dates from 05/09/2006 and the newest record dates from 05/07/2008

Hospitals in New Mexico The term "hospital" ... means an institution which- (1) is primarily engaged in providing, by or under the supervision of physicians, to inpatients > (A) diagnostic services and therapeutic services for medical diagnosis, treatment, and care of injured, disabled, or sick persons, or > (B) rehabilitation services for the rehabilitation of injured, disabled, or sick persons; (...) (5) provides 24-hour nursing service rendered or supervised by a registered professional nurse, and has a licensed practical nurse or registered professional nurse on duty at all times; ... (...) (7) in the case of an institution in any State in which State or applicable local law provides for the licensing of hospitals, > (A) is licensed pursuant to such law or > (B) is approved, by the agency of such State or locality responsible for licensing hospitals, as meeting the standards established for such licensing; (Excerpt from Title XVIII of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. § 1395x(e)], http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode42/usc_sec_42_00001395---x000-.html) Included in this dataset are General Medical and Surgical Hospitals, Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals, and Specialty Hospitals (e.g., Children's Hospitals, Cancer Hospitals, Maternity Hospitals, Rehabilitation Hospitals, etc.). TGS has made a concerted effort to include all general medical/surgical hospitals in New Mexico. Other types of hospitals are included if they were represented in datasets sent by the state. Therefore, not all of the specialty hospitals in New Mexico are represented in this dataset. Hospitals operated by the Veterans Administration (VA) are included, even if the state they are located in does not license VA Hospitals. Nursing homes and Urgent Care facilities are excluded because they are included in a separate dataset. Locations that are administrative offices only are excluded from the dataset. Records with "-DOD" appended to the end of the [NAME] value are located on a military base, as defined by the Defense Installation Spatial Data Infrastructure (DISDI) military installations and military range boundaries. Text fields in this dataset have been set to all upper case to facilitate consistent database engine search results. All diacritics (e.g., the German umlaut or the Spanish tilde) have been replaced with their closest equivalent English character to facilitate use with database systems that may not support diacritics. The currentness of this dataset is indicated by the [CONTDATE] field. Based upon this field, the oldest record dates from 06/16/2008 and the newest record dates from 06/27/2008

Note: This LCMS CONUS Cause of Change image service has been deprecated. It has been replaced by the LCMS CONUS Annual Change image service, which provides updated and consolidated change data.Please refer to the new service here: https://usfs.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=085626ec50324e5e9ad6323c050ac84dThis product is part of the Landscape Change Monitoring System (LCMS) data suite. It shows LCMS change attribution classes for each year. See additional information about change in the Entity_and_Attribute_Information or Fields section below.LCMS is a remote sensing-based system for mapping and monitoring landscape change across the United States. Its objective is to develop a consistent approach using the latest technology and advancements in change detection to produce a "best available" map of landscape change. Because no algorithm performs best in all situations, LCMS uses an ensemble of models as predictors, which improves map accuracy across a range of ecosystems and change processes (Healey et al., 2018). The resulting suite of LCMS change, land cover, and land use maps offer a holistic depiction of landscape change across the United States over the past four decades.Predictor layers for the LCMS model include outputs from the LandTrendr and CCDC change detection algorithms and terrain information. These components are all accessed and processed using Google Earth Engine (Gorelick et al., 2017). To produce annual composites, the cFmask (Zhu and Woodcock, 2012), cloudScore, and TDOM (Chastain et al., 2019) cloud and cloud shadow masking methods are applied to Landsat Tier 1 and Sentinel 2a and 2b Level-1C top of atmosphere reflectance data. The annual medoid is then computed to summarize each year into a single composite. The composite time series is temporally segmented using LandTrendr (Kennedy et al., 2010; Kennedy et al., 2018; Cohen et al., 2018). All cloud and cloud shadow free values are also temporally segmented using the CCDC algorithm (Zhu and Woodcock, 2014). LandTrendr, CCDC and terrain predictors can be used as independent predictor variables in a Random Forest (Breiman, 2001) model. LandTrendr predictor variables include fitted values, pair-wise differences, segment duration, change magnitude, and slope. CCDC predictor variables include CCDC sine and cosine coefficients (first 3 harmonics), fitted values, and pairwise differences from the Julian Day of each pixel used in the annual composites and LandTrendr. Terrain predictor variables include elevation, slope, sine of aspect, cosine of aspect, and topographic position indices (Weiss, 2001) from the USGS 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) (U.S. Geological Survey, 2019). Reference data are collected using TimeSync, a web-based tool that helps analysts visualize and interpret the Landsat data record from 1984-present (Cohen et al., 2010).Outputs fall into three categories: change, land cover, and land use. Change relates specifically to vegetation cover and includes slow loss (not included for PRUSVI), fast loss (which also includes hydrologic changes such as inundation or desiccation), and gain. These values are predicted for each year of the time series and serve as the foundational products for LCMS. References: Breiman, L. (2001). Random Forests. In Machine Learning (Vol. 45, pp. 5-32). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324Chastain, R., Housman, I., Goldstein, J., Finco, M., and Tenneson, K. (2019). Empirical cross sensor comparison of Sentinel-2A and 2B MSI, Landsat-8 OLI, and Landsat-7 ETM top of atmosphere spectral characteristics over the conterminous United States. In Remote Sensing of Environment (Vol. 221, pp. 274-285). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.11.012Cohen, W. B., Yang, Z., and Kennedy, R. (2010). Detecting trends in forest disturbance and recovery using yearly Landsat time series: 2. TimeSync - Tools for calibration and validation. In Remote Sensing of Environment (Vol. 114, Issue 12, pp. 2911-2924). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.07.010Cohen, W. B., Yang, Z., Healey, S. P., Kennedy, R. E., and Gorelick, N. (2018). A LandTrendr multispectral ensemble for forest disturbance detection. In Remote Sensing of Environment (Vol. 205, pp. 131-140). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.11.015Foga, S., Scaramuzza, P.L., Guo, S., Zhu, Z., Dilley, R.D., Beckmann, T., Schmidt, G.L., Dwyer, J.L., Hughes, M.J., Laue, B. (2017). Cloud detection algorithm comparison and validation for operational Landsat data products. Remote Sensing of Environment, 194, 379-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.03.026Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., and Moore, R. (2017). Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. In Remote Sensing of Environment (Vol. 202, pp. 18-27). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031Healey, S. P., Cohen, W. B., Yang, Z., Kenneth Brewer, C., Brooks, E. B., Gorelick, N., Hernandez, A. J., Huang, C., Joseph Hughes, M., Kennedy, R. E., Loveland, T. R., Moisen, G. G., Schroeder, T. A., Stehman, S. V., Vogelmann, J. E., Woodcock, C. E., Yang, L., and Zhu, Z. (2018). Mapping forest change using stacked generalization: An ensemble approach. In Remote Sensing of Environment (Vol. 204, pp. 717-728). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.09.029Kennedy, R. E., Yang, Z., and Cohen, W. B. (2010). Detecting trends in forest disturbance and recovery using yearly Landsat time series: 1. LandTrendr - Temporal segmentation algorithms. In Remote Sensing of Environment (Vol. 114, Issue 12, pp. 2897-2910). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.07.008Kennedy, R., Yang, Z., Gorelick, N., Braaten, J., Cavalcante, L., Cohen, W., and Healey, S. (2018). Implementation of the LandTrendr Algorithm on Google Earth Engine. In Remote Sensing (Vol. 10, Issue 5, p. 691). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10050691Olofsson, P., Foody, G. M., Herold, M., Stehman, S. V., Woodcock, C. E., and Wulder, M. A. (2014). Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change. In Remote Sensing of Environment (Vol. 148, pp. 42-57). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.015Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., Blondel, M., Prettenhofer, P., Weiss, R., Dubourg, V., Vanderplas, J., Passos, A., Cournapeau, D., Brucher, M., Perrot, M. and Duchesnay, E. (2011). Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python. In Journal of Machine Learning Research (Vol. 12, pp. 2825-2830).Pengra, B. W., Stehman, S. V., Horton, J. A., Dockter, D. J., Schroeder, T. A., Yang, Z., Cohen, W. B., Healey, S. P., and Loveland, T. R. (2020). Quality control and assessment of interpreter consistency of annual land cover reference data in an operational national monitoring program. In Remote Sensing of Environment (Vol. 238, p. 111261). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111261U.S. Geological Survey. (2019). USGS 3D Elevation Program Digital Elevation Model, accessed August 2022 at https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/USGS_3DEP_10mWeiss, A.D. (2001). Topographic position and landforms analysis Poster Presentation, ESRI Users Conference, San Diego, CAZhu, Z., and Woodcock, C. E. (2012). Object-based cloud and cloud shadow detection in Landsat imagery. In Remote Sensing of Environment (Vol. 118, pp. 83-94). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.10.028Zhu, Z., and Woodcock, C. E. (2014). Continuous change detection and classification of land cover using all available Landsat data. In Remote Sensing of Environment (Vol. 144, pp. 152-171). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.01.011This record was taken from the USDA Enterprise Data Inventory that feeds into the https://data.gov catalog. Data for this record includes the following resources: ISO-19139 metadata ArcGIS Hub Dataset ArcGIS GeoService For complete information, please visit https://data.gov.

This dataset contains National Forest boundaries for the State of Utah. This dataset includes administrative unit boundaries, derived primarily from the GSTC SOC data system, comprised of Cartographic Feature Files (CFFs), using ESRI Spatial Data Engine (SDE) and an Oracle database. The data that was available in SOC was extracted on November 10, 1999. Some of the data that had been entered into SOC was outdated, and some national forest boundaries had never been entered for a variety of reasons. GSTC has edited this data in places where it was questionable or missing, to match the National Forest Inventoried Roadless Area data submitted for the President's Roadless Area Initiative.

The list of study sites, meteorological stations and locations of interest that are shown on the Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research site (BNZ LTER) internet map server (IMS, available at http://www.lter.uaf.edu/ims_intro.cfm) is generated from the LTER study sites database. The information is converted into a shapefile and posted to the IMS. Some study sites shown on the main LTER website will not appear on the IMS because they do not have location coordinates. In all cases the most up-to-date information will be found on the (study sites website ).

The spatial information represented on the IMS is available to the public according to the restrictions outlined in the LTER data policy. The dataset represented here consists of the map layers shown on the IMS. The information consists of shapefiles in Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) format. Users of this dataset should be aware that the contents are dynamic. Portions of the information shown on the IMS are derived from the Bonanza Creek LTER databank and are constantly being updated.

The OS Widgets extension for CKAN enhances data portals with map-based search and preview capabilities, primarily developed by Ordnance Survey for data.gov.uk. This extension provides widgets, an API for preview lists and spatial datastore for spatial data previews. It integrates mapping functionality into CKAN to allow users to discover and visualize geospatial datasets and to show a shopping basket preview list to give users an idea on what data to preview. Key Features: Map-Based Search Widget: Enables users to search for datasets based on geographic location, improving dataset discoverability in specific areas of interest. Map Preview Widget: Allows users to visualize geospatial datasets directly within CKAN, providing an immediate understanding of the data's spatial extent and content. Preview List API: Provides an API to store & manage a list of selected datasets for previewing, working as a "shopping basket" to keep a list of packages to preview. It supports adding to, removing from, and listing the packages available in the preview list. Spatial Database Integration: Supports the preview of data with geo-references (latitude/longitude coordinates, postcodes, etc.) through a spatial database (PostGIS). Spatial Ingester Wrapper: Includes a wrapper to call the Spatial Ingester, a Java tool that converts data (typically CSV/XLS) and stores it in a PostGIS database. This converted data can then be served in WFS format for display in the Map Preview tool. Configurable Server Settings: Enables customization of server URLs and API keys for the widgets, allowing configuration of the geoserver, gazetteer and libraries used in the widgets. Proxy Configuration Support: Provides guidance on configuring an Apache proxy to improve the performance of GeoServer WFS calls, ensuring quick retrieval of boundary information. Technical Integration: The extension integrates with CKAN through plugins (ossearch, ospreview, oswfsserver) that are enabled in the CKAN configuration file. Configuration involves adding plugin names to the ckan.plugins setting and adjusting server URLs, spatial database connection details, and API keys according to the specific environment, ensuring seamless integration with existing CKAN deployments. In addition to the PostGIS dependency that has to be created, it is also dependent on other external libraries such as, Jquery, underscore, backbone, etc. Benefits & Impact: Enhanced Data Discovery: Map-based search significantly improves the discovery of geospatial datasets within CKAN, allowing users to easily find data relevant to their geographic area of interest. Improved Data Understanding: Map previews provide immediate visual context for geospatial datasets, leading to a better understanding of the data's spatial characteristics.

In response to the growing concern in geographic information science, which pertains to utilizing contemporary internet technology to communicate past information or knowledge for establishing foundations in geography. Recent studies have investigated geomatics solutions for historical city, and enhancing GIS skills through collaborative approach. In this study, we build upon prior research by exploring how the implementation of current technology can promote a cooperative learning environment, particularly within the realm of forestry education. Minetest, the 3D voxel game engine has high capability of modification, for visualizing natural environments and urban structures. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of using the game engine for forestry education purposes. To meet this objective, we developed precise and detailed models of building structures and their surrounding environment. We also explored the visualization beyond 3D geospatial data, by generating analytical results of solar radiation on building roofs using GIS software. The visualization process was facilitated by the use of 3D light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, provided by the UBC Campus + Community Planning department. The proposed approach proved to be effective in producing compatible geospatial data for visualization in the game engine. We also conducted exploratory statistical analysis to examine the relationship between building energy usage and solar radiation. The exploratory regression result of the solar radiation analysis has an R2adj of 0.19, which indicates its insignificant impact on building energy usage. Finally, the findings of this research provide a foundation for future studies that can continue to explore the potential of using 3D game engines. Keywords: 3D Geo-Visualization, Forestry Education, Remote Sensing, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), Building Energy Usage, Solar Radiation Analysis

HSIP Local Emergency Operations Centers in the United States "The physical location at which the coordination of information and resources to support domestic incident management activities normally takes place. An Emergency Operations Center may be a temporary facility or may be located in a more central or permanently established facility, perhaps at a higher level of organization within a jurisdiction. Emergency Operations Centers may be organized by major functional disciplines (e.g., fire, law enforcement, and medical services), by jurisdiction (e.g., Federal, State, regional, county, city, tribal), or some combination thereof." (Excerpted from the National Incident Management System) The GFI source for this layer contains State and Federal Emergency Operations Centers in addition to local Emergency Operations Centers. This dataset contains these features as well. In cases where an Emergency Operations Center has a mobile unit, TechniGraphics captured the location of the mobile unit as a separate record. This record represents where the mobile unit is stored. If this location could not be verified, a point was placed in the approximate center of the Emergency Operations Centers service area. Effort was made by TechniGraphics to verify whether or not each Emergency Operations Center has a generator on-site and whether or not the Emergency Operations Center is located in a basement. This information is indicated by the values in the [GENERATOR] and [BASEMENT] fields respectively. In cases where more than one record existed for a geographical area (e.g., county, city), TechniGraphics verified whether or not one of the records represented an alternate location. This was indicated by appending "-ALTERNATE" to the value in the [NAME] field. Some Emergency Operations Centers are located at private residences. The [TYPE] field was manually evaluated during the delivery process to compare the records in which the [NAME] field contained "-ALTERNATE". In cases where these values contradicted information that was verified by TechniGraphics (e.g. [NAME] contained "-ALTERNATE" and [TYPE] = "PRIMARY"), the value in the [TYPE] field was changed to match the type indicated by the [NAME] of the verified record. TechniGraphics did not change values in this field if the type was not verified. Records with "-DOD" appended to the end of the [NAME] value are located on a military base, as defined by the Defense Installation Spatial Data Infrastructure (DISDI) military installations and military range boundaries. "#" and "*" characters were automatically removed from standard HSIP fields that TechniGraphics populated. Double spaces were replaced by single spaces in these same fields. At the request of NGA, text fields in this dataset have been set to all upper case to facilitate consistent database engine search results. At the request of NGA, all diacritics (e.g., the German umlaut or the Spanish tilde) have been replaced with their closest equivalent English character to facilitate use with database systems that may not support diacritics. The currentness of this dataset is indicated by the [CONTDATE] field. Based upon this attribute, the oldest record dates from 08/28/2009 and the newest record dates from 11/18/2009.

Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI, www.globalbioticinteractions.org) provides an infrastructure and data service that aggregates and archives known biotic interaction databases to provide easy access to species interaction data. This project explores the coverage of GloBI data against known taxonomic catalogues in order to identify 'gaps' in knowledge of species interactions. We examine the richness of GloBI's datasets using itself as a frame of reference for comparison and explore interaction networks according to geographic regions over time. The resulting analysis and visualizations intend to provide insights that may help to enhance GloBI as a resource for research and education.

Spatial and temporal biotic interactions data were used in the construction of an interactive Tableau map. The raw data (IVMOOC 2017 GloBI Kingdom Data Extracted 2017 04 17.csv) was extracted from the project-specific SQL database server. The raw data was clean and preprocessed (IVMOOC 2017 GloBI Cleaned Tableau Data.csv) for use in the Tableau map. Data cleaning and preprocessing steps are detailed in the companion paper.

The interactive Tableau map can be found here: https://public.tableau.com/profile/publish/IVMOOC2017-GloBISpatialDistributionofInteractions/InteractionsMapTimeSeries#!/publish-confirm

The companion paper can be found here: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.814979

Complementary high resolution visualizations can be found here: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.814922

Project-specific data can be found here: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.804103 (SQL server database)

Abstract

This dataset and its metadata statement were supplied to the Bioregional Assessment Programme by a third party and are presented here as originally supplied.

Resource contains an ArcGIS file geodatabase raster for the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) Major Vegetation Groups - Australia-wide, present extent (FGDB_NVIS4_1_AUST_MVG_EXT).

Related datasets are also included: FGDB_NVIS4_1_KEY_LAYERS_EXT - ArcGIS File Geodatabase Feature Class of the Key Datasets that make up NVIS Version 4.1 - Australia wide; and FGDB_NVIS4_1_LUT_KEY_LAYERS - Lookup table for Dataset Key Layers.

This raster dataset provides the latest summary information (November 2012) on Australia's present (extant) native vegetation. It is in Albers Equal Area projection with a 100 m x 100 m (1 Ha) cell size. A comparable Estimated Pre-1750 (pre-european, pre-clearing) raster dataset is available: - NVIS4_1_AUST_MVG_PRE_ALB. State and Territory vegetation mapping agencies supplied a new version of the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) in 2009-2011. Some agencies did not supply new data for this version but approved re-use of Version 3.1 data. Summaries were derived from the best available data in the NVIS extant theme as at June 2012. This product is derived from a compilation of data collected at different scales on different dates by different organisations. Please refer to the separate key map showing scales of the input datasets. Gaps in the NVIS database were filled by non-NVIS data, notably parts of South Australia and small areas of New South Wales such as the Curlewis area. The data represent on-ground dates of up to 2006 in Queensland, 2001 to 2005 in South Australia (depending on the region) and 2004/5 in other jurisdictions, except NSW. NVIS data was partially updated in NSW with 2001-09 data, with extensive areas of 1997 data remaining from the earlier version of NVIS. Major Vegetation Groups were identified to summarise the type and distribution of Australia's native vegetation. The classification contains different mixes of plant species within the canopy, shrub or ground layers, but are structurally similar and are often dominated by a single genus. In a mapping sense, the groups reflect the dominant vegetation occurring in a map unit where there are a mix of several vegetation types. Subdominant vegetation groups which may also be present in the map unit are not shown. For example, the dominant vegetation in an area may be mapped as dominated by eucalypt open forest, although it contains pockets of rainforest, shrubland and grassland vegetation as subdominants. The (related) Major Vegetation Subgroups represent more detail about the understorey and floristics of the Major Vegetation Groups and are available as separate raster datasets: - NVIS4_1_AUST_MVS_EXT_ALB - NVIS4_1_AUST_MVS_PRE_ALB A number of other non-vegetation and non-native vegetation land cover types are also represented as Major Vegetation Groups. These are provided for cartographic purposes, but should not be used for analyses. For further background and other NVIS products, please see the links on http://www.environment.gov.au/erin/nvis/index.html.

The current NVIS data products are available from http://www.environment.gov.au/land/native-vegetation/national-vegetation-information-system.

Purpose

For use in Bioregional Assessment land classification analyses

Dataset History

NVIS Version 4.1

The input vegetation data were provided from over 100 individual projects representing the majority of Australia's regional vegetation mapping over the last 50 years. State and Territory custodians translated the vegetation descriptions from these datasets into a common attribute framework, the National Vegetation Information System (ESCAVI, 2003). Scales of input mapping ranged from 1:25,000 to 1:5,000,000. These were combined into an Australia-wide set of vector data. Non-terrestrial areas were mostly removed by the State and Territory custodians before supplying the data to the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN), Department of Sustainability Environment Water Population and Communities (DSEWPaC).

Each NVIS vegetation description was written to the NVIS XML format file by the custodian, transferred to ERIN and loaded into the NVIS database at ERIN. A considerable number of quality checks were performed automatically by this system to ensure conformity to the NVIS attribute standards (ESCAVI, 2003) and consistency between levels of the NVIS Information Hierarchy within each description. Descriptions for non-vegetation and non-native vegetation mapping codes were transferred via CSV files.

The NVIS vector (polygon) data for Australia comprised a series of jig-saw pieces, eachup to approx 500,000 polygons - the maximum tractable size for routine geoprocesssing. The spatial data was processed to conform to the NVIS spatial format (ESCAVI, 2003; other papers). Spatial processing and attribute additions were done mostly in ESRI File Geodatabases. Topology and minor geometric corrections were also performed at this stage. These datasets were then loaded into ESRI Spatial Database Engine as per the ERIN standard. NVIS attributes were then populated using Oracle database tables provided by custodians, mostly using PL/SQL Developer or in ArcGIS using the field calculator (where simple).

Each spatial dataset was joined to and checked against a lookup table for the relevant State/Territory to ensure that all mapping codes in the dominant vegetation type of each polygon (NVISDSC1) had a valid lookup description, including an allocated MVG. Minor vegetation components of each map unit (NVISDSC2-6) were not checked, but could be considered mostly complete.

Each NVIS vegetation description was allocated to a Major Vegetation Group (MVG) by manual interpretation at ERIN. The Australian Natural Resources Atlas (http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/vegetation/pubs/native_vegetation/vegfsheet.html) provides detailed descriptions of most Major Vegetation Groups. Three new MVGs were created for version 4.1 to better represent open woodland formations and forests (in the NT) with no further data available. NVIS vegetation descriptions were reallocated into these classes, if appropriate:

• Unclassified Forest

• Other Open Woodlands

• Mallee Open Woodlands and Sparse Mallee Shublands

(Thus there are a total of 33 MVGs existing as at June 2012). Data values defined as cleared or non-native by data custodians were attributed specific MVG values such as 25 - Cleared or non native, 27 - naturally bare, 28 - seas & estuaries, and 99 - Unknown.

As part of the process to fill gaps in NVIS, the descriptive data from non-NVIS sources was also referenced in the NVIS database, but with blank vegetation descriptions. In general. the gap-fill data comprised (a) fine scale (1:250K or better) State/Territory vegetation maps for which NVIS descriptions were unavailable and (b) coarse-scale (1:1M) maps from Commonwealth and other sources. MVGs were then allocated to each description from the available desciptions in accompanying publications and other sources.

Parts of New South Wales, South Australia, QLD and the ACT have extensive areas of vector "NoData", thus appearing as an inland sea. The No Data areas were dealt with differently by state. In the ACT and SA, the vector data was 'gap-filled' and attributed using satellite imagery as a guide prior to rasterising. Most of these areas comprised a mixture of MVG 24 (inland water) and 25 (cleared), and in some case 99 (Unknown). The NSW & QLD 'No Data' areas were filled using a raster mask to fill the 'holes'. These areas were attributed with MVG 24, 26 (water & unclassified veg), MVG 25 (cleared); or MVG 99 Unknown/no data, where these areas were a mixture of unknown proportions.

Each spatial dataset with joined lookup table (including MVG_NUMBER linked to NVISDSC1) was exported to a File Geodatabase as a feature class. These were reprojected into Albers Equal Area projection (Central_Meridian: 132.000000, Standard_Parallel_1: -18.000000, Standard_Parallel_2: -36.000000, Linear Unit: Meter (1.000000), Datum GDA94, other parameters 0).

Each feature class was then rasterised to a 100m raster with extents to a multiple of 1000 m, to ensure alignment. In some instances, areas of 'NoData' had to be modelled in raster. For example, in NSW where non-native areas (cleared, water bodies etc) have not been mapped. The rasters were then merged into a 'state wide' raster. State rasters were then merged into this 'Australia wide' raster dataset.

November 2012 Corrections

Closer inspection of the original 4.1 MVG Extant raster dataset highlighted some issues with the raster creation process which meant that raster pixels in some areas did not align as intended. These were corrected, and the new properly aligned rasters released in November 2012.

Dataset Citation

Department of the Environment (2012) Australia - Present Major Vegetation Groups - NVIS Version 4.1 (Albers 100m analysis product). Bioregional Assessment Source Dataset. Viewed 10 July 2017, http://data.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/dataset/57c8ee5c-43e5-4e9c-9e41-fd5012536374.

An ArcGIS Hub Page with information about how ArcGIS Server Maintenance Outages will impact users

This project aims to use remote sensing data from the Landsata database from Google Earth Engine to evaluate the spatial extent changes in the Bear Lake located between the US states of Utah and Idaho. This work is part of a term project submitted to Dr Alfonso Torres-Rua as a requirment to pass the Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces class (CEE6003). More information about the course is provided below. This project uses the geemap Python package (https://github.com/giswqs/geemap) for dealing with the google earth engine datasets. The content of this notebook can be used to:

learn how to retrive the Landsat 8 remote sensed data. The same functions and methodology can also be used to get the data of other Landsat satallites and other satallites such as Sentinel-2, Sentinel-3 and many others. However, slight changes might be required when dealing with other satallites then Landsat. Learn how to create time lapse images that visulaize changes in some parameters over time. Learn how to use supervised classification to track the changes in the spatial extent of water bodies such as Bear Lake that is located between the US states of Utah and Idaho. Learn how to use different functions and tools that are part of the geemap Python package. More information about the geemap Pyhton package can be found at https://github.com/giswqs/geemap and https://github.com/diviningwater/RS_of_Land_Surfaces_laboratory Course information:

Name: Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces class (CEE6003) Instructor: Alfonso Torres-Rua (alfonso.torres@usu.edu) School: Utah State University Semester: Spring semester 2023

Machine learning algorithms have been widely adopted in the monitoring ecosystem. British Columbia suffers from grassland degradation but the province does not have an accurate spatial database for effective grassland management. Moreover, computational power and storage space remain two of the limiting factors in developing the database. In this study, we leverage supervised machine learning algorithms using the Google Earth Engine to better annual grassland inventory through an automated process. The pilot study was conducted over the Rocky Mountain district. We compared two different classification algorithms: the Random forest, and the Support vector machine. Training data was sampled through stratified and grided sampling. 19 predictor variables were chosen from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 imageries and relevant topological derivatives, spectral indices, and textural indices using a wrapper-based feature selection method. The resultant map was post-processed to remove land features that were confounded with grasslands. Random forest was chosen as the prototype because the algorithm predicted features relevant to the project’s scope at relatively higher accuracy (67% - 86%) than its counterparts (50% - 76%). The prototype was good at delineating the boundaries between treed and non-treed areas and ferreting out opened patches among closed forests. These opened patches are usually disregarded by the VRI but they are deemed essential to grassland stewardship and wildlife ecologists. The prototype demonstrated the feasibility of automating grassland delineation by a Random forest classifier using the Google Earth Engine. Furthermore, grassland stewards can use the product to identify monitoring and restoration areas strategically in the future.