This table contains a list of patients with associated demographic information including registered GP practice, ethnicity and estimates for year of birth and year of death. It will contain multiple records per patient each evaluated for a milestone date

Patient demographics and clinical data.

This dataset is grouped by service provider specialty, and provides information about the number of recipients, number of claims, and dollar amount for given diagnosis claims. Restricted to claims with service date between 01/2012 to 12/2017. Restricted to claims with a primary diagnosis only. Restricted to top 100 most frequent diagnosis codes that are marked as primary diagnosis of a claim. Provider is the rendering provider marked in the claim. Provider specialty is the primary specialty of the rendering provider. This data is for research purposes and is not intended to be used for reporting. Due to differences in geographic aggregation, time period considerations, and units of analysis, these numbers may differ from those reported by FSSA. Archived as of 7/10/2025: The datasets will no longer receive updates but the historical data will continue to be available for download.

OMOP dataset: Hospital COVID patients: severity, acuity, therapies, outcomes Dataset number 2.0

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was identified in January 2020. Currently, there have been more than 6 million cases & more than 1.5 million deaths worldwide. Some individuals experience severe manifestations of infection, including viral pneumonia, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) & death. There is a pressing need for tools to stratify patients, to identify those at greatest risk. Acuity scores are composite scores which help identify patients who are more unwell to support & prioritise clinical care. There are no validated acuity scores for COVID-19 & it is unclear whether standard tools are accurate enough to provide this support. This secondary care COVID OMOP dataset contains granular demographic, morbidity, serial acuity and outcome data to inform risk prediction tools in COVID-19.

PIONEER geography The West Midlands (WM) has a population of 5.9 million & includes a diverse ethnic & socio-economic mix. There is a higher than average percentage of minority ethnic groups. WM has a large number of elderly residents but is the youngest population in the UK. Each day >100,000 people are treated in hospital, see their GP or are cared for by the NHS. The West Midlands was one of the hardest hit regions for COVID admissions in both wave 1 & 2.

EHR. University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (UHB) is one of the largest NHS Trusts in England, providing direct acute services & specialist care across four hospital sites, with 2.2 million patient episodes per year, 2750 beds & 100 ITU beds. UHB runs a fully electronic healthcare record (EHR) (PICS; Birmingham Systems), a shared primary & secondary care record (Your Care Connected) & a patient portal “My Health”. UHB has cared for >5000 COVID admissions to date. This is a subset of data in OMOP format.

Scope: All COVID swab confirmed hospitalised patients to UHB from January – August 2020. The dataset includes highly granular patient demographics & co-morbidities taken from ICD-10 & SNOMED-CT codes. Serial, structured data pertaining to care process (timings, staff grades, specialty review, wards), presenting complaint, acuity, all physiology readings (pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturations), all blood results, microbiology, all prescribed & administered treatments (fluids, antibiotics, inotropes, vasopressors, organ support), all outcomes.

Available supplementary data: Health data preceding & following admission event. Matched “non-COVID” controls; ambulance, 111, 999 data, synthetic data. Further OMOP data available as an additional service.

Available supplementary support: Analytics, Model build, validation & refinement; A.I.; Data partner support for ETL (extract, transform & load) process, Clinical expertise, Patient & end-user access, Purchaser access, Regulatory requirements, Data-driven trials, “fast screen” services.

Patient demographics and baseline characteristics.

Patient demographics and summary findings.

This dataset integrates multiple healthcare data sources. It combines:

Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Patient demographics, medical history, diagnoses, and treatment plans.

Medical Imaging (CT & MRI): Cross-modality imaging data for enhanced diagnostic analysis.

The UCI dataset contains 20 records and 16 attributes, likely representing features related to diabetes diagnosis or risk factors. All attributes are numerical (integer values: 0 or 1), indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition.

Wearable IoT Sensor Data: Real-time physiological monitoring, including heart rate, activity levels, and mental health indicators.

Patient demographic, laboratory, and clinical characteristics.

BOSQUE Test Set: A Dermoscopic Image Dataset from Colombian Patients with Diverse Skin Phototypes Description: The BOSQUE Test Set is a curated dataset of 151 dermoscopic images of pigmented skin lesions, collected from dermatology consultations and outreach campaigns in Bogotá, Colombia. Each image is accompanied by expert-verified metadata including histological diagnosis, patient demographic details, anatomical site, and skin phototype. The dataset is intended to support machine learning research in dermatology with a particular focus on skin tone diversity and fairness in diagnostic algorithms. The dataset was developed under the guidance of Universidad El Bosque, whose name inspired the acronym BOSQUE. It responds to the global underrepresentation of darker skin phototypes in existing dermoscopic image collections such as HAM10000, and aims to improve diagnostic equity through inclusive data curation. Key Features 151 dermoscopic images acquired in real-world clinical settings Captured using polarized light dermatoscopes (DermLite 4 + iPhone) Inclusive population: Sex: 97 Female, 54 Male Age groups: from 0–29 to 90+, categorized into clinically relevant bins Fitzpatrick skin phototypes: ranging from II to VI Type II (fair, burns easily): 11 patients Type III (light brown, mild burns): 94 patients Type IV (moderate brown, rarely burns): 34 patients Type V (dark brown, very rarely burns): 7 patients Type VI (deeply pigmented, never burns): 5 patients Lesion characteristics: Nature: benign or malignant (histopathologically confirmed) Size: categorized as ≤5mm, 6–10mm, 11–20mm, >20mm Evolution time: grouped into <1y, 1y, 2y, 3–4y, 5–9y, and 10y+ categories Anatomical site: head/neck, trunk, limbs, or acral areas Histopathological diagnosis: 7-class ISIC-style labels (akiec, bcc, bkl, df, mel, nv, vasc) Clinical label: melanocytic vs. non-melanocytic (from clinical diagnosis) Clinical context: includes personal history of NMSC and use of photosensitizing drugs Image naming: pseudonymized file names encode diagnosis label and image ID Ethics: all data anonymized and collected under IRB-approved protocol in Colombia Included Files BOSQUE_test_set.zip: Folder containing 151 dermoscopic image files (JPG) BOSQUE_metadata.csv: Metadata for each image, including: Patient sex, age group, skin phototype Anatomical site of the lesion Lesion nature (benign/malignant) Lesion size and evolution time (binned) Histological diagnosis (7-class) Clinical label (melanocytic / non-melanocytic) Use Cases This dataset is intended for: Benchmarking AI models for dermoscopic image classification Fairness analysis across skin tones, sex, and age groups Medical education and clinical training on diverse skin phototypes Comparison against HAM10000 or ISIC datasets in research Ethical Statement All patients provided informed consent for the capture and use of clinical and dermoscopic images, the collection of relevant clinical metadata, and the performance of skin biopsies for diagnostic confirmation. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee at Subred Integrada de Servicios de Salud Norte E.S.E and Universidad El Bosque (Bogotá, Colombia). All data were anonymized in compliance with Colombian health data privacy regulations and international ethical standards (e.g., Declaration of Helsinki). No personally identifiable information is included in the metadata or image files. Access to data was restricted to authorized investigators, and patients were informed about the research and educational use of their anonymized data. Suggested Citation [Author(s)]. (2025). BOSQUE Test Set: A Dermoscopic Image Dataset from Colombian Patients with Diverse Skin Phototypes [Data set]. Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Patient characteristics and demographics.

This challenge will be hosted soon in Grand Challenge. Currently under construction.

Clinical Problem

In medical imaging, DL models are often tasked with delineating structures or abnormalities within complex anatomical structures, such as tumors, blood vessels, or organs. Uncertainty arises from the inherent complexity and variability of these structures, leading to challenges in precisely defining their boundaries. This uncertainty is further compounded by interrater variability, as different medical experts may have varying opinions on where the true boundaries lie. DL models must grapple with these discrepancies, leading to inconsistencies in segmentation results across different annotators and potentially impacting diagnosis and treatment decisions. Addressing interrater variability in DL for medical segmentation involves the development of robust algorithms capable of capturing and quantifying uncertainty, as well as standardizing annotation practices and promoting collaboration among medical experts to reduce variability and improve the reliability of DL-based medical image analysis. Interrater variability poses significant challenges in the field of DL for medical image segmentation.

This challenge is designed to promote awareness of the impact uncertainty has on clinical applications of medical image analysis. In our last-year edition, we proposed a competition based on modeling the uncertainty of segmenting three abdominal organs, namely kidney, liver and pancreas, focusing on organ volume as a clinical quantity of interest. This year, we go one step further and propose to segment pancreatic pathological structures, namely Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC), with the clinical goal of understanding vascular involvement, a key measure of tumor resectability. In this above context, uncertainty quantification is a much more challenging task, given the wildly varying contours that different PDAC instances show.

This year, we will provide a richer dataset, in which we start from an already existing dataset of clinically verified contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans with a single set of manual annotations (provided by the PANORAMA organization), and make an effort to construct four extra manual annotations per PDAC case. In this way, we will assemble a unique dataset that creates a notable opportunity to analyze the impact of multi-rater annotations in several dimensions, e.g. different annotation protocols or different annotator experiences, to name a few.

CURVAS Challenge Goal

This challenge aims to advance deep learning methods for medical image segmentation by focusing on the critical issue of interrater variability, particularly in the context of pancreatic cancer. Building on last year's focus on organ segmentation uncertainty, this edition shifts to the more complex task of segmenting Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) to assess vascular involvement—a key indicator of tumor resectability. By providing a unique, richly annotated dataset with multiple expert annotations per case, the challenge encourages participants to develop robust models that can quantify and manage uncertainty arising from differing expert opinions, ultimately improving the clinical reliability of AI-based image analysis.

For more information about the challenge, visit our website to join CURVAS-PDACVI (Calibration and Uncertainty for multiRater Volume Assessment in multistructure Segmentation - Pancreatic Ductal AdenoCarcinoma Vascular Invasion). This challenge will be held in MICCAI 2025.

Dataset Cohort

The challenge cohort comprises upper-abdominal axial, portal-venous CECT 125 CT scans selected from a subset of the PANORAMA challenge dataset. The selection process will prioritize CT scans with manually generated labels, excluding those with automatically derived annotations. Additionally, only cases with a conclusive diagnostic test (e.g., pathology, cytology, histopathology) are included, while patients with radiology-based diagnoses have been excluded.

To ensure the subset is representative of common real-world scenarios, lesion sizes have been analyzed, and a diverse range of cases have been selected. Furthermore, patient demographics, including sex and age, have been considered to enhance the cohort's representativeness.

Finally, a preliminary visual analysis have been conducted before sending the image to radiologists for segmentation. This ensures the tumor's location, size, and relevance, helping maintain the dataset's representativeness for the challenge.

The previously indicated cohort of 125 CT scans is splitted in the following way:

• Training Phase cohort:

40 CT scans with the respective annotations is given. It is encouraged to leverage publicly available external data annotated by multiple raters. The idea of giving a small amount of data for the training set and giving the opportunity of using a public dataset for training is to make the challenge more inclusive, giving the option to develop a method by using data that is in anyone's hands. Furthermore, by using this data to train and using other data to evaluate, it makes it more robust to shifts and other sources of variability between datasets.

• Validation Phase cohort:
  

5 CT scans will be used for this phase.

• Test Phase cohort:
  

85 CT scans will be used for evaluation.

Both validation and testing CT scans cohorts will not be published until the end of the challenge. Furthermore, to which group each CT scan belongs will not be revealed until after the challenge.

Each folder containing a study is named with a unique ID (CURVASPDAC_XXXX) so it cannot be directy related to the PANORAMA ID and has the following structure:

• annotation_X.nii.gz: contains the Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) segmentations (X=1 being the PANORAMA segmentation, X=2,..,5 being the other experts segmentations)
• image.nii.gz: CT volume

The four additional annotations are done from radiologists at Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hospital de Sant Pau, and Hospital de Mataró. Hence, four new annotations plus the PANORAMA annotation are provied. Another clinician, focused on modifying the annotations from the vascular structures of the PANORAMA dataset and separated veins and arteries in single strcutures segmentations. This structures are the ones considered highly relevant for the study of Vascular Invasion (VI): Porta, Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV), Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA), Hepatic Artery and Celiac Trunk. The vascular annotations will be made public later in the challenge, so the participants can try out the evaluation code.

A balance to ensure representiveness within the subsets have been performed as well. Factors such as devices, sex, and patient age have been considered to improve the cohort's representativeness. Efforts have been made to balance bias as evenly as possible across these variables. For age distribution, the target percentages are as follows: below 50 years (5%), 50–59 years (15%), 60–69 years (20%), 70–79 years (30%), and 80–89 years (30%) [1,2,3,4]. While these percentages are approximate and have been rounded for simplicity, the balance aims to be as close to these proportions as feasible. For the sex, 40-50% for females and 50-60% for males [5]. For location of the PDAC, 60-70% head, 15-25% body and 10-15% tail [6]. The size of the lesions has been analyzed and a subset will be selected and this values will be published in the future with the entire dataset.

Data from PANORAMA Batch 1 (https://zenodo.org/records/13715870), Batch 2 (https://zenodo.org/records/13742336), and Batch 3 (https://zenodo.org/records/11034011)), are not allowed for training the models. Batch 4 (https://zenodo.org/records/10999754) can be used.

For more technical information about the dataset visit the platform: https://panorama.grand-challenge.org/datasets-imaging-labels/

Ethical Approval and Data Usage Agreement

No other information that is not already public about the patient will be released since the CT images and their corresponding information are already publicly available.

References

[1] Lee, K.S.; Sekhar, A.; Rofsky, N.M.; Pedrosa, I. Prevalence of Incidental Pancreatic Cysts in the Adult Population on MR Imaging. Am J Gastroenterol 2010, 105, 2079–2084, doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.122.

[2] Canakis, A.; Lee, L.S. State-of-the-Art Update of Pancreatic Cysts. Dig Dis Sci 2021.

[3] De Oliveira, P.B.; Puchnick, A.; Szejnfeld, J.; Goldman, S.M. Prevalence of Incidental Pancreatic Cysts on 3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance. PLoS One 2015, 10, doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0121317.

[4] Kimura, W.; Nagai, H.; Kuroda, A.; Muto, T.; Esaki, Y. Analysis of Small Cystic Lesions of the Pancreas. Int J Pancreatol 1995, 18, 197–206, doi:10.1007/BF02784942.

[5] Natalie Moshayedi et al. Race, sex, age, and geographic disparities in pancreatic cancer incidence. JCO 40, 520-520(2022). DOI:10.1200/JCO.2022.40.4_suppl.520

[6] Avo Artinyan, Perry A. Soriano, Christina Prendergast, Tracey Low, Joshua D.I. Ellenhorn, Joseph Kim, The anatomic location of pancreatic cancer is a prognostic

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the North York population distribution across 18 age groups. It lists the population in each age group along with the percentage population relative of the total population for North York. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of North York by age. For example, using this dataset, we can identify the largest age group in North York.

Key observations

The largest age group in North York, PA was for the group of age 25 to 29 years years with a population of 337 (13.46%), according to the ACS 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates. At the same time, the smallest age group in North York, PA was the 85 years and over years with a population of 17 (0.68%). Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates

Age groups:

• Under 5 years
• 5 to 9 years
• 10 to 14 years
• 15 to 19 years
• 20 to 24 years
• 25 to 29 years
• 30 to 34 years
• 35 to 39 years
• 40 to 44 years
• 45 to 49 years
• 50 to 54 years
• 55 to 59 years
• 60 to 64 years
• 65 to 69 years
• 70 to 74 years
• 75 to 79 years
• 80 to 84 years
• 85 years and over

Variables / Data Columns

• Age Group: This column displays the age group in consideration
• Population: The population for the specific age group in the North York is shown in this column.
• % of Total Population: This column displays the population of each age group as a proportion of North York total population. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for North York Population by Age. You can refer the same here

Patient demographics and co-morbidities in the 6-month pre-index period and during selection period.

This record provides the publicly available dataset supporting the findings presented in the manuscript entitled "The impact of proximity to major central hepatic vasculature on perioperative outcomes and size-based risk stratification in hepatic hemangioma surgery"The full dataset is openly accessible via this Figshare record.This dataset includes ：anonymized patient demographics, tumor characteristics, perioperative variables, and outcome measures. It was collected from 2016 to 2024.We hope this openly available dataset will facilitate further research and validation within the scientific community.

Demographics of the patient population.

Dataset Description: ECG Data Categorized by Cardiac Condition

This dataset comprises electrocardiogram (ECG) data organized into three distinct categories based on patient cardiac health and dataset collected by the National Heart Foundation Bangladesh (NHFB) from June 2023 to December 2023.

1. Arrhythmia Patients: This category contains ECG data from individuals diagnosed with cardiac arrhythmias, characterized by irregular heart rhythms. The data within this category may encompass various types of arrhythmias, requiring further sub-classification depending on the specific research objectives.

2. Myocardial Patients: This category encompasses ECG data from patients experiencing myocardial issues, most likely referring to myocardial infarction (heart attack) or other diseases affecting the myocardium (heart muscle). The specific myocardial conditions represented within this category may require further specification depending on the dataset's scope and purpose.

3. Normal Patients: This category serves as a control group and includes ECG data from individuals deemed to have healthy cardiac function. These individuals exhibit no clinically significant ECG abnormalities or diagnosed cardiac conditions.

Dataset Structure:

The dataset is structured into three folders, each corresponding to a specific patient category: "Arrhythmia Patient," "Myocardial Patient," and "Normal Patient." .

Potential Applications:

This dataset can be utilized for various research and educational purposes, including:

• Developing and evaluating algorithms for automated arrhythmia detection and classification.

• Investigating the ECG characteristics associated with different myocardial conditions.

• Training machine learning models for cardiac disease diagnosis and risk stratification.

• Educating students and healthcare professionals on ECG interpretation and cardiac pathologies.

Further Information:

Detailed information regarding the data acquisition protocol, ECG recording parameters, patient demographics, and data annotation procedures is essential for comprehensive dataset utilization. Accessing relevant documentation accompanying the dataset is crucial for ensuring appropriate data interpretation and analysis.

This study’s aim is to describe the imaging findings in pregnant patients undergoing emergent MRI for suspected acute appendicitis, and the various alternative diagnoses seen on those MRI scans. This is a single center retrospective analysis in which we assessed the imaging, clinical and pathological data for all consecutive pregnant patients who underwent emergent MRI for suspected acute appendicitis between April 2013 and June 2021. Out of 167 patients, 35 patients (20.9%) were diagnosed with acute appendicitis on MRI. Thirty patients (18%) were diagnosed with an alternative diagnosis on MRI: 17/30 (56.7%) patients had a gynecological source of abdominal pain (e.g. ectopic pregnancy, red degeneration of a leiomyoma); 8 patients (26.7%) had urological findings such as pyelonephritis; and 6 patients (20%) had gastrointestinal diagnoses (e.g. abdominal wall hernia or inflammatory bowel disease). Our conclusions are that MRI is a good diagnostic tool in the pregnant patient, not only in diagnosing acute appendicitis, but also in providing information on alternative diagnoses to acute abdominal pain. Our findings show the various differential diagnoses on emergent MRI in pregnant patients with suspected acute appendicitis, which may assist clinicians and radiologists is patient assessment and imaging utilization.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the population of Memphis by gender, including both male and female populations. This dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of Memphis across both sexes and to determine which sex constitutes the majority.

Key observations

There is a slight majority of male population, with 50.5% of total population being male. Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Scope of gender :

Please note that American Community Survey asks a question about the respondents current sex, but not about gender, sexual orientation, or sex at birth. The question is intended to capture data for biological sex, not gender. Respondents are supposed to respond with the answer as either of Male or Female. Our research and this dataset mirrors the data reported as Male and Female for gender distribution analysis. No further analysis is done on the data reported from the Census Bureau.

Variables / Data Columns

• Gender: This column displays the Gender (Male / Female)
• Population: The population of the gender in the Memphis is shown in this column.
• % of Total Population: This column displays the percentage distribution of each gender as a proportion of Memphis total population. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Memphis Population by Race & Ethnicity. You can refer the same here

A highly granular, medicines-focused dataset of approximately 1,000 patients over 3 years. Includes patient demographics & co-morbidities taken from ICD-10 & SNOMED-CT codes. Serial, structured data pertaining to acute care process (timings, readmissions, survival), primary diagnosis, presenting complaint, physiology readings (pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturations and others), extensive blood results (infection, inflammatory markers) and acuity markers such as AVPU Scale, NEWS2 score, SEWS score, imaging reports, consultation, therapy, referrals, complete documentation of all prescribed & administered treatments including fluids, blood products, procedures, information on outpatient admissions and survival outcomes following one year post discharge.

This medicines-focused dataset is an invaluable resource for researchers aiming to analyse and compare the effects of checkpoint inhibitors on patients. It offers an opportunity to understand treatment pathways and healthcare utilisation in this specific patient cohort. Dive into this rich data source to uncover new insights and contribute to the evolving field of cancer immunotherapy.

Geography: The West Midlands (WM) has a population of 6 million & includes a diverse ethnic & socio-economic mix. UHB is one of the largest NHS Trusts in England, providing direct acute services & specialist care across four hospital sites, with 2.2 million patient episodes per year, 2750 beds & > 120 ITU bed capacity. UHB runs a fully electronic healthcare record (EHR) (PICS; Birmingham Systems), a shared primary & secondary care record (Your Care Connected) & a patient portal “My Health”.

Data set availability: Data access is available via the PIONEER Hub for projects which will benefit the public or patients. This can be by developing a new understanding of disease, by providing insights into how to improve care, or by developing new models, tools, treatments, or care processes. Data access can be provided to NHS, academic, commercial, policy and third sector organisations. Applications from SMEs are welcome. There is a single data access process, with public oversight provided by our public review committee, the Data Trust Committee. Contact pioneer@uhb.nhs.uk or visit www.pioneerdatahub.co.uk for more details.

Available supplementary data: Matched controls; ambulance and community data. Unstructured data (images). We can provide the dataset in OMOP and other common data models and can build synthetic data to meet bespoke requirements.

Available supplementary support: Analytics, model build, validation & refinement; A.I. support. Data partner support for ETL (extract, transform & load) processes. Bespoke and “off the shelf” Trusted Research Environment (TRE) build and run. Consultancy with clinical, patient & end-user and purchaser access/ support. Support for regulatory requirements. Cohort discovery. Data-driven trials and “fast screen” services to assess population size

*Baseline includes all medications used on at least 1 day between informed consent and randomization (inclusive) and on at least 1 day between randomization and the first day of randomized drug intake (inclusive). BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; LABA, long-acting β-agonist; SABA, short-acting β-agonist; SD, standard deviation.Patient demographics and characteristics of the study population at baseline.