Resumo The demographic dividend has aroused interest among demographers and economists because it is seen as a window of oportunity for the economic development of countries that have experienced a demographic transition. There are reasons to question the sole virtuosity of the pure demographic dividend in economic growth. Crespo-Cuaresma et al. (2014) found that educational expansion has an important role in economic gains during the demographic dividend. To verify these results for the Brazilian case, we performed a decomposition exercise of economic support ratio (ESR), an alternative to demographic dependency ratio, to analyze the first demographic dividend. A simulation, applied for the period from 1970 to 2100 considering three scenarios of educational expansion, shows that educational expansion was and will be responsible for a big share of the economic gains of the Brazilian demographic dividend period, outperforming the change in age structure effect. In addition, an increase in a work-age population with post-secondary education appears to potentialize these results.

Abstract

The Sahel Women Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (P150080) project in Burkina Faso focuses on advancing women's empowerment to spur demographic transition and mitigate gender disparities. This project seeks to empower young women by promoting entrepreneurship through business skills training and grants, and by enhancing access to reproductive health information and contraception, thereby aiming to lower fertility rates.

The World Bank Africa Gender Innovation Lab, along with its partners, is conducting detailed impact evaluations of the SWEDD program’s key initiatives to gauge their effects on child marriage, fertility, and the empowerment of adolescent girls and young women.

This data represents the first round of data collection (baseline) for the impact evaluation and include a household and community level surveys. The household level sample comprises 9857 households, 70,169 individuals and 9382 adolescent girls and young wives aged 24 living in the Boucle du Mouhoun and the East regions of Burkina Faso. The community level sample includes 175 villages.

The insights derived from this survey could help policymakers develop strategies to: - Reduce fertility and child marriage by enhancing access to contraceptives and broadening reproductive health education. - Promote women’s empowerment by increasing their participation in economic activities

This data is valuable for planners who focus on improving living standards, particularly for women. The Ministry of Women, National Solidarity, Family, and Humanitarian Action of Burkina Faso, along with District Authorities, Research Institutions, NGOs, and the general public, stand to benefit from this survey data.

Geographic coverage

Burkina Faso, Regions of Boucle du Mouhoun and East

Analysis unit

The unit of analysis is adolescent girls for the adolescent survey and households for the household survey.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

We randomly selected 200 villages from the 11 provinces in the two regions of the Boucle du Mouhoun and the East. The 200 villages were selected proportionally, based on the formula (Np/N)*200, where Np represents the number of eligible villages in the province and N the total number of eligible villages. 25 villages were later dropped because of lack of safety.

A census was first administered in each village to identify eligible girls and young wives, as well as households with these eligible individuals. All households with at least one eligible person then constituted the universe from which the survey sample was drawn. In total 9857 households and 9382 girls and young wives were sampled. A village-level questionnaire was also administered.

The objective of the baseline survey was to build a comprehensive dataset, which would serve as a reference point for the entire sample, before treatment and control assignment and program implementation.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The data consists of responses from households to questions pertaining to: 1. List of household members 2. Education of household members 3. Occupations of household members 4. Characteristics of housing and durable goods 5. Food security 6. Household head's aspirations, as well as those of a boy aged 12 to 24 7. Opinions on women's empowerment and gender equality

The questionnaire administrated to girls contains the following sections: 1. Education 2. Marriage and children 3. Aspirations 4. Health and family planning 5. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS 6. Women's empowerment 7. Gender-based violence 8. Income-generating activities 9. Savings and credit 10. Personal relationships and social networks 11. Committee members and community participation

The questionnaire administered at the village-level contains the following sections: 1. Social norms (marriage norms) 2. Ethnic and religious compositions 3. Economic infrastructures (markets and roads) 4. Social services a. Health b. Education

The household questionnaire was administered to the head of the household or to an authorized person capable of answering questions about all individuals in the household. The adolescent questionnaire was administered to each eligible pre-selected individual within the household. Considering the modules of the adolescent questionnaire, it was only administered by female enumerators. The village-level questionnaire was administered to a group of three to five village leaders with enough knowledge of the village. The enumerators were instructed to include women in this group whenever possible. The questionnaires were written in French, translated into the local languages, and programmed on tablets in French using the CAPI program.

Cleaning operations

Data was anonymized through decoding and local suppression.

This dataset includes data on 25 transitions of a matrix demographic model of the invasive species Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench (black swallow-wort or black dog-strangling vine) and Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barb. (pale swallow-wort or dog-strangling vine) (Apocynaceae, subfamily Asclepiadoideae), two invasive perennial vines in the northeastern U.S.A. and southeastern Canada. The matrix model was developed for projecting population growth rates as a result of changes to lower-level vital rates from biological control although the model is generalizable to any control tactic. Transitions occurred among the five life stages of seeds, seedlings, vegetative juveniles (defined as being in at least their second season of growth), small flowering plants (having 1–2 stems), and large flowering plants (having 3 or more stems). Transition values were calculated using deterministic equations and data from 20 lower-level vital rates collected from 2009-2012 from two open field and two forest understory populations of V. rossicum (43°51’N, 76°17’W; 42°48'N, 76°40'W) and two open field populations of V. nigrum (41°46’N, 73°44’W; 41°18’N, 73°58’W) in New York State. Sites varied in plant densities, soil depth, and light levels (forest populations). Detailed descriptions of vital rate data collection may be found in: Milbrath et al. 2017. Northeastern Naturalist 24(1):37-53. Five replicate sets of transition data obtained from five separate spatial regions of a particular infestation were produced for each of the six populations. Note: Added new excel file of vital rate data on 12/7/2018. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Matrix model transition data for Vincetoxicum species. File Name: Matrix_model_transition_data.csvResource Description: This data set includes data on 25 transitions of a matrix demographic model of two invasive Vincetoxicum species from six field and forest populations in New York State.Resource Title: Variable definitions. File Name: Matrix_model_metadata.csvResource Description: Definitions of variables including equations for each transition and definitions of the lower-level vital rates in the equationsResource Title: Vital Rate definitions. File Name: Vital_Rate.csvResource Description: Vital Rate definitions of lower-level vital rates used in transition equations - to be substituted into the Data Dictionary for full definition of each transition equation.Resource Title: Data Dictionary. File Name: Matrix_Model_transition_data_DD.csvResource Description: See Vital Rate resource for definitions of lower-level vital rates used in transition equations where noted.Resource Title: Matrix model vital rate data for Vincetoxicum species. File Name: Matrix_model_vital rate_data.csvResource Description: This data set includes data on 20 lower-level vital rates used in the calculation of transitions of a matrix demographic model of two invasive Vincetoxicum species in New York State as well as definitions of the vital rates. (File added on 12/7/2018)Resource Software Recommended: Microsoft Excel,url: https://office.microsoft.com/excel/

Abstract

South Asia Regional Flagship: More and Better Jobs in South Asia

Employment is a major issue throughout the world. To enjoy life, people need productive jobs that remove them from the daily struggle of making ends meet. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), as many as 30 million people lost their jobs as a result of the 2008 crisis. Youth unemployment is especially high and inequality has increased. As recent events in the Middle East and North Africa demonstrate, joblessness and inequality can trigger political instability and unrest.

When the World Bank South Asia Region decided to initiate a yearly Flagship Report series, it was clear that the very first report needed to concentrate on the important topic of More and Better Jobs in South Asia. Although one of the fastest growing regions, South Asia is still home to the largest number of the world's poor and the pace of creating productive jobs has lagged behind economic growth. Conflict and social and gender issues also increase the challenge of generating more and more productive jobs. Without urgent action, the potential for the demographic dividend from about 150 million entrants to the labor force over the next decade may not be realized.

The Flagship seeks to answer four questions, which could have implications beyond South Asia. • How is South Asia performing in creating more and better jobs? • Where are the better jobs? • What are constraints in supply and demand in moving towards better jobs?

Geographic coverage

National

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

South Asia Regional Flagship: More and Better Jobs in South Asia

Employment is a major issue throughout the world. To enjoy life, people need productive jobs that remove them from the daily struggle of making ends meet. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), as many as 30 million people lost their jobs as a result of the 2008 crisis. Youth unemployment is especially high and inequality has increased. As recent events in the Middle East and North Africa demonstrate, joblessness and inequality can trigger political instability and unrest.

When the World Bank South Asia Region decided to initiate a yearly Flagship Report series, it was clear that the very first report needed to concentrate on the important topic of More and Better Jobs in South Asia. Although one of the fastest growing regions, South Asia is still home to the largest number of the world's poor and the pace of creating productive jobs has lagged behind economic growth. Conflict and social and gender issues also increase the challenge of generating more and more productive jobs. Without urgent action, the potential for the demographic dividend from about 150 million entrants to the labor force over the next decade may not be realized.

The Flagship seeks to answer four questions, which could have implications beyond South Asia. • How is South Asia performing in creating more and better jobs? • Where are the better jobs? • What are constraints in supply and demand in moving towards better jobs?

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

The region of present-day China has historically been the most populous region in the world; however, its population development has fluctuated throughout history. In 2022, China was overtaken as the most populous country in the world, and current projections suggest its population is heading for a rapid decline in the coming decades. Transitions of power lead to mortality The source suggests that conflict, and the diseases brought with it, were the major obstacles to population growth throughout most of the Common Era, particularly during transitions of power between various dynasties and rulers. It estimates that the total population fell by approximately 30 million people during the 14th century due to the impact of Mongol invasions, which inflicted heavy losses on the northern population through conflict, enslavement, food instability, and the introduction of bubonic plague. Between 1850 and 1870, the total population fell once more, by more than 50 million people, through further conflict, famine and disease; the most notable of these was the Taiping Rebellion, although the Miao an Panthay Rebellions, and the Dungan Revolt, also had large death tolls. The third plague pandemic also originated in Yunnan in 1855, which killed approximately two million people in China. 20th and 21st centuries There were additional conflicts at the turn of the 20th century, which had significant geopolitical consequences for China, but did not result in the same high levels of mortality seen previously. It was not until the overlapping Chinese Civil War (1927-1949) and Second World War (1937-1945) where the death tolls reached approximately 10 and 20 million respectively. Additionally, as China attempted to industrialize during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1962), economic and agricultural mismanagement resulted in the deaths of tens of millions (possibly as many as 55 million) in less than four years, during the Great Chinese Famine. This mortality is not observable on the given dataset, due to the rapidity of China's demographic transition over the entire period; this saw improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and infrastructure result in sweeping changes across the population. The early 2020s marked some significant milestones in China's demographics, where it was overtaken by India as the world's most populous country, and its population also went into decline. Current projections suggest that China is heading for a "demographic disaster", as its rapidly aging population is placing significant burdens on China's economy, government, and society. In stark contrast to the restrictive "one-child policy" of the past, the government has introduced a series of pro-fertility incentives for couples to have larger families, although the impact of these policies are yet to materialize. If these current projections come true, then China's population may be around half its current size by the end of the century.

BackgroundWith population aging, this demographic dividend diminishes, which may have implications for innovation in a region. Understanding the relationship between population aging and innovation is crucial for addressing economic challenges associated with an aging population.MethodsThis study utilized panel data on population aging and innovation from 252 cities between 2005 and 2014. Various estimation methods, including the fixed effects model, the generalized method of moments (GMM), and the mediation model, were used to analyze the data. These methods allowed for a comprehensive examination of the impact of population aging on innovation and the role of human capital in mediating this relationship.ResultsThe findings of the study indicate that both the 60-year-old and 65-year-old population significantly hinder innovation. The GMM suggests that innovation is “path dependent,” meaning that past levels of innovation do not alleviate the negative effects of population aging on future innovation. Additionally, the mediation model analysis demonstrates that human capital plays a crucial role in mediating the relationship between population aging and innovation, highlighting the importance of investing in human capital development.ConclusionThe findings of this research highlight the obstacles that population aging presents to fostering innovation. Overcoming these obstacles necessitates strategic investments in human capital and policies that support innovation. It is imperative for policymakers to implement recommendations that address population aging and encourage innovation in order to navigate the challenges posed by an aging population and promote a vibrant and dynamic economy.

EstablishMed: a dataset of transition probabilities for woody plant establishment in the Mediterranean Region

Global Ecology and Biogeography (https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13879)

Lucía Acevedo-Limón, Beatriz Rumeu, Claudio A. Bracho-Estévanez, Juan P. González-Varo.

Correspondence and request for materials should be addressed to Lucía Acevedo Limón (lucia.acevedo@uca.es).

establishmed.csv

Transition probability data of demographic processes operating during the establishment of 134 woody species from the Mediterranean Region. The dataset comprises 4728 transition probability records (rows) accompanied by variables of the spatiotemporal context (i.e., year, site, population, habitat and microhabitat) and experimental procedures employed to obtain the transition probability (e.g., degree of protection against natural enemies), as well as additional information on taxonomy, plant traits and bi...

The dataset describes 150 patients with the following demographic characteristics : sex, age, HOMA-IR , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , and LDL-Cholesterol . These patients were followed for 28 years . The characteristics are the mean of the following measurement each year. In each year a liver biopsy was taken to record the stage of fibrosis and then the count of transition among stages is recorded in the columns called ( lambda ij) where the i,j represents the stages where the patients move between them . In other word , for each patient , there is a column for the transition count this patient had made from stage 0 to stage 1 , then there is another column for the transition counts he made from stage 1 to stage 2 in this follow up 28 years , and so on , that is to mean there are 9 columns for the count of each transition for each patient as there are 9 transitions that could be made : from 0 to 1 , from 1 to 2 , from 2 to 3 , from 3 to 4 , from 1 to 0 , from 2 to 1 , from 3 to 2 , from 2 to 0 and from 3 to 1 . these transition counts are the dependent or the response variable , while the demographic characteristics are the predictors or the independent variables . Using Poisson regression model is used to relate these counts with the risk factors for NAFLD .

Abstract

South Asia Regional Flagship: More and Better Jobs in South Asia

Employment is a major issue throughout the world. To enjoy life, people need productive jobs that remove them from the daily struggle of making ends meet. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), as many as 30 million people lost their jobs as a result of the 2008 crisis. Youth unemployment is especially high and inequality has increased. As recent events in the Middle East and North Africa demonstrate, joblessness and inequality can trigger political instability and unrest.

When the World Bank South Asia Region decided to initiate a yearly Flagship Report series, it was clear that the very first report needed to concentrate on the important topic of More and Better Jobs in South Asia. Although one of the fastest growing regions, South Asia is still home to the largest number of the world's poor and the pace of creating productive jobs has lagged behind economic growth. Conflict and social and gender issues also increase the challenge of generating more and more productive jobs. Without urgent action, the potential for the demographic dividend from about 150 million entrants to the labor force over the next decade may not be realized.

The Flagship seeks to answer four questions, which could have implications beyond South Asia. • How is South Asia performing in creating more and better jobs? • Where are the better jobs? • What are constraints in supply and demand in moving towards better jobs? • How does conflict affect job creation?

Geographic coverage

National

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Philippines was last recorded at 3925.30 US dollars in 2024. The GDP per Capita in Philippines is equivalent to 31 percent of the world's average. This dataset provides - Philippines GDP per capita - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The paper highlights the higher education (HE) landscape in India, which has witnessed an expansionary path since 2000 and presently emerges as one of the largest HE systems globally, is a laggard in terms of Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) with respect to G20 nations. The policy framework for HE in India since 1968, has been inclusive with provisions for the marginalised segments. Still, there is an urgent need to enhance the capacity at the institutional rather than at the university level, at the districts in India. This will address the regional imbalances and aid in reaping this populous nation's demographic dividend. It is a given that India will not only miss Target 4.3 - for the Sustainable Development Goal to be envisaged by 2030, but also unlikely to achieve the 50% target of GER by 2035, laid out by National Education Policy 2020.

China’s rural revitalization strategy has expanded non-agricultural employment opportunities for rural residents. This has directly raised farmers’ incomes and household expenditures, which in turn has contributed to the upgrading of industrial structure. Using provincial data for 2012–2021, our study investigates how this employment transition affects industrial development. The effect of rural residents’ consumption expenditures on this relationship is also explored through a linkage model to help measure the extent of the impact. This study further explores the regional differences in this effect and its robustness. The findings suggest that non-farm employment significantly contributes to industrial structural upgrading. However, this effect is not consistent across regions. Moreover, rural residents’ consumption plays a pivotal role in this relationship. Governments should therefore encourage more non-farm jobs, stimulate domestic demand and use rural consumption as a key growth catalyst, especially after the demographic dividend disappears. It is also important to take into account regional nuances in policy formulation and make adjustments to cater for these differences to prevent any potential imbalances.

Ce denotes effect site concentration of the drug, and the subscripts ‘s’ and ‘e’ denote the start and end of emergence. MAC indicates units of age adjusted Minimum Alveolar Concentration, PACU-Cons and PACU-Pain are defined in the text and in Table 1.Demographic Data.