https://object-store.os-api.cci2.ecmwf.int:443/cci2-prod-catalogue/licences/cems-floods/cems-floods_428a6e1019ec50b3dad9c37a90d630fab139059933a939dd5df620bfcb420cc3.pdfhttps://object-store.os-api.cci2.ecmwf.int:443/cci2-prod-catalogue/licences/cems-floods/cems-floods_428a6e1019ec50b3dad9c37a90d630fab139059933a939dd5df620bfcb420cc3.pdf
This dataset provides gridded modelled sub-daily and daily hydrological time series forced with meteorological observations. The data set is a consistent representation of the most important hydrological variables across the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) domain. The temporal resolution is up to 30 years modelled time series of:
River discharge Volumetric soil moisture Snow water equivalent Soil wetness index (root zone) Runoff water equivalent (surface plus subsurface)
Also provided are auxiliary (time invariant) data to aid interpretation of river discharge and soil moisture data. These auxiliary data are the upstream area, elevation, soil depth, wilting capacity and field capacity. The latter three are provided at three soil levels, one for each of the three soil layers represented in LISFLOOD. This dataset was produced by forcing the open-source LISFLOOD hydrological model with gridded observational data of precipitation and temperature at a 1x1 arcminute resolution (~1.5 km at EFAS latitudes) across the EFAS domain. Previous versions of the data have a 5x5km resolution. For the latest version data is available from 1992-01-01 up until near-real time, with a delay of 6 days. The real-time data is only available to EFAS partners. Companion datasets, also available through the EWDS, are forecasts for users who are looking medium-range forecasts, reforecasts for research, local skill assessment and post-processing, and seasonal forecasts and reforecasts for users looking for long-term forecasts. For users looking for global hydrological data, we refer to the Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS) forecasts and historical simulations. All these datasets are part of the operational flood forecasting within the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS), which is managed, technically implemented and developed by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre.
This collection includes historical oceanographic biological, biochemical, chemical, physical, meteorological, and other data. The data includes barometric pressure, cloud amount and frequency, current, wave, conductivity, nutrients, pH, salinity, temperature, turbidity, transmissivity, biomass measurements, nutrients, fluorescence, species and subspecies identification, phaeophytin, zooplankton, chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate, alkalinity, and other measurements. These data were collected by bottle, net, CTD, XBT, MBT, BT, and other instruments from drifting buoy, ships, and other platforms in oceans and seas around the world.
Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Great Britain Historical Database has been assembled as part of the ongoing Great Britain Historical GIS Project. The project aims to trace the emergence of the north-south divide in Britain and to provide a synoptic view of the human geography of Britain at sub-county scales. Further information about the project is available on A Vision of Britain webpages, where users can browse the database's documentation system online. This study assembles historical data from the National Insurance system, plus some data from trade union welfare systems gathered and published by the Board of Trade Labour Department. The data were computerised by the Great Britain Historical GIS Project. They form part of the Great Britain Historical Database, which contains a wide range of geographically-located statistics, selected to trace the emergence of the north-south divide in Britain and to provide a synoptic view of the human geography of Britain, generally at sub-county scales. Most of the data here was originally published by the Ministry of Labour, either in the Labour Gazette, later the Employment Gazette, or in the specialised Local Unemployment Index (LUI), published between 1927 and 1939. The largest dataset here is a complete transcription of the LUI data for each January, April, July and October from January 1927 to July 1939 inclusive, the most detailed information that exists on the geography of the inter-war depression, other than the 1931 census. Unlike census data, these data concern a wide range of regions, "divisions", "districts", towns and sometimes areas within towns, seldom defined (the LUI data do list counties). The study therefore also includes two specially constructed gazetteers which attempt to provide towns and areas within towns with point coordinates. Another limitation is that these data generally provide counts of the unemployed, but not counts of the insured, or numbers in work, so calculation of rates often requires data from other sources such as the census. The study also includes two transcriptions from unpublished tabulations in the National Archives, relating to unemployment in 1928 and 1933. Please note: this study does not include information on named individuals and would therefore not be useful for personal family history research.For the second edition (February 2024), the data was updated; data running up to 1974 has been added and the former study 3711 has been incorporated.
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Challenger stock price, live market quote, shares value, historical data, intraday chart, earnings per share and news.
In 1870, the GDP of the U.S., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand was eight times larger than in 1820, and by 1913 it was almost 42 times larger. Although Europe had the largest share of global GDP in 1913, it had only grown by 5.4 times since 1820. GDP in the Asia-Pacific region did not double over this period, as it was not until the latter half of the twentieth century when industrialization began on a large scale.
Historical gas data series updated annually in July alongside the publication of the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics (DUKES).
MS Excel Spreadsheet, 5.52 MB
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Data for 2004-2005
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Alcohol consumption among the US public is at a relatively similar rate in the 21st century as it was in the nineteenth. The first drop in consumption appeared in the 1860s and 1870s, due to the American Civil War and the period of economic recovery that followed. After this, consumption rose again until the First World War, before it fell from 9.7 liters per person per year in 1915 to 7.4 in 1919. Following the war, the 18th Amendment to the US Constitution came into effect, which prohibited the importation, manufacturing and sale (but not consumption) of alcohol. From this point until Prohibition's end, there are no reliable figures regarding alcohol consumption in the US, however some sources suggest that consumption fell to thirty percent of its pre-prohibition levels in the first few years, but then grew to sixty or seventy percent by prohibition's end.
High spirits in the 70s and 80s
Total consumption then grew again in the 1930s and 40s, reaching 8.7 liters per person in 1946, before it plateaued at around 7.6 liters per person per year in the 1950s. Alcohol consumption then increased gradually to more than ten liters per person per year in the 1970s and 1980s, which was the highest rate of alcohol consumption in recorded US history. It then dropped to just over eight liters in the late 1990s, and gradually increased again to 8.9 liters per person in 2013, which is similar to figures recorded more than 160 years previously.
Beer moves a-head
The late 1800s also saw a major shift in the type of alcohol consumed. In 1850, 7.1 out of the eight liters consumed was through spirits, while beer and wine made up 0.5 and 0.3 liters respectively. However, by the turn of the twentieth century, alcohol was most commonly consumed through beer, and excluding a brief increase in spirits consumption in the 1960s, beer has been the most common source of alcohol since 1900. Alcohol from wine consumption has also gradually increased throughout US history, reaching its highest point in 2013, where the average US citizen consumed 1.6 liters of alcohol per year by drinking wine.
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https://object-store.os-api.cci2.ecmwf.int:443/cci2-prod-catalogue/licences/cems-floods/cems-floods_428a6e1019ec50b3dad9c37a90d630fab139059933a939dd5df620bfcb420cc3.pdfhttps://object-store.os-api.cci2.ecmwf.int:443/cci2-prod-catalogue/licences/cems-floods/cems-floods_428a6e1019ec50b3dad9c37a90d630fab139059933a939dd5df620bfcb420cc3.pdf
This dataset provides gridded modelled sub-daily and daily hydrological time series forced with meteorological observations. The data set is a consistent representation of the most important hydrological variables across the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) domain. The temporal resolution is up to 30 years modelled time series of:
River discharge Volumetric soil moisture Snow water equivalent Soil wetness index (root zone) Runoff water equivalent (surface plus subsurface)
Also provided are auxiliary (time invariant) data to aid interpretation of river discharge and soil moisture data. These auxiliary data are the upstream area, elevation, soil depth, wilting capacity and field capacity. The latter three are provided at three soil levels, one for each of the three soil layers represented in LISFLOOD. This dataset was produced by forcing the open-source LISFLOOD hydrological model with gridded observational data of precipitation and temperature at a 1x1 arcminute resolution (~1.5 km at EFAS latitudes) across the EFAS domain. Previous versions of the data have a 5x5km resolution. For the latest version data is available from 1992-01-01 up until near-real time, with a delay of 6 days. The real-time data is only available to EFAS partners. Companion datasets, also available through the EWDS, are forecasts for users who are looking medium-range forecasts, reforecasts for research, local skill assessment and post-processing, and seasonal forecasts and reforecasts for users looking for long-term forecasts. For users looking for global hydrological data, we refer to the Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS) forecasts and historical simulations. All these datasets are part of the operational flood forecasting within the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS), which is managed, technically implemented and developed by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre.