The goal of this work is to generate large statistically representative datasets to train machine learning models for disruption prediction provided by data from few existing discharges. Such a comprehensive training database is important to achieve satisfying and reliable prediction results in artificial neural network classifiers. Here, we aim for a robust augmentation of the training database for multivariate time series data using Student-t process regression. We apply Student-t process regression in a state space formulation via Bayesian filtering to tackle challenges imposed by outliers and noise in the training data set and to reduce the computational complexity. Thus, the method can also be used if the time resolution is high. We use an uncorrelated model for each dimension and impose correlations afterwards via coloring transformations. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on plasma diagnostics data of three different disruption classes from the DIII-D tokamak. To evaluate if the distribution of the generated data is similar to the training data, we additionally perform statistical analyses using methods from time series analysis, descriptive statistics, and classic machine learning clustering algorithms.

If you use this dataset, please cite this paper: Puertas, E.; De-Las-Heras, G.; Sánchez-Soriano, J.; Fernández-Andrés, J. Dataset: Variable Message Signal Annotated Images for Object Detection. Data 2022, 7, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/data7040041

This dataset consists of Spanish road images taken from inside a vehicle, as well as annotations in XML files in PASCAL VOC format that indicate the location of Variable Message Signals within them. Also, a CSV file is attached with information regarding the geographic position, the folder where the image is located, and the text in Spanish. This can be used to train supervised learning computer vision algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks. Throughout this work, the process followed to obtain the dataset, image acquisition, and labeling, and its specifications are detailed. The dataset is constituted of 1216 instances, 888 positives, and 328 negatives, in 1152 jpg images with a resolution of 1280x720 pixels. These are divided into 576 real images and 576 images created from the data-augmentation technique. The purpose of this dataset is to help in road computer vision research since there is not one specifically for VMSs.

The folder structure of the dataset is as follows:

• vms_dataset/
  • data.csv
  • real_images/
    • imgs/
    • annotations/
  • data-augmentation/
    • imgs/
    • annotations/

In which:

• data.csv: Each row contains the following information separated by commas (,): image_name, x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max, class_name, lat, long, folder, text.
• real_images: Images extracted directly from the videos.
• data-augmentation: Images created using data-augmentation
• imgs: Image files in .jpg format.
• annotations: Annotation files in .xml format.

Additional file 5. A Microsoft® Excel® workbook that details the raw data for the 8 experiments in which both the training set and the test set were augmented after their allocation. All of the image-classification output probabilities are included.

Objective: Biomechanical Machine Learning (ML) models, particularly deep-learning models, demonstrate the best performance when trained using extensive datasets. However, biomechanical data are frequently limited due to diverse challenges. Effective methods for augmenting data in developing ML models, specifically in the human posture domain, are scarce. Therefore, this study explored the feasibility of leveraging generative artificial intelligence (AI) to produce realistic synthetic posture data by utilizing three-dimensional posture data.Methods: Data were collected from 338 subjects through surface topography. A Variational Autoencoder (VAE) architecture was employed to generate and evaluate synthetic posture data, examining its distinguishability from real data by domain experts, ML classifiers, and Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). The benefits of incorporating augmented posture data into the learning process were exemplified by a deep autoencoder (AE) for automated feature representation.Results: Our findings highlight the challenge of differentiating synthetic data from real data for both experts and ML classifiers, underscoring the quality of synthetic data. This observation was also confirmed by SPM. By integrating synthetic data into AE training, the reconstruction error can be reduced compared to using only real data samples. Moreover, this study demonstrates the potential for reduced latent dimensions, while maintaining a reconstruction accuracy comparable to AEs trained exclusively on real data samples.Conclusion: This study emphasizes the prospects of harnessing generative AI to enhance ML tasks in the biomechanics domain.

many methods exist to augment a 3D object

physical

Overview

This is the data archive for paper "Copula-based synthetic data augmentation for machine-learning emulators". It contains the paper’s data archive with model outputs (see results folder) and the Singularity image for (optionally) re-running experiments.

For the Python tool used to generate synthetic data, please refer to Synthia.

Requirements

• Singularity >= 3
• Portable Batch System (PBS) job scheduler*
• Today's high-performance computer (e.g. ~ 32 CPUs @ 2 500 MHz with 64 GB of RAM )

*Although PBS in not a strict requirement, it is required to run all helper scripts as included in this repository. Please note that depending on your specific system settings and resource availability, you may need to modify PBS parameters at the top of submit scripts stored in the hpc directory (e.g. #PBS -lwalltime=72:00:00).

Usage

To reproduce the results from the experiments described in the paper, first fit all copula models to the reduced NWP-SAF dataset with:

qsub hpc/fit.sh

then, to generate synthetic data, run all machine learning model configurations, and compute the relevant statistics use:

qsub hpc/stats.sh
qsub hpc/ml_control.sh
qsub hpc/ml_synth.sh

Finally, to plot all artifacts included in the paper use:

qsub hpc/plot.sh

Licence

Code released under MIT license. Data from the reduced NWP-SAF dataset released under CC BY 4.0.

This database contains the reference data used for direct force training of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) interatomic potentials using the atomic energy network (ænet) and ænet-PyTorch packages (https://github.com/atomisticnet/aenet-PyTorch). It also includes the GPR-augmented data used for indirect force training via Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) surrogate models using the ænet-GPR package (https://github.com/atomisticnet/aenet-gpr). Each data file contains atomic structures, energies, and atomic forces in XCrySDen Structure Format (XSF). The dataset includes all reference training/test data and corresponding GPR-augmented data used in the four benchmark examples presented in the reference paper, "Scalable Training of Neural Network Potentials for Complex Interfaces Through Data Augmentation". A hierarchy of the dataset is described in the README.txt file, and an overview of the dataset is also summarized in supplementary Table S1 of the reference paper.

Machine learning‐based behaviour classification using acceleration data is a powerful tool in bio‐logging research. Deep learning architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNN), long short‐term memory (LSTM) and self‐attention mechanisms as well as related training techniques have been extensively studied in human activity recognition. However, they have rarely been used in wild animal studies. The main challenges of acceleration‐based wild animal behaviour classification include data shortages, class imbalance problems, various types of noise in data due to differences in individual behaviour and where the loggers were attached and complexity in data due to complex animal‐specific behaviours, which may have limited the application of deep learning techniques in this area. To overcome these challenges, we explored the effectiveness of techniques for efficient model training: data augmentation, manifold mixup and pre‐training of deep learning models with unlabelled data, using datasets from two species of wild seabirds and state‐of‐the‐art deep learning model architectures. Data augmentation improved the overall model performance when one of the various techniques (none, scaling, jittering, permutation, time‐warping and rotation) was randomly applied to each data during mini‐batch training. Manifold mixup also improved model performance, but not as much as random data augmentation. Pre‐training with unlabelled data did not improve model performance. The state‐of‐the‐art deep learning models, including a model consisting of four CNN layers, an LSTM layer and a multi‐head attention layer, as well as its modified version with shortcut connection, showed better performance among other comparative models. Using only raw acceleration data as inputs, these models outperformed classic machine learning approaches that used 119 handcrafted features. Our experiments showed that deep learning techniques are promising for acceleration‐based behaviour classification of wild animals and highlighted some challenges (e.g. effective use of unlabelled data). There is scope for greater exploration of deep learning techniques in wild animal studies (e.g. advanced data augmentation, multimodal sensor data use, transfer learning and self‐supervised learning). We hope that this study will stimulate the development of deep learning techniques for wild animal behaviour classification using time‐series sensor data.

This abstract is cited from the original article "Exploring deep learning techniques for wild animal behaviour classification using animal-borne accelerometers" in Methods in Ecology and Evolution (Otsuka et al., 2024).Please see README for the details of the datasets.

Traditional differential expression genes (DEGs) identification models have limitations in small sample size datasets because they require meeting distribution assumptions, otherwise resulting high false positive/negative rates due to sample variation. In contrast, tabular data model based on deep learning (DL) frameworks do not need to consider the data distribution types and sample variation. However, applying DL to RNA-Seq data is still a challenge due to the lack of proper labeling and the small sample size compared to the number of genes. Data augmentation (DA) extracts data features using different methods and procedures, which can significantly increase complementary pseudo-values from limited data without significant additional cost. Based on this, we combine DA and DL framework-based tabular data model, propose a model TabDEG, to predict DEGs and their up-regulation/down-regulation directions from gene expression data obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Compared to five counterpart methods, TabDEG has high sensitivity and low misclassification rates. Experiment shows that TabDEG is robust and effective in enhancing data features to facilitate classification of high-dimensional small sample size datasets and validates that TabDEG-predicted DEGs are mapped to important gene ontology terms and pathways associated with cancer.

Over the last ten years, social media has become a crucial data source for businesses and researchers, providing a space where people can express their opinions and emotions. To analyze this data and classify emotions and their polarity in texts, natural language processing (NLP) techniques such as emotion analysis (EA) and sentiment analysis (SA) are employed. However, the effectiveness of these tasks using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods depends on large labeled datasets, which are scarce in languages like Spanish. To address this challenge, researchers use data augmentation (DA) techniques to artificially expand small datasets. This study aims to investigate whether DA techniques can improve classification results using ML and DL algorithms for sentiment and emotion analysis of Spanish texts. Various text manipulation techniques were applied, including transformations, paraphrasing (back-translation), and text generation using generative adversarial networks, to small datasets such as song lyrics, social media comments, headlines from national newspapers in Chile, and survey responses from higher education students. The findings show that the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier achieved the most significant improvement, with an 18% increase using the Generative Adversarial Networks for Sentiment Text (SentiGan) on the Aggressiveness (Seriousness) dataset. Additionally, the same classifier model showed an 11% improvement using the Easy Data Augmentation (EDA) on the Gender-Based Violence dataset. The performance of the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BETO) also improved by 10% on the back-translation augmented version of the October 18 dataset, and by 4% on the EDA augmented version of the Teaching survey dataset. These results suggest that data augmentation techniques enhance performance by transforming text and adapting it to the specific characteristics of the dataset. Through experimentation with various augmentation techniques, this research provides valuable insights into the analysis of subjectivity in Spanish texts and offers guidance for selecting algorithms and techniques based on dataset features.

This image dataset contains synthetic structure images used for training the deep-learning based nanowire segmentation model presented in our work "A deep learned nanowire segmentation model using synthetic data augmentation" to be published in npj Computational materials. Detailed information can be found in the corresponding article.

it often causes leakage

The synthetic data generation market is experiencing explosive growth, driven by the increasing need for high-quality data in various applications, including AI/ML model training, data privacy compliance, and software testing. The market, currently estimated at $2 billion in 2025, is projected to experience a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 25% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated $10 billion by 2033. This significant expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the rising adoption of artificial intelligence and machine learning across industries demands large, high-quality datasets, often unavailable due to privacy concerns or data scarcity. Synthetic data provides a solution by generating realistic, privacy-preserving datasets that mirror real-world data without compromising sensitive information. Secondly, stringent data privacy regulations like GDPR and CCPA are compelling organizations to explore alternative data solutions, making synthetic data a crucial tool for compliance. Finally, the advancements in generative AI models and algorithms are improving the quality and realism of synthetic data, expanding its applicability in various domains. Major players like Microsoft, Google, and AWS are actively investing in this space, driving further market expansion. The market segmentation reveals a diverse landscape with numerous specialized solutions. While large technology firms dominate the broader market, smaller, more agile companies are making significant inroads with specialized offerings focused on specific industry needs or data types. The geographical distribution is expected to be skewed towards North America and Europe initially, given the high concentration of technology companies and early adoption of advanced data technologies. However, growing awareness and increasing data needs in other regions are expected to drive substantial market growth in Asia-Pacific and other emerging markets in the coming years. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established players and innovative startups, leading to continuous innovation and expansion of market applications. This dynamic environment indicates sustained growth in the foreseeable future, driven by an increasing recognition of synthetic data's potential to address critical data challenges across industries.

Abstract: The integration of neural-network-based systems into clinical practice is limited by challenges related to domain generalization and robustness. The computer vision community established benchmarks such as ImageNet-C as a fundamental prerequisite to measure progress towards those challenges. Similar datasets are largely absent in the medical imaging community which lacks a comprehensive benchmark that spans across imaging modalities and applications. To address this gap, we create and open-source MedMNIST-C, a benchmark dataset based on the MedMNIST+ collection, covering 12 datasets and 9 imaging modalities. We simulate task and modality-specific image corruptions of varying severity to comprehensively evaluate the robustness of established algorithms against real-world artifacts and distribution shifts. We further provide quantitative evidence that our simple-to-use artificial corruptions allow for highly performant, lightweight data augmentation to enhance model robustness. Unlike traditional, generic augmentation strategies, our approach leverages domain knowledge, exhibiting significantly higher robustness when compared to widely adopted methods. By introducing MedMNIST-C and open-sourcing the corresponding library allowing for targeted data augmentations, we contribute to the development of increasingly robust methods tailored to the challenges of medical imaging. The code is available at github.com/francescodisalvo05/medmnistc-api.

This work has been accepted at the Workshop on Advancing Data Solutions in Medical Imaging AI @ MICCAI 2024 [preprint].

Note: Due to space constraints, we have uploaded all datasets except TissueMNIST-C. However, it can be reproduced via our APIs.

Usage: We recommend using the demo code and tutorials available on our GitHub repository.

Citation: If you find this work useful, please consider citing us:

@article{disalvo2024medmnist,
 title={MedMNIST-C: Comprehensive benchmark and improved classifier robustness by simulating realistic image corruptions},
 author={Di Salvo, Francesco and Doerrich, Sebastian and Ledig, Christian},
 journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.17536},
 year={2024}
}

Disclaimer: This repository is inspired by MedMNIST APIs and the ImageNet-C repository. Thus, please also consider citing MedMNIST, the respective source datasets (described here), and ImageNet-C.

W+jet events at generator and reconstruction level, used to train analysis-specific generative models.

Events are represented as an array of relevant high-level features. Reco objects are matched to Gen objects and a minimal selection is applied to define the generator support in the N-dim space identified by the input features.

About 2M events, used for large-scale testing

Details in https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.01835

Brain Tumor Detection Research Paper Code and Dataset

Paper title: Transforming brain tumor detection: the impact of YOLO models and MRI orientations.

Authored by: Yazan Al-Smadi, Ahmad Al-Qerem, et al. (2023)

This project contains a full version of the used brain tumor dataset and a full code version of the proposed research methodology.

The blood-brain barrier serves as a critical interface between the bloodstream and brain tissue, mainly composed of pericytes, neurons, endothelial cells, and tightly connected basal membranes. It plays a pivotal role in safeguarding brain from harmful substances, thus protecting the integrity of the nervous system and preserving overall brain homeostasis. However, this remarkable selective transmission also poses a formidable challenge in the realm of central nervous system diseases treatment, hindering the delivery of large-molecule drugs into the brain. In response to this challenge, many researchers have devoted themselves to developing drug delivery systems capable of breaching the blood-brain barrier. Among these, blood-brain barrier penetrating peptides have emerged as promising candidates. These peptides had the advantages of high biosafety, ease of synthesis, and exceptional penetration efficiency, making them an effective drug delivery solution. While previous studies have developed a few prediction models for B3PPs, their performance has often been hampered by issue of limited positive data.In this study, we present Augur, a novel prediction model using borderline-SMOTE-based data augmentation and machine learning. we extract highly interpretable physicochemical properties of blood-brain barrier penetrating peptides while solving the issues of small sample size and imbalance of positive and negative samples. Experimental results demonstrate the superior prediction performance of Augur with an AUC value of 0.932 on the training set and 0.931 on the independent test set.This newly developed Augur model demonstrates superior performance in predicting blood-brain barrier penetrating peptides, offering valuable insights for drug development targeting neurological disorders. This breakthrough may enhance the efficiency of peptide-based drug discovery and pave the way for innovative treatment strategies for central nervous system diseases.

Dataset used for data augmentation in the training phase of the Variable Misuse tool. It contains some source code files extracted from third-party repositories.

The synthetic data solution market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for data privacy and security, coupled with the need for large, high-quality datasets for training AI and machine learning models. The market, currently estimated at $2 billion in 2025, is projected to achieve a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 25% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated market value of over $10 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors: stringent data privacy regulations like GDPR and CCPA, which restrict the use of real personal data; the rise of synthetic data generation techniques enabling the creation of realistic, yet privacy-preserving datasets; and the increasing adoption of AI and ML across various industries, particularly financial services, retail, and healthcare, creating a high demand for training data. The cloud-based segment is currently dominating the market, owing to its scalability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. The geographical distribution shows North America and Europe as leading regions, driven by early adoption of AI and robust data privacy regulations. However, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years, propelled by the rapid expansion of the technology sector and increasing digitalization efforts in countries like China and India. Key players like LightWheel AI, Hanyi Innovation Technology, and Baidu are strategically investing in research and development, fostering innovation and expanding their market presence. While challenges such as the complexity of synthetic data generation and potential biases in generated data exist, the overall market outlook remains highly positive, indicating significant opportunities for growth and innovation in the coming decade. The "Others" application segment represents a promising area for future growth, encompassing sectors such as manufacturing, energy, and transportation, where synthetic data can address specific data challenges.