The definition of urban and rural areas differs across countries, which is evident in household surveys conducted in low- and middle-income countries. This lack of consistency and variation poses challenges for comparative analyses of the relationship between urbanization and health outcomes. Additionally, the binary urban-rural dichotomy fails to acknowledge the existence of an urban-rural continuum, encompassing remote rural areas, semi-urban suburbs, and core urban areas. By utilizing satellite-based datasets, it is possible to employ objective and continuous measures that quantify the level of urbanization with high spatial resolution. We utilize geospatial techniques to derive alternative classifications of the urban continuum from satellite data across nine household surveys conducted from 2005 to 2019 in six African countries and provide the database here

The Trinidad and Tobago DHS surveya national-level self-weighting random sample surveywas funded by the United States Agency for International Development (US/AID) and executed by the Family Planning Association of Trinidad and Tobago (FPATT). Technical assisstance was provided by the Demographic and Health Surveys Program at the Institute for Resource Development (IRD), a subsidiary of Westinghouse located in Columbia, Maryland. The sampling frame for the TTDHS was the Continuous Sample Survey of Population (CSSP), an ongoing survey conducted by the Central Statistical Office based on the 1980 Population and Housing Census. The TTDHS used a household schedule to collect information on residents of selected households, and to identify women eligible for the individual questionnaire. The individual questionnaire was based on DHS's Model "A" Questionnaire for High Contraceptive Prevalence countries, which was modified for use in Trinidad and Tobago. It covered four main areas: (1) background information on the respondent, her partner and marital status, (2) fertility and fertility preferences, (3) contraception, and (4) the health of children. The short term objective of the Trinidad and Tobago Demographic and Health Survey (TTDHS) is to collect and analyse data on the demographic characteristics of women in the reproductive years, and the health status of their young children. Policymakers and programme managers in public and private agencies will be able to utilize the data in designing and administering programmes. The long term objective of the project is to enhance the ability of organisations involved in the TTDHS to undertake surveys of excellent technical quality.

The Lao Social Indicator Survey 2011-12 (LSIS 2011-12) is a nation-wide household-based survey of social development indicators. It combines the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and Lao Reproductive Health Survey (LRHS) where the LRHS applied technical platform of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). The LSIS is based on MICS4 platform and add-on DHS modules, for example, live birth history and the maternal mortality module. The LSIS 2011-12 was undertaken by the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Planning and Investment (Lao Statistics Bureau) in collaboration with other line ministries. UNICEF and UNFPA were the primary agencies giving financial and technical assistance to support the survey. In addition, USAID, AusAID, LuxGov, WHO, UNDP, SDC, JICA and WFP provided financial and technical input to the implementation of the LSIS. The main purposes of LSIS are to allow continued monitoring of progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and to serve as a baseline for the 7th National Socio-Economic Development Plan (7th NSEDP). The survey results can also be used by the Government and development partners to prepare policies, strategies and planning to improve the social environment of people in Lao PDR, especially women and men of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) and children age under five. In addition, the survey provides key sources and references for researchers and academics to conduct further analysis and research studies in specific areas using LSIS data.

US Automatic Traffic Recorder Stations Data

Vehicle Traffic Counts and Locations at US ATR Stations

By Homeland Infrastructure Foundation [source]

About this dataset

This comprehensive dataset records important information about Automatic Traffic Recorder (ATR) Stations located across the United States. ATR stations play a crucial role in traffic management and planning by continuously monitoring and counting the number of vehicles passing through each station.

The data contained in this dataset has been meticulously gathered from station description files supplied by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for both Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) devices and Automatic Traffic Recorders. In addition to this, location referencing data was sourced from the National Highway Planning Network version 4.0 as well as individual State offices of Transportation.

The database includes essential attributes such as a unique identifier for each ATR station, indicated by 'STTNKEY'. It also indicates if a site is part of the National Highway System, denoted under 'NHS'. Other key aspects recorded include specific locations generally named after streets or highways under 'LOCATION', along with relevant comments providing additional context in 'COMMENT'.

Perhaps one of the most critical factors noted in this data set would be traffic volume at each location, measured by Annual Average Daily Traffic ('AADT'). This metric represents total vehicle flow on roads or highways for a year divided over 365 days — an essential numeric analyst's often call upon when making traffic-related predictions or decisions.

Location coordinates incorporating longitude and latitude measurements of every ATR station are documented clearly — aiding geospatial analysis. Furthermore, X and Y coordinates correspond to these locations facilitating accurate map plotting.

Additional information contained also includes postal codes labeled as 'STPOSTAL' where stations are located with respective state FIPS codes indicated under ‘STFIPS’. County specific FIPS code are documented within ‘CTFIPS’. Versioning information helps users track versions ensuring they work off latest datasets with temporal geographic attribute updates captured via ‘YEAR_GEO’.

Reference Source: Click Here

How to use the dataset

Introduction

Diving into the data

The dataset comprises a collection of attributes for each station such as its location details (latitude, longitude), AADT or The Annual Average Daily Traffic amount, classification of road where it's located etc. Additionally, there is information related to when was this geographical information last updated.

Understanding Columns

Here's what primary columns represent: - Sttnkey: A unique identifier for each station. - NHS: Indicates if the station is part of national highway system. - Location: Describes specific location of a station with street or highway name. - Comment: Any additional remarks related to that station. - Longitude,Latitude: Geographic coordinates. - STPostal: The postal code where a given station resides. - menu 4 dots indicates show more items** - ADT: Annual Average Daily Traffic count indicating average volume of vehicles passing through that route annually divided by 365 days - Year_GEO: The year when geographic information was last updated - can provide insight into recency or timeliness of recorded attribute values - Fclass: Road classification i.e interstate,dis,e tc., providing context about type/stature/importance or natureof theroad on whichstationlies 11.Stfips,Ctfips- FIPS codes representing state,county respectively

Using this information

Given its structure and contents,thisdatasetisveryusefulforanumberofpurposes:

1.Urban Planning & InfrastructureDevelopment Understanding traffic flows and volumes can be instrumental in deciding where to build new infrastructure or improve existing ones. Planners can identify high traffic areas needing more robust facilities.

2.Traffic Management & Policies Analysing chronological changes and patterns of traffic volume, local transportation departments can plan out strategic time-based policies for congestion management.

3.Residential/CommercialRealEstateDevelopment Real estate developers can use this data to assess the appeal of a location based on its accessibility i.e whether it sits on high-frequency route or is located in more peaceful, low-traffic areas etc

4.Environmental AnalysisResearch: Re...

The 1994 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 6,128 women age 15-49 and 2,141 men age 15-54. The ZDHS was implemented by the Central Statistical Office (CSO), with significant technical guidance provided by the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MOH&CW) and the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC). Macro International Inc. (U.S.A.) provided technical assistance throughout the course of the project in the context of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) programme, while financial assistance was provided by the U.S, Agency for International Development (USAID/Harare). Data collection for the ZDHS was conducted from July to November 1994. As in the 1988 ZDHS, the 1994 ZDHS was designed to provide information on levels and trends in fertility, family planning knowledge and use, infant and child mortality, and maternal and child health. How- ever, the 1994 ZDHS went further, collecting data on: compliance with contraceptive pill use, knowledge and behaviours related to AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, and mortality related to pregnancy and childbearing (i.e., maternal mortality). The ZDHS data are intended for use by programme managers and policymakers to evaluate and improve family planning and health programmes in Zimbabwe. The primary objectives of the 1994 ZDHS were to provide up-to-date information on: fertility levels; nuptiality; sexual activity; fertility preferences; awareness and use of family planning methods; breastfeeding practices; nutritional status of mothers and young children; early childhood mortality and maternal mortality; maternal and child health, and awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The 1994 ZDHS is a follow-up of the 1988 ZDHS, also implemented by CSO. While significantly expanded in scope, the 1994 ZDHS provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier survey. MAIN RESULTS FERTILITY Survey results show that Zimbabwe has experienced a fairly rapid decline in fertility over the past decade. Despite the decline in fertility, childbearing still begins early for many women. One in five women age 15-19 has begun childbearing (i.e., has already given birth or is pregnant with her first child). More than half of women have had a child before age 20. Births that occur too soon after a previous birth face higher risks of undemutrition, illness, and death. The 1994 ZDHS indicates that 12 percent of births in Zimbabwe take place less than two years after a prior birth. Marriage. The age at which women and men marry has risen slowly over the past 20 years. Nineteen percent of currently married women are in a polygynous union (i.e., their husband has at least one other wife). This represents a small rise in polygyny since the 1988 ZDHS when 17 percent of married women were in polygynous unions. Fertility Preferences. Around one-third of both women and men in Zimbabwe want no more children. The survey results show that, of births in the last three years, 1 in 10 was unwanted and in 1 in three was mistimed. If all unwanted births were avoided, the fertility rate in Zimbabwe would fall from 4.3 to 3.5 children per woman. FAMILY PLANNING Knowledge and use of family planning in Zimbabwe has continued to rise over the last several years. The 1994 ZDHS shows that virtually all married women (99 percent) and men (100 percent) were able to cite at least one modem method of contraception. Contraceptive use varies widely among geographic and socioeconomic subgroups. Fifty-eight per- cent of married women in Harare are using a modem method versus 28 percent in Manicaland. Government-sponsored providers remain the chief source of contraceptive methods in Zimbabwe. Survey results show that 15 percent of married women have an unmet need for family planning (either for spacing or limiting births). CHILDHOOD MORTALITY One of the main objectives of the ZDHS was to document the levels and trends in mortality among children under age five. The 1994 ZDHS results show that child survival prospects have not improved since the late 1980s. The ZDHS results show that childhood mortality is especially high when associated with two factors: short preceding birth interval and low level of maternal education. MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH Utilisation of antenatal services is high in Zimbabwe; in the three years before the survey, mothers received antenatal care for 93 percent of births. About 70 percent of births take place in health facilities; however, this figure varies from around 53 percent in Manicaland and Mashonaland Central to 94 percent in Bulawayo. It is important for the health of both the mother and child that trained medical personnel are available in cases of prolonged or obstructed delivery, which are major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. Twenty-four percent of children under age three were reported to have had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey. Nutrition. Almost all children (99 percent) are breastfed for some period of time; When food supplementation begins, wide disparity exists in the types of food received by children in different geographic and socioecoaomic groups. Generally, children living in urban areas (Harare and Bulawayo, in particular) and children of more educated women receive protein-rich foods (e.g., meat, eggs, etc.) on a more regular basis than other children. AIDS AIDS-related Knowledge and Behaviour. All but a fraction of Zimbabwean women and men have heard of AIDS, but the quality of that knowledge is sometimes poor. Condom use and limiting the number of sexual partners were cited most frequently by both women and men as ways to avoid the AIDS Virus. While general knowledge of condoms is nearly universal among both women and men, when asked where they could get a condom, 30 Percent of women and 20 percent of men could not cite a single source.

Agreements between federal agencies, Components, state and local governments, tribal and non-governmental organizations. The Agreements delineate tasks, jurisdiction, standard operating procedures or other matters which the parties are duly authorized and directed to conduct. Documents include, but not are not limited to, official signed copies of the agreements/understanding, including formalized performance criteria for quality of service, definition of responsibilities, response times and volumes, charging, integrity guarantees, and non-disclosure agreements, reproduced copies thereof, amendments thereto, extensions thereto, applications for interoperability, evaluations of interoperability, continued conformance with requirements, and all related correspondence and other materials.

The 2008 Nigeria Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 33,385 women age 15-49 and 15,486 men age 15-59. The 2008 NDHS is the fourth comprehensive survey conducted in Nigeria as part of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) programme. The data are intended to furnish programme managers and policymakers with detailed information on levels and trends in fertility; nuptiality; sexual activity; fertility preferences; awareness and use of family planning methods; infants and young children feeding practices; nutritional status of mothers and young children; early childhood mortality and maternal mortality; maternal and child health; and awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. Additionally, the 2008 NDHS collected information on malaria prevention and treatment, neglected tropical diseases, domestic violence, fistulae, and female genital cutting (FGC). The 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2008 NDHS) was implemented by the National Population Commission from June to October 2008 on a nationally representative sample of more than 36,000 households. All women age 15-49 in these households and all men age 15-59 in a sub-sample of half of the households were individually interviewed. While significantly expanded in content, the 2008 NDHS is a follow-up to the 1990, 1999, and 2003 NDHS surveys and provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in these earlier surveys. In addition, the 2008 NDHS includes the collection of information on violence against women. Although previous surveys collected data at the national and zonal levels, the 2008 NDHS is the first NDHS survey to collect data on basic demographic and health indicators at the state level. The primary objectives of the 2008 NDHS project were to provide up-to-date information on fertility levels; nuptiality; sexual activity; fertility preferences; awareness and use of family planning methods; breastfeeding practices; nutritional status of mothers and young children; early childhood mortality and maternal mortality; maternal and child health; and awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. MAIN FINDINGS FERTILITY The survey results show fertility in Nigeria has remained at a high level over the last 17 years from 5.9 births per woman in 1991 to 5.7 births in 2008. On average, rural women are having two children more than urban women (6.3 and 4.7 children, respectively). Fertility differentials by education and wealth are noticeable. Women who have no formal education and women in the lowest wealth quintile on average are having 7 children, while women with higher than a secondary education are having 3 children and women in the highest wealth quintile are having 4 children. FAMILY PLANNING In the 2008 NDHS, 72 percent of all women and 90 percent of all men know at least one contraceptive method. Male condoms, the pill, and injectables are the most widely known methods. Twenty-nine percent of currently married women have used a family planning method at least once in their lifetime. Fifteen percent of currently married women are using any contraceptive method and 10 percent are using a modern method. The most commonly used methods among currently married women are injectables (3 percent), followed by male condoms and the pill (2 percent each). Current use of contraception in Nigeria has increased from 6 percent in 1990 and 13 percent in 2003 to 15 percent in 2008. There has been a corresponding increase in the use of modern contraceptive methods, from 4 percent in 1990 and 8 percent in 2003 to 10 percent in 2008. CHILD HEALTH Data from the 2008 NDHS indicate that the infant mortality rate is 75 deaths per 1,000 live births, while the under-five mortality rate is 157 per 1,000 live births for the five-year period immediately preceding the survey. The neonatal mortality rate is 40 per 1,000 births. Thus, almost half of childhood deaths occurred during infancy, with one-quarter taking place during the first month of life. Child mortality is consistently lower in urban areas than in rural areas. There is also variation in the mortality level across zones. The infant mortality and under-five mortality rates are highest in the North East, and lowest in the South West. In Nigeria, children are considered fully vaccinated when they receive one dose of BCG vaccine, three doses of DPT vaccine, three doses of polio vaccine, and one dose of measles vaccine. Overall, 23 percent of children 12-23 months have received all vaccinations at the time of the survey. Fifty percent of children have received the BCG vaccination, and 41 percent have been vaccinated against measles. The coverage of the first dose of DPT vaccine and polio 1 is 52 and 68 percent, respectively). However, only 35 percent of children have received the third dose of DPT vaccine, and 39 percent have received the third dose of polio vaccine. A comparison of the 2008 NDHS results with those of the earlier surveys shows there has been an increase in the overall vaccination coverage in Nigeria from 13 percent in 2003 to the current rate of 23 percent. However, the percentage of children with no vaccinations has not improved for the same period, 27 percent in 2003 and 29 percent in 2008. MATERNAL HEALTH In Nigeria more than half of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey received antenatal care from a health professional (58 percent); 23 percent from a doctor, 30 percent from a nurse or midwife, and 5 percent from an auxiliary nurse or midwife. Thirty-six percent of mothers did not receive any antenatal care. Tetanus toxoid injections are given during pregnancy to prevent neonatal tetanus. Overall, 48 percent of last births in Nigeria were protected against neonatal tetanus. More than one-third of births in the five years before the survey were delivered in a health facility (35 percent). Twenty percent of births occurred in public health facilities and 15 percent occurred in private health facilities. Almost two-thirds (62 percent) of births occurred at home. Nine percent of births were assisted by a doctor, 25 percent by a nurse or midwife, 5 percent by an auxiliary nurse or midwife, and 22 percent by a traditional birth attendant. Nineteen percent of births were assisted by a relative and 19 percent of births had no assistance at all. Two percent of births were delivered by a caesarean section. Overall, 42 percent of mothers received a postnatal check-up for the most recent birth in the five years preceding the survey, with 38 percent having the check-up within the critical 48 hours after delivery. Results from the 2008 NDHS show that the estimated maternal mortality ratio during the seven-year period prior to the survey is 545 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. BREASTFEEDING AND NUTRITION Ninety-seven percent of Nigerian children under age five were breastfed at some point in their life. The median breastfeeding duration in Nigeria is long (18.1 months). On the other hand, the median duration for exclusive breastfeeding is only for half a month. A small proportion of babies (13 percent) are exclusively breastfed throughout the first six months of life. More than seven in ten (76 percent) children age 6-9 months receive complementary foods. Sixteen percent of babies less than six months of age are fed with a bottle with a nipple, and the proportion bottle-fed peaks at 17 percent among children in the age groups 2-3 months and 4-5 months. Anthropometric measurements carried out at the time of the survey indicate that, overall, 41 percent of Nigerian children are stunted (short for their age), 14 percent are wasted (thin for their height), and 23 percent are underweight. The indices show that malnutrition in young children increases with age, starting with wasting, which peaks among children age 6-8 months, underweight peaks among children age 12-17 months, and stunting is highest among children age 18-23 months. Stunting affects half of children in this age group and almost one-third of children age 18-23 months are severely stunted. Overall, 66 percent of women have a body mass index (BMI) in the normal range; 12 percent of women are classified as thin and 4 percent are severely thin. Twenty-two percent of women are classified as overweight or obese, with 6 percent in the latter category. MALARIA Seventeen percent of all households interviewed during the survey had at least one mosquito net, while 8 percent had more than one. Sixteen percent of households had at least one net that had been treated at some time (ever-treated) with an insecticide. Eight percent of households had at least one insecticide-treated net (ITN). Mosquito net usage is low among young children and pregnant women, groups that are particularly vulnerable to the effects of malaria. Overall, 12 percent of children under five slept under a mosquito net the night before the survey. Twelve percent of children slept under an ever-treated net and 6 percent slept under an ITN. Among pregnant women, 12 percent slept under any mosquito net the night before the interview. Twelve percent slept under an ever-treated net and 5 percent slept under an ITN. Among women who had their last birth in the two years before the survey, 18 percent took an anti-malarial drug during the pregnancy. Eleven percent of all pregnant women took at least one dose of a sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) drug such as Fansidar, Amalar, or Maloxine, while 7 percent reported taking two or more doses of an SP drug. Eight percent of the women who took an SP drug were given the drug during an antenatal care visit, a practice known as intermittent preventive treatment (IPT). HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOUR The majority of women (88 percent) and men (94 percent) age 15-49 have heard of HIV or AIDS. However, only 23 percent

Abstract

The 2021 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (NMIS) was implemented by the National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) of the Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) in collaboration with the National Population Commission (NPC) and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS).

The primary objective of the 2021 NMIS was to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators related to malaria. Specifically, the NMIS collected information on vector control interventions (such as mosquito nets), intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnant women, exposure to messages on malaria, care-seeking behaviour, treatment of fever in children, and social and behaviour change communication (SBCC). Children age 6–59 months were also tested for anaemia and malaria infection. The information collected through the NMIS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Woman age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for the 2021 NMIS was designed to provide most of the survey indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the country’s six geopolitical zones, which include 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Nigeria’s geopolitical zones are as follows: • North Central: Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, Plateau, and FCT • North East: Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe • North West: Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara • South East: Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo • South South: Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers • South West: Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Osun, Ondo, and Oyo

The 2021 NMIS used the sample frame for the proposed 2023 Population and Housing Census (PHC) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Administratively, Nigeria is divided into states. Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs), each LGA is divided into wards, and each ward is divided into localities. Localities are further subdivided into convenient areas called census enumeration areas (EAs). The primary sampling unit (PSU), referred to as a cluster unit for the 2021 NMIS, was defined on the basis of EAs for the proposed 2023 PHC.

A two-stage sampling strategy was adopted for the 2021 NMIS. In the first stage, 568 EAs were selected with probability proportional to the EA size. The EA size is the number of households residing in the EA. The sample selection was done in such a way that it was representative of each state. The result was a total of 568 clusters throughout the country, 195 in urban areas and 373 in rural areas.

For further details on sample design, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used in the 2021 NMIS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s model questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Nigeria. After the questionnaires were finalised in English, they were translated into Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo.

Cleaning operations

The processing of the 2021 NMIS data began immediately after the start of fieldwork. As data collection was being completed in each cluster, all electronic data files were transferred via the IFSS to the NPC central office in Abuja. Data files were registered and checked for inconsistencies, incompleteness, and outliers. The field teams were alerted on any inconsistencies and errors. Secondary editing, carried out in the central office, involved resolving inconsistencies and coding open-ended questions. The biomarker paper questionnaires were compared with electronic data files to check for any inconsistencies in data entry. Data entry and editing were carried out using the CSPro software package. Concurrent processing of the data offered a distinct advantage because it maximised the likelihood of the data being error-free and accurate. Timely generation of field check tables also allowed for effective monitoring. Secondary editing of the data was completed in February 2022. The data processing team coordinated this exercise at the central office.

Response rate

A total of 14,185 households were selected for the survey, of which 13,887 were occupied and 13,727 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 14,647 women age 15-49 were identified for individual interviews. Interviews were completed with 14,476 women, yielding a response rate of 99%.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and in data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, or incorrect data entry. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2021 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (NMIS) to minimise this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2021 NMIS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected sample size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the selected sample. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the exact degree of variability is unknown, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, and so on), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2021 NMIS sample was the result of a multistage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Sampling errors are computed via SAS programmes developed by ICF. These programmes use the Taylor linearisation method to estimate variances for estimated means, proportions, and ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

Sampling errors tables are presented in Appendix B of the final report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables

• Household age distribution
• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
• Age displacement at ages 14/15
• Age displacement at ages 49/50
• Live births by years preceding the survey
• Completeness of reporting
• Observation of mosquito nets
• Number of enumeration areas completed by month of fieldwork and zone
• Positive rapid diagnostic test (RDT) results by month of fieldwork and zone, Nigeria MIS 2021
• Concordance and discordance between RDT and microscopy results
• Concordance and discordance between national and external quality control laboratories

See details of the data quality tables in Appendix C of the final report.

This report presents the findings of the 2012 Malawi Malaria Indicator Survey (2012 MMIS) conducted by the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) of the Ministry of Health from 28 March through 15 May 2012. The government of Malawi provided financial assistance in terms of in-kind contribution of personnel, office space, and logistical support. Financial support for the survey was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) from President’s Malaria Initiative funds through ICF International. ICF International also provided technical assistance, medical supplies, and equipment for the survey through the MEASURE DHS program, which is funded by USAID and is designed to assist developing countries in collecting data on fertility, family planning, and maternal and child health. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID. The Roll Back Malaria Monitoring & Evaluation Reference Group (RBM-MERG), a global technical advisory group providing monitoring and evaluation guidance for malaria control programmes, recommends that the MIS be conducted every two years within six weeks of the end of the rainy season in countries with endemic malaria transmission patterns, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa. For these reasons, in 2012, the NMCP conducted the second nationwide Malaria Indicator Survey in Malawi. The 2012 MIS used a standard set of instruments and protocol developed by RBM-MERG. These tools are largely based on the collective experience gained from the DHS and MIS surveys and are presented as a package of materials to promote standardized survey management and data collection methodology. The package also includes standardized measurement of malaria parasite and anaemia prevalence among target populations to derive the malaria-related burden at the community level. The key objectives of the 2012 MIS were to: Measure the level of ownership and use of mosquito nets Assess coverage of the intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women Identify treatment practices, including the use of specific antimalarial medications to treat malaria among children under 5 Measure the prevalence of malaria and anaemia among children age 6-59 months Assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices of malaria in the adult population Measure trends in key malaria indicators since the 2010 MDHS The 2012 MIS was designed to produce most of the key malaria indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of three regions in Malawi: Northern, Central, and Southern.

Socioeconomic, demographic and behavioural characteristics of women included in the study.