Estimates of annual household income for the four income types for Middle layer Super Output Areas, or local areas, in England and Wales.

75% of households from the Bangladeshi ethnic group were in the 2 lowest income quintiles (after housing costs were deducted) between April 2021 and March 2024.

Model-based estimates of the proportion of households with mean weekly income lower than 60% of the national median weekly income, by middle layer super output area, England and Wales.

United Kingdom UK: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data was reported at 2.143 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.842 % for 2015. United Kingdom UK: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 3.005 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.297 % in 1965 and a record low of 1.527 % in 1994. United Kingdom UK: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Sub-Saharan Africa region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

United Kingdom UK: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data was reported at 2.113 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.265 % for 2015. United Kingdom UK: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 1.463 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.001 % in 1960 and a record low of 0.789 % in 1986. United Kingdom UK: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in South Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the South Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

In April 2025, the UK minimum wage for adults over the age of 21 in will be 12.21 pounds per hour. For the 2025/26 financial year, there will be four minimum wage categories, three of which are based on age and one for apprentice workers. Apprentices, and workers under the age of 18 will have a minimum wage of 7.55 pounds an hour, increasing to ten pounds for those aged 18 to 20. When the minimum wage was first introduced in 1999, there were just two age categories; 18 to 21, and 22 and over. This increased to three categories in 2004, four in 2010, and five between 2016 and 2023, before being reduced down to four in the most recent year. The living wage The living wage is an alternative minimum wage amount that employers in the UK can voluntarily pay their employees. It is calculated independently of the legal minimum wage and results in a higher value figure. In 2023/24, for example, the living wage was twelve pounds an hour for the UK as a whole and 13.15 for workers in London, where the cost of living is typically higher. This living wage is different from what the UK government has named the national living wage, which was 10.42 in the same financial year. Between 2011/12 and 2023/24, the living wage has increased by 4.80 pounds, while the London living wage has grown by 4.85 pounds. Wage growth cancelled-out by high inflation 2021-2023 For a long period between the middle of 2021 and late 2023, average wage growth in the UK was unable to keep up with record inflation levels, resulting in the biggest fall in disposable income since 1956. Although the UK government attempted to mitigate the impact of falling living standards through a series of cost of living payments, the situation has still been very difficult for households. After peaking at 11.1 percent in October 2022, the UK's inflation rate remained in double figures until March 2023, and did not fall to the preferred rate of two percent until May 2024. As of November 2024, regular weekly pay in the UK was growing by 5.6 percent in nominal terms, and 2.5 percent when adjusted for inflation.

Average weekly household expenditure on goods and services in the UK. Data are shown by region, age, income (including equivalised) group (deciles and quintiles), economic status, socio-economic class, housing tenure, output area classification, urban and rural areas (Great Britain only), place of purchase and household composition.

The dataset contains details on Households with Children in financial deprivation before housing costs (BHC) and after housing costs (AHC) by Middle Super output area. This dataset paints a more detailed picture of low income households with children taking into account the varied cost of housing across Leicester.

Map and evaluate the effectiveness of food loss and waste reduction interventions in low- and middle-income countries, determine the reduction pathways related to waste prevention, re-use or recycling, and identify social, economic, environmental and nutritional co-benefits as they relate to the intervention. This will be done by: (i) systematically reviewing scientific and grey literature sources and (ii) conducting meta-analyses by food group where appropriate.

United Kingdom UK: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Latin America & The Caribbean data was reported at 1.510 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.711 % for 2015. United Kingdom UK: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Latin America & The Caribbean data is updated yearly, averaging 1.597 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.216 % in 1960 and a record low of 1.132 % in 2006. United Kingdom UK: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Latin America & The Caribbean data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.World Bank: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Latin America and the Caribbean are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Latin America and the Caribbean region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

United Kingdom UK: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Middle East & North Africa data was reported at 0.585 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.812 % for 2015. United Kingdom UK: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Middle East & North Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 1.135 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.517 % in 1976 and a record low of 0.585 % in 2016. United Kingdom UK: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Middle East & North Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Middle East and North Africa are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Middle East and North Africa region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

Estimates of mean weekly household income for the 4 income types.

Supplementary file for Article "The role of electric cooking in providing sustainable school meals in low-income and lower-middle-income countries"Approximately 418 million children are beneficiaries of school meal programmes globally. In general, supportive infrastructure is necessary for the successful delivery of school meals, but in many low-income and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs), schools have poor access to essential facilities such as kitchens, electricity, and clean water. Moreover, schools in LLMICs often rely on charcoal or firewood for cooking with consequent negative health, social, economic, and environmental impacts that disproportionally affect women and children. The increasing availability of electricity and large energy efficient cooking appliances in LLMICs suggests that electric cooking could offer a potential solution. However, although the impacts of providing electricity to schools on educational outcomes have been explored, and the scope for electric cooking transitions at household level is increasingly studied, evidence on the role of electricity in providing sustainable school meals remains scarce, particularly in LLMICs. Most existing studies on school meals focus on the health and nutritional values of school meals and do not consider the energy used in their preparation or associated impacts. To address this gap, this Personal View explores the contribution of electric cooking to providing sustainable school meals. Recent case studies from Kenya, Lesotho, Nepal, and Guinea that introduced electric cooking as an alternative to traditional cooking fuels have shown how electric cooking can contribute to providing sustainable schools meals in LLMICs. This Personal View highlights multiple sustainable benefits from shifting to electric cooking, which include environmental, economic, and health benefits, and time saving, with potential gender benefits intersecting these domains. Sharing lessons learned from each study could improve the delivery and effectiveness of these interventions for other schools, and understanding the range of contexts and challenges could help towards programme design for wider scaling of sustainable school meal provision.©The Author(s), CC BY 4.0

United Kingdom UK: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: East Asia & Pacific data was reported at 5.685 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.231 % for 2015. United Kingdom UK: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: East Asia & Pacific data is updated yearly, averaging 2.066 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.231 % in 2015 and a record low of 1.325 % in 1981. United Kingdom UK: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: East Asia & Pacific data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in East Asia and Pacific are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the East Asia and Pacific region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

Supplementary files for article "Changes and correlates of household food insecurity during COVID-19: a repeated cross-sectional survey of low-income households in peri-urban Peru"National lockdowns and containment measures to control the spread of COVID-19 led to increased unemployment, lower household incomes and reduced access to affordable and nutritious foods globally. This study aimed to examine changes and correlates of household food insecurity experience and mitigation strategies adopted in peri-urban Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic. Low income households with children age < 2 years in Lima and Huánuco participated in three repeated cross-sectional surveys from 2020 to 2022 (n = 759). We assessed changes in household food insecurity experience using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. Correlates of moderate-severe food insecurity were analysed using univariate and multivariable linear mixed-effect regressions. We also assessed perceived impacts of the pandemic on livelihoods, coping strategies and receipt of financial or food assistance. Moderate-severe food insecurity was 47.0% in 2020 (survey 1) decreasing to 31.1% in 2022 (survey 3). In adjusted analyses, food insecurity was higher in households with perceived reduced income (β = 12.69 [6.82; 18.56]); in the lower socio-economic status (SES) tertiles (compared to the relatively highest SES tertile; middle tertile (β = 20.91 [9.89; 31.93]), lowest tertile (β = 39.37 [28.35; 50.40]); in households with ≥ 2 children < 5 years (β = 8.78 [2.05; 15.50]); and in Lima (compared to Huánuco; β = 10.47 [1.27; 19.67]). Food insecurity improved more among the relatively lowest SES compared to the relatively highest SES households between survey 1 and 3 (interaction p = 0.007). In conclusion, almost half of households experienced moderate-severe food insecurity mid-pandemic with greater risk observed in the most socio-economically disadvantaged households. The inequality gap in food insecurity associated with SES narrowed over time likely due to household coping strategies and reduced poverty.©The Authors, CC BY 4.0

The project, based at the University of Greenwich, UK and Stellenbosch University, South Africa, aimed to examine epidemiologic transitions by identifying and quantifying the drivers of change in CVD risk in the middle-income country of South Africa compared to the high-income nation of England. The project produced a harmonised dataset of national surveys measuring CVD risk factors in South Africa and England for others to use in future work. The harmonised dataset includes microdata from nationally-representative surveys in South Africa derived from the Demographic and Health Surveys, National Income Dynamics Study, South Africa National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health, covering 11 cross-sections and approximately 156,000 individuals aged 15+ years, representing South Africa’s adult population from 1998 to 2017.

Data for England come from 17 Health Surveys for England (HSE) over the same time period, covering over 168,000 individuals aged 16+ years, representing England’s adult population.

This dataset was compiled for analyses in the research project ‘Nature's contribution to poverty alleviation, human wellbeing and the SDGs’ (Nature4SDGs) (NERC Grant NE/S012850/1). The dataset integrates secondary data on rural livelihoods, multi-dimensional human wellbeing, household demographics, resource tenure and social-ecological context across 10,971 households in 232 settlements in ten low- and middle-income countries. It primarily draws upon nine existing household surveys, and their associated site descriptions and qualitative interviews. It also draws upon existing global geospatial datasets to provide further village-level information on the social-ecological context. Using this dataset, the Nature4SDGs project is specifically examining multidimensional wellbeing from the use of uncultivated nature; the role of common pool uncultivated resources in reducing income inequalities; and the consumption of wild protein across different social-ecological contexts.

United Kingdom UK: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: East Asia & Pacific data was reported at 12.261 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 12.923 % for 2015. United Kingdom UK: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: East Asia & Pacific data is updated yearly, averaging 1.755 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.923 % in 2015 and a record low of 1.136 % in 1972. United Kingdom UK: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: East Asia & Pacific data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in East Asia and Pacific are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the East Asia and Pacific region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

Affordability ratios of house prices to small area model-based income estimates covering local areas, called Middle layer Super Output Areas (MSOAs) in England and Wales.

GDP Gross Domestic Product; bn billion; USD United States Dollar; HI high-income country; UMI upper-middle-income country; LMI lower-middle-income country, FTE full time equivalents. Sources: GDP (bn USD) [10], Number of Researcher (FTE) per mill. inhabitants [11],–no data available.