Distributed data mining from privacy-sensitive multi-party data is likely to play an important role in the next generation of integrated vehicle health monitoring systems. For example, consider an airline manufacturer [tex]$\mathcal{C}$[/tex] manufacturing an aircraft model [tex]$A$[/tex] and selling it to five different airline operating companies [tex]$\mathcal{V}_1 \dots \mathcal{V}_5$[/tex]. These aircrafts, during their operation, generate huge amount of data. Mining this data can reveal useful information regarding the health and operability of the aircraft which can be useful for disaster management and prediction of efficient operating regimes. Now if the manufacturer [tex]$\mathcal{C}$[/tex] wants to analyze the performance data collected from different aircrafts of model-type [tex]$A$[/tex] belonging to different airlines then central collection of data for subsequent analysis may not be an option. It should be noted that the result of this analysis may be statistically more significant if the data for aircraft model [tex]$A$[/tex] across all companies were available to [tex]$\mathcal{C}$[/tex]. The potential problems arising out of such a data mining scenario are:

This chapter presents theoretical and practical aspects associated to the implementation of a combined model-based/data-driven approach for failure prognostics based on particle filtering algorithms, in which the current esti- mate of the state PDF is used to determine the operating condition of the system and predict the progression of a fault indicator, given a dynamic state model and a set of process measurements. In this approach, the task of es- timating the current value of the fault indicator, as well as other important changing parameters in the environment, involves two basic steps: the predic- tion step, based on the process model, and an update step, which incorporates the new measurement into the a priori state estimate. This framework allows to estimate of the probability of failure at future time instants (RUL PDF) in real-time, providing information about time-to- failure (TTF) expectations, statistical confidence intervals, long-term predic- tions; using for this purpose empirical knowledge about critical conditions for the system (also referred to as the hazard zones). This information is of paramount significance for the improvement of the system reliability and cost-effective operation of critical assets, as it has been shown in a case study where feedback correction strategies (based on uncertainty measures) have been implemented to lengthen the RUL of a rotorcraft transmission system with propagating fatigue cracks on a critical component. Although the feed- back loop is implemented using simple linear relationships, it is helpful to provide a quick insight into the manner that the system reacts to changes on its input signals, in terms of its predicted RUL. The method is able to manage non-Gaussian pdf’s since it includes concepts such as nonlinear state estimation and confidence intervals in its formulation. Real data from a fault seeded test showed that the proposed framework was able to anticipate modifications on the system input to lengthen its RUL. Results of this test indicate that the method was able to successfully suggest the correction that the system required. In this sense, future work will be focused on the development and testing of similar strategies using different input-output uncertainty metrics.

Data supporting the Master thesis "Monitoring von Open Data Praktiken - Herausforderungen beim Auffinden von Datenpublikationen am Beispiel der Publikationen von Forschenden der TU Dresden" (Monitoring open data practices - challenges in finding data publications using the example of publications by researchers at TU Dresden) - Katharina Zinke, Institut für Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, 2023

This ZIP-File contains the data the thesis is based on, interim exports of the results and the R script with all pre-processing, data merging and analyses carried out. The documentation of the additional, explorative analysis is also available. The actual PDFs and text files of the scientific papers used are not included as they are published open access.

The folder structure is shown below with the file names and a brief description of the contents of each file. For details concerning the analyses approach, please refer to the master's thesis (publication following soon).

## Data sources

Folder 01_SourceData/

- PLOS-Dataset_v2_Mar23.csv (PLOS-OSI dataset)

- ScopusSearch_ExportResults.csv (export of Scopus search results from Scopus)

- ScopusSearch_ExportResults.ris (export of Scopus search results from Scopus)

- Zotero_Export_ScopusSearch.csv (export of the file names and DOIs of the Scopus search results from Zotero)

## Automatic classification

Folder 02_AutomaticClassification/

- (NOT INCLUDED) PDFs folder (Folder for PDFs of all publications identified by the Scopus search, named AuthorLastName_Year_PublicationTitle_Title)

- (NOT INCLUDED) PDFs_to_text folder (Folder for all texts extracted from the PDFs by ODDPub, named AuthorLastName_Year_PublicationTitle_Title)

- PLOS_ScopusSearch_matched.csv (merge of the Scopus search results with the PLOS_OSI dataset for the files contained in both)

- oddpub_results_wDOIs.csv (results file of the ODDPub classification)

- PLOS_ODDPub.csv (merge of the results file of the ODDPub classification with the PLOS-OSI dataset for the publications contained in both)

## Manual coding

Folder 03_ManualCheck/

- CodeSheet_ManualCheck.txt (Code sheet with descriptions of the variables for manual coding)

- ManualCheck_2023-06-08.csv (Manual coding results file)

- PLOS_ODDPub_Manual.csv (Merge of the results file of the ODDPub and PLOS-OSI classification with the results file of the manual coding)

## Explorative analysis for the discoverability of open data

Folder04_FurtherAnalyses

Proof_of_of_Concept_Open_Data_Monitoring.pdf (Description of the explorative analysis of the discoverability of open data publications using the example of a researcher) - in German

## R-Script

Analyses_MA_OpenDataMonitoring.R (R-Script for preparing, merging and analyzing the data and for performing the ODDPub algorithm)

Ensemble Data Mining Methods, also known as Committee Methods or Model Combiners, are machine learning methods that leverage the power of multiple models to achieve better prediction accuracy than any of the individual models could on their own. The basic goal when designing an ensemble is the same as when establishing a committee of people: each member of the committee should be as competent as possible, but the members should be complementary to one another. If the members are not complementary, i.e., if they always agree, then the committee is unnecessary---any one member is sufficient. If the members are complementary, then when one or a few members make an error, the probability is high that the remaining members can correct this error. Research in ensemble methods has largely revolved around designing ensembles consisting of competent yet complementary models.

The database includes three datasets. All of them were extracted from a dataset published by X (Twitter Transparency Websites) that includes tweets from malicious accounts trying to manipulate public opinion in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Although the propagandist tweets were published by malicious accounts, as X (Twitter) stated, the tweets at their level were not classified as propaganda or not. Propagandists usually mix propaganda and non-propaganda tweets in an attempt to hide their identities. Therefore, it was necessary to classify their tweets as propaganda or not, based on the propaganda technique used. Since the datasets are very large, we annotated a sample of 2,100 tweets. The datasets are made up of 16,355,558 tweets from propagandist users focused on sports and banking topics.

Ensemble Data Mining Methods, also known as Committee Methods or Model Combiners, are machine learning methods that leverage the power of multiple models to achieve better prediction accuracy than any of the individual models could on their own. The basic goal when designing an ensemble is the same as when establishing a committee of people: each member of the committee should be as competent as possible, but the members should be complementary to one another. If the members are not complementary, i.e., if they always agree, then the committee is unnecessary---any one member is sufficient. If the members are complementary, then when one or a few members make an error, the probability is high that the remaining members can correct this error. Research in ensemble methods has largely revolved around designing ensembles consisting of competent yet complementary models.

Privacy?Preserving Data Mining Tools Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Privacy?Preserving Data Mining Tools market size reached USD 1.42 billion in 2024, reflecting robust adoption across diverse industries. The market is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 22.8% during the forecast period, propelling the market to USD 10.98 billion by 2033. This remarkable growth is driven by the increasing need for secure data analytics, stringent data protection regulations, and the rising frequency of data breaches, all of which are pushing organizations to adopt advanced privacy solutions.

One of the primary growth factors for the Privacy?Preserving Data Mining Tools market is the exponential rise in data generation and the parallel escalation of privacy concerns. As organizations collect vast amounts of sensitive information, especially in sectors like healthcare and BFSI, the risk of data exposure and misuse grows. Governments worldwide are enacting stricter data protection laws, such as the GDPR in Europe and CCPA in California, compelling enterprises to integrate privacy?preserving technologies into their analytics workflows. These regulations not only mandate compliance but also foster consumer trust, making privacy?preserving data mining tools a strategic investment for businesses aiming to maintain a competitive edge while safeguarding user data.

Another significant driver is the rapid digital transformation across industries, which necessitates the extraction of actionable insights from large, distributed data sets without compromising privacy. Privacy?preserving techniques, such as federated learning, homomorphic encryption, and differential privacy, are gaining traction as they allow organizations to collaborate and analyze data securely. The advent of cloud computing and the proliferation of connected devices further amplify the demand for scalable and secure data mining solutions. As enterprises embrace cloud-based analytics, the need for robust privacy-preserving mechanisms becomes paramount, fueling the adoption of advanced tools that can operate seamlessly in both on-premises and cloud environments.

Moreover, the increasing sophistication of cyber threats and the growing awareness of the potential reputational and financial damage caused by data breaches are prompting organizations to prioritize data privacy. High-profile security incidents have underscored the vulnerabilities inherent in traditional data mining approaches, accelerating the shift towards privacy-preserving alternatives. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning with privacy-preserving technologies is also opening new avenues for innovation, enabling more granular and context-aware data analytics. This technological convergence is expected to further catalyze market growth, as organizations seek to harness the full potential of their data assets while maintaining stringent privacy standards.

Privacy-Preserving Analytics is becoming a cornerstone in the modern data-driven landscape, offering organizations a way to extract valuable insights while maintaining stringent data privacy standards. This approach ensures that sensitive information remains protected even as it is analyzed, allowing businesses to comply with increasing regulatory demands without sacrificing the depth and breadth of their data analysis. By leveraging Privacy-Preserving Analytics, companies can foster greater trust among their customers and stakeholders, knowing that their data is being handled with the utmost care and security. This paradigm shift is not just about compliance; it’s about redefining how organizations approach data analytics in a world where privacy concerns are paramount.

From a regional perspective, North America currently commands the largest share of the Privacy?Preserving Data Mining Tools market, driven by the presence of leading technology vendors, high awareness levels, and a robust regulatory framework. Europe follows closely, propelled by stringent data privacy laws and increasing investments in secure analytics infrastructure. The Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, fueled by rapid digitalization, expanding IT ecosystems, and rising cybersecurity concerns in emerging economies such as China and India. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also experiencing steady growth, albeit from

Context

To make this a seamless process, I cleaned the data and delete many variables that I thought were not important to our dataset. I then uploaded all of those files to Kaggle for each of you to download. The rideshare_data has both lyft and uber but it is still a cleaned version from the dataset we downloaded from Kaggle.

Use of Data Files

You can easily subset the data into the car types that you will be modeling by first loading the csv into R, here is the code for how you do this:

This loads the file into R

df<-read.csv('uber.csv')

The next codes is to subset the data into specific car types. The example below only has Uber 'Black' car types.

df_black<-subset(uber_df, uber_df$name == 'Black')

This next portion of code will be to load it into R. First, we must write this dataframe into a csv file on our computer in order to load it into R.

write.csv(df_black, "nameofthefileyouwanttosaveas.csv")

The file will appear in you working directory. If you are not familiar with your working directory. Run this code:

getwd()

The output will be the file path to your working directory. You will find the file you just created in that folder.

Inspiration

Your data will be in front of the world's largest data science community. What questions do you want to see answered?

The LSC (Leicester Scientific Corpus)August 2019 by Neslihan Suzen, PhD student at the University of Leicester (ns433@leicester.ac.uk) Supervised by Prof Alexander Gorban and Dr Evgeny MirkesThe data is extracted from the Web of Science® [1] You may not copy or distribute this data in whole or in part without the written consent of Clarivate Analytics.Getting StartedThis text provides background information on the LSC (Leicester Scientific Corpus) and pre-processing steps on abstracts, and describes the structure of files to organise the corpus. This corpus is created to be used in future work on the quantification of the sense of research texts. One of the goal of publishing the data is to make it available for further analysis and use in Natural Language Processing projects.LSC is a collection of abstracts of articles and proceeding papers published in 2014, and indexed by the Web of Science (WoS) database [1]. Each document contains title, list of authors, list of categories, list of research areas, and times cited. The corpus contains only documents in English.The corpus was collected in July 2018 online and contains the number of citations from publication date to July 2018.Each document in the corpus contains the following parts:1. Authors: The list of authors of the paper2. Title: The title of the paper3. Abstract: The abstract of the paper4. Categories: One or more category from the list of categories [2]. Full list of categories is presented in file ‘List_of _Categories.txt’.5. Research Areas: One or more research area from the list of research areas [3]. Full list of research areas is presented in file ‘List_of_Research_Areas.txt’.6. Total Times cited: The number of times the paper was cited by other items from all databases within Web of Science platform [4]7. Times cited in Core Collection: The total number of times the paper was cited by other papers within the WoS Core Collection [4]We describe a document as the collection of information (about a paper) listed above. The total number of documents in LSC is 1,673,824.All documents in LSC have nonempty abstract, title, categories, research areas and times cited in WoS databases. There are 119 documents with empty authors list, we did not exclude these documents.Data ProcessingThis section describes all steps in order for the LSC to be collected, clean and available to researchers. Processing the data consists of six main steps:Step 1: Downloading of the Data OnlineThis is the step of collecting the dataset online. This is done manually by exporting documents as Tab-delimitated files. All downloaded documents are available online.Step 2: Importing the Dataset to RThis is the process of converting the collection to RData format for processing the data. The LSC was collected as TXT files. All documents are extracted to R.Step 3: Cleaning the Data from Documents with Empty Abstract or without CategoryNot all papers have abstract and categories in the collection. As our research is based on the analysis of abstracts and categories, preliminary detecting and removing inaccurate documents were performed. All documents with empty abstracts and documents without categories are removed.Step 4: Identification and Correction of Concatenate Words in AbstractsTraditionally, abstracts are written in a format of executive summary with one paragraph of continuous writing, which is known as ‘unstructured abstract’. However, especially medicine-related publications use ‘structured abstracts’. Such type of abstracts are divided into sections with distinct headings such as introduction, aim, objective, method, result, conclusion etc.Used tool for extracting abstracts leads concatenate words of section headings with the first word of the section. As a result, some of structured abstracts in the LSC require additional process of correction to split such concatenate words. For instance, we observe words such as ConclusionHigher and ConclusionsRT etc. in the corpus. The detection and identification of concatenate words cannot be totally automated. Human intervention is needed in the identification of possible headings of sections. We note that we only consider concatenate words in headings of sections as it is not possible to detect all concatenate words without deep knowledge of research areas. Identification of such words is done by sampling of medicine-related publications. The section headings in such abstracts are listed in the List 1.List 1 Headings of sections identified in structured abstractsBackground Method(s) DesignTheoretical Measurement(s) LocationAim(s) Methodology ProcessAbstract Population ApproachObjective(s) Purpose(s) Subject(s)Introduction Implication(s) Patient(s)Procedure(s) Hypothesis Measure(s)Setting(s) Limitation(s) DiscussionConclusion(s) Result(s) Finding(s)Material (s) Rationale(s)Implications for health and nursing policyAll words including headings in the List 1 are detected in entire corpus, and then words are split into two words. For instance, the word ‘ConclusionHigher’ is split into ‘Conclusion’ and ‘Higher’.Step 5: Extracting (Sub-setting) the Data Based on Lengths of AbstractsAfter correction of concatenate words is completed, the lengths of abstracts are calculated. ‘Length’ indicates the totalnumber of words in the text, calculated by the same rule as for Microsoft Word ‘word count’ [5].According to APA style manual [6], an abstract should contain between 150 to 250 words. However, word limits vary from journal to journal. For instance, Journal of Vascular Surgery recommends that ‘Clinical and basic research studies must include a structured abstract of 400 words or less’[7].In LSC, the length of abstracts varies from 1 to 3805. We decided to limit length of abstracts from 30 to 500 words in order to study documents with abstracts of typical length ranges and to avoid the effect of the length to the analysis. Documents containing less than 30 and more than 500 words in abstracts are removed.Step 6: Saving the Dataset into CSV FormatCorrected and extracted documents are saved into 36 CSV files. The structure of files are described in the following section.The Structure of Fields in CSV FilesIn CSV files, the information is organised with one record on each line and parts of abstract, title, list of authors, list of categories, list of research areas, and times cited is recorded in separated fields.To access the LSC for research purposes, please email to ns433@le.ac.uk.References[1]Web of Science. (15 July). Available: https://apps.webofknowledge.com/[2]WoS Subject Categories. Available: https://images.webofknowledge.com/WOKRS56B5/help/WOS/hp_subject_category_terms_tasca.html[3]Research Areas in WoS. Available: https://images.webofknowledge.com/images/help/WOS/hp_research_areas_easca.html[4]Times Cited in WoS Core Collection. (15 July). Available: https://support.clarivate.com/ScientificandAcademicResearch/s/article/Web-of-Science-Times-Cited-accessibility-and-variation?language=en_US[5]Word Count. Available: https://support.office.com/en-us/article/show-word-count-3c9e6a11-a04d-43b4-977c-563a0e0d5da3[6]A. P. Association, Publication manual. American Psychological Association Washington, DC, 1983.[7]P. Gloviczki and P. F. Lawrence, "Information for authors," Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. A16-A22, 2017.

High-throughput technologies produce massive amounts of data. However, individual methods yield data specific to the technique used and biological setup. The integration of such diverse data is necessary for the qualitative analysis of information relevant to hypotheses or discoveries. It is often useful to integrate these datasets using pathways and protein interaction networks to get a broader view of the experiment. The resulting network needs to be able to focus on either the large-scale picture or on the more detailed small-scale subsets, depending on the research question and goals. In this tutorial, we illustrate a workflow useful to integrate, analyze, and visualize data from different sources, and highlight important features of tools to support such analyses.

The purpose of data mining analysis is always to find patterns of the data using certain kind of techiques such as classification or regression. It is not always feasible to apply classification algorithms directly to dataset. Before doing any work on the data, the data has to be pre-processed and this process normally involves feature selection and dimensionality reduction. We tried to use clustering as a way to reduce the dimension of the data and create new features. Based on our project, after using clustering prior to classification, the performance has not improved much. The reason why it has not improved could be the features we selected to perform clustering are not well suited for it. Because of the nature of the data, classification tasks are going to provide more information to work with in terms of improving knowledge and overall performance metrics. From the dimensionality reduction perspective: It is different from Principle Component Analysis which guarantees finding the best linear transformation that reduces the number of dimensions with a minimum loss of information. Using clusters as a technique of reducing the data dimension will lose a lot of information since clustering techniques are based a metric of 'distance'. At high dimensions euclidean distance loses pretty much all meaning. Therefore using clustering as a "Reducing" dimensionality by mapping data points to cluster numbers is not always good since you may lose almost all the information. From the creating new features perspective: Clustering analysis creates labels based on the patterns of the data, it brings uncertainties into the data. By using clustering prior to classification, the decision on the number of clusters will highly affect the performance of the clustering, then affect the performance of classification. If the part of features we use clustering techniques on is very suited for it, it might increase the overall performance on classification. For example, if the features we use k-means on are numerical and the dimension is small, the overall classification performance may be better. We did not lock in the clustering outputs using a random_state in the effort to see if they were stable. Our assumption was that if the results vary highly from run to run which they definitely did, maybe the data just does not cluster well with the methods selected at all. Basically, the ramification we saw was that our results are not much better than random when applying clustering to the data preprocessing. Finally, it is important to ensure a feedback loop is in place to continuously collect the same data in the same format from which the models were created. This feedback loop can be used to measure the model real world effectiveness and also to continue to revise the models from time to time as things change.

Distributed data mining from privacy-sensitive multi-party data is likely to play an important role in the next generation of integrated vehicle health monitoring systems. For example, consider an airline manufacturer [tex]$\mathcal{C}$[/tex] manufacturing an aircraft model [tex]$A$[/tex] and selling it to five different airline operating companies [tex]$\mathcal{V}_1 \dots \mathcal{V}_5$[/tex]. These aircrafts, during their operation, generate huge amount of data. Mining this data can reveal useful information regarding the health and operability of the aircraft which can be useful for disaster management and prediction of efficient operating regimes. Now if the manufacturer [tex]$\mathcal{C}$[/tex] wants to analyze the performance data collected from different aircrafts of model-type [tex]$A$[/tex] belonging to different airlines then central collection of data for subsequent analysis may not be an option. It should be noted that the result of this analysis may be statistically more significant if the data for aircraft model [tex]$A$[/tex] across all companies were available to [tex]$\mathcal{C}$[/tex]. The potential problems arising out of such a data mining scenario are:

A database of de-identified supermarket customer transactions. This large simulated dataset was created based on a real data sample.

Journal of Big Data Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - The Journal of Big Data publishes high-quality, scholarly research papers, methodologies and case studies covering a broad range of topics, from big data analytics to data-intensive computing and all applications of big data research. The journal examines the challenges facing big data today and going forward including, but not limited to: data capture and storage; search, sharing, and analytics; big data technologies; data visualization; architectures for massively parallel processing; data mining tools and techniques; machine learning algorithms for big data; cloud computing platforms; distributed file systems and databases; and scalable storage systems. Academic researchers and practitioners will find the Journal of Big Data to be a seminal source of innovative material. All articles published by the Journal of Big Data are made freely and permanently accessible online immediately upon publication, without subscription charges or registration barriers. As authors of articles published in the Journal of Big Data you are the copyright holders of your article and have granted to any third party, in advance and in perpetuity, the right to use, reproduce or disseminate your article, according to the SpringerOpen copyright and license agreement. For those of you who are US government employees or are prevented from being copyright holders for similar reasons, SpringerOpen can accommodate non-standard copyright lines.

The visit of an online shop by a possible customer is also called a session. During a session the visitor clicks on products in order to see the corresponding detail page. Furthermore, he possibly will add or remove products to/from his shopping basket. At the end of a session it is possible that one or several products from the shopping basket will be ordered. The activities of the user are also called transactions. The goal of the analysis is to predict whether the visitor will place an order or not on the basis of the transaction data collected during the session.

Tasks

In the first task historical shop data are given consisting of the session activities inclusive of the associated information whether an order was placed or not. These data can be used in order to subsequently make order forecasts for other session activities in the same shop. Of course, the real outcome of the sessions for this set is not known. Thus, the first task can be understood as a classical data mining problem.

The second task deals with the online scenario. In this context the participants are to implement an agent learning on the basis of transactions. That means that the agent successively receives the individual transactions and has to make a forecast for each of them with respect to the outcome of the shopping cart transaction. This task maps the practice scenario in the best possible way in the case that a transaction-based forecast is required and a corresponding algorithm should learn in an adaptive manner.

The Data

For the individual tasks anonymised real shop data are provided in the form of structured text files consisting of individual data sets. The data sets represent in each case transactions in the shop and may contain redundant information. For the data, in particular the following applies:

1. Each data set is in an individual line that is closed by “LF”(“line feed”, 0xA), “CR”(“carriage return”, 0xD), or “CR”and “LF”(“carriage return”and “line feed”, 0xD and 0xA).
2. The first line is structured analog to the data sets but contains the names of the respective columns (data arrays).
3. The header and each data set contain several arrays separated by the symbol “|”.
4. There is no escape character, and no quota system is used.
5. ASCII is used as character set.
6. There may be missing values. These are marked by the symbol “?”.

In concrete terms, only the array names of the attached document “*features.pdf*” in their respective sequence will be used as column headings. The corresponding value ranges are listed there, too.

The training file for task 1 is “*transact_train.txt*“) contains all data arrays of the document, whereas the corresponding classification file (“*transact_class.txt*”) of course does not contain the target attribute “*order*”.

In task 2 data in the form of a string array are transferred to the implementations of the participants by means of a method. The individual fields of the array contain the same data arrays that are listed in “*features.pdf*”–also without the target attribute “*order*”–and exactly in the sequence used there.

Acknowledgement

This dataset is publicly available in the data-mining-cup-website.

Data Analysis is the process that supports decision-making and informs arguments in empirical studies. Descriptive statistics, Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), and Confirmatory Data Analysis (CDA) are the approaches that compose Data Analysis (Xia & Gong; 2014). An Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) comprises a set of statistical and data mining procedures to describe data. We ran EDA to provide statistical facts and inform conclusions. The mined facts allow attaining arguments that would influence the Systematic Literature Review of DL4SE.

The Systematic Literature Review of DL4SE requires formal statistical modeling to refine the answers for the proposed research questions and formulate new hypotheses to be addressed in the future. Hence, we introduce DL4SE-DA, a set of statistical processes and data mining pipelines that uncover hidden relationships among Deep Learning reported literature in Software Engineering. Such hidden relationships are collected and analyzed to illustrate the state-of-the-art of DL techniques employed in the software engineering context.

Our DL4SE-DA is a simplified version of the classical Knowledge Discovery in Databases, or KDD (Fayyad, et al; 1996). The KDD process extracts knowledge from a DL4SE structured database. This structured database was the product of multiple iterations of data gathering and collection from the inspected literature. The KDD involves five stages:

Selection. This stage was led by the taxonomy process explained in section xx of the paper. After collecting all the papers and creating the taxonomies, we organize the data into 35 features or attributes that you find in the repository. In fact, we manually engineered features from the DL4SE papers. Some of the features are venue, year published, type of paper, metrics, data-scale, type of tuning, learning algorithm, SE data, and so on.

Preprocessing. The preprocessing applied was transforming the features into the correct type (nominal), removing outliers (papers that do not belong to the DL4SE), and re-inspecting the papers to extract missing information produced by the normalization process. For instance, we normalize the feature “metrics” into “MRR”, “ROC or AUC”, “BLEU Score”, “Accuracy”, “Precision”, “Recall”, “F1 Measure”, and “Other Metrics”. “Other Metrics” refers to unconventional metrics found during the extraction. Similarly, the same normalization was applied to other features like “SE Data” and “Reproducibility Types”. This separation into more detailed classes contributes to a better understanding and classification of the paper by the data mining tasks or methods.

Transformation. In this stage, we omitted to use any data transformation method except for the clustering analysis. We performed a Principal Component Analysis to reduce 35 features into 2 components for visualization purposes. Furthermore, PCA also allowed us to identify the number of clusters that exhibit the maximum reduction in variance. In other words, it helped us to identify the number of clusters to be used when tuning the explainable models.

Data Mining. In this stage, we used three distinct data mining tasks: Correlation Analysis, Association Rule Learning, and Clustering. We decided that the goal of the KDD process should be oriented to uncover hidden relationships on the extracted features (Correlations and Association Rules) and to categorize the DL4SE papers for a better segmentation of the state-of-the-art (Clustering). A clear explanation is provided in the subsection “Data Mining Tasks for the SLR od DL4SE”. 5.Interpretation/Evaluation. We used the Knowledge Discover to automatically find patterns in our papers that resemble “actionable knowledge”. This actionable knowledge was generated by conducting a reasoning process on the data mining outcomes. This reasoning process produces an argument support analysis (see this link).

We used RapidMiner as our software tool to conduct the data analysis. The procedures and pipelines were published in our repository.

Overview of the most meaningful Association Rules. Rectangles are both Premises and Conclusions. An arrow connecting a Premise with a Conclusion implies that given some premise, the conclusion is associated. E.g., Given that an author used Supervised Learning, we can conclude that their approach is irreproducible with a certain Support and Confidence.

Support = Number of occurrences this statement is true divided by the amount of statements Confidence = The support of the statement divided by the number of occurrences of the premise

Abstract The objective of this work is to improve the quality of the information that belongs to the database CubaCiencia, of the Institute of Scientific and Technological Information. This database has bibliographic information referring to four segments of science and is the main database of the Library Management System. The applied methodology was based on the Decision Trees, the Correlation Matrix, the 3D Scatter Plot, etc., which are techniques used by data mining, for the study of large volumes of information. The results achieved not only made it possible to improve the information in the database, but also provided truly useful patterns in the solution of the proposed objectives.

This taxonomy was created as part of the OpenMinTeD project http://openminted.eu/

Graph and download economic data for Gross Domestic Product: Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction (21) in Oklahoma (OKMINNGSP) from 1997 to 2024 about OK, mining, GSP, private industries, private, industry, GDP, and USA.

Vision-Based ADAS Data Mining Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global Vision-Based ADAS Data Mining market size stood at USD 2.84 billion in 2024 and is anticipated to reach USD 12.67 billion by 2033, growing at a robust CAGR of 17.8% during the forecast period. The primary growth factor driving this market is the rapid adoption of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) in modern vehicles, propelled by stringent safety regulations and the surging demand for enhanced driving experiences globally.

One of the most significant growth drivers for the Vision-Based ADAS Data Mining market is the increasing focus on vehicular safety and the reduction of road accidents. Governments worldwide are imposing stricter mandates on automotive OEMs to integrate advanced safety features such as lane departure warning, traffic sign recognition, and collision avoidance in all new vehicles. The integration of vision-based ADAS, powered by sophisticated data mining techniques, is enabling real-time analysis of driving environments, which significantly reduces the likelihood of human error and enhances overall road safety. As a result, automakers are investing heavily in research and development to improve the accuracy and reliability of these systems, further fueling market expansion.

Another pivotal factor contributing to market growth is the rapid technological advancements in machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision. These technologies are at the core of vision-based ADAS data mining, enabling systems to process vast amounts of visual data from cameras and sensors in real-time. The evolution of high-performance hardware and the proliferation of cloud-based analytics platforms have empowered ADAS solutions to become more intelligent, adaptive, and scalable. This technological leap has made it feasible to deploy sophisticated data mining algorithms even in cost-sensitive vehicle segments, accelerating the democratization of advanced safety features across a broader range of vehicles.

Additionally, the growing consumer inclination towards connected and autonomous vehicles is acting as a catalyst for the Vision-Based ADAS Data Mining market. As automotive manufacturers race to develop next-generation vehicles with semi-autonomous and autonomous capabilities, the demand for robust data mining solutions that can interpret complex traffic scenarios and driver behaviors is escalating. The ability of vision-based ADAS systems to seamlessly integrate with other in-vehicle technologies, such as infotainment and telematics, is further enhancing their value proposition. This convergence is not only improving the overall driving experience but also opening up new avenues for data-driven services and applications within the automotive ecosystem.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific is emerging as the most dynamic market for Vision-Based ADAS Data Mining, driven by the rapid expansion of the automotive sector in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. The region's strong manufacturing base, coupled with supportive government initiatives aimed at promoting vehicle safety, is fostering a fertile environment for the adoption of advanced ADAS technologies. North America and Europe, on the other hand, continue to lead in terms of technological innovation and regulatory enforcement, ensuring that these markets remain at the forefront of global market share and revenue generation.

Component Analysis

The Vision-Based ADAS Data Mining market is segmented by component into hardware, software, and services, each playing a distinct yet interconnected role in enabling advanced driver assistance functionalities. Hardware components such as cameras, sensors, and onboard processing units form the backbone of vision-based ADAS systems. These hardware elements are responsible for capturing and relaying vast amounts of visual and environmental data, which are subsequently processed and analyzed to generate actionable insights for drivers. The continuous evolution of high-resolution cameras and advanced sensor technologies is enhancing the precision and reliability of data collection, thereby improving the overall effectiveness of ADAS solutions.

Software is the core enabler of data mining within vision-based ADAS systems. This segment includes sophisticated algorithms for image processing, pattern recognition, and machine learning, which interpret raw sensor data to id