Rank, number of deaths, percentage of deaths, and mortality rates for the leading causes of infant death (under one year of age), by sex, 2000 to most recent year.

Rank, number of deaths, percentage of deaths, and age-specific mortality rates for the leading causes of death, by age group and sex, 2000 to most recent year.

Number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates for selected grouped causes, by age group and sex, 2000 to most recent year.

Sepsis is a life-threatening dysfunction of the immune system leading to multiorgan failure that is precipitated by infectious diseases and is a leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age. It is necessary to be able to identify a sick child at risk of developing sepsis at the earliest point of presentation to a healthcare facility so that appropriate care can be provided as soon as possible. Our study objective was to generate a list of consensus-driven predictor variables for the derivation of a prediction model that will be incorporated into a mobile device and operated by low-skilled healthcare workers at triage. By conducting a systematic literature review and examination of global guideline documents, a list of 72 initial candidate predictor variables was generated. A two-round modified Delphi process involving 26 experts from both resource-rich and resource-limited settings, who were also encouraged to suggest new variables, yielded a final list of 45 predictor variables after evaluating each variable based on three domains: predictive potential, measurement reliability, and level of training and resources required. The final list of predictor variables will be used to collect data and contribute to the derivation of a prediction model.

Abstract

Longitudinal data gathered from health surveillance is very essential, when combined with detailed demographic information, can provide invaluable insight into public health needs and importance. Ifakara DSS is one of the oldest site that managed by Ifakara Health Institute in Tanzania. It is located in remote area of the river valley of Kilombero in Morogoro region. The site was set up on 1996 with the main focus on the impact evaluation of malaria intervention on child health and survival. In early 2000s, it extends its initiatives on population monitoring and evaluation of community health intervention programs and researches on adult health and older people of Kilombero and Ulanga districts. Since its inception the HDSS has been very instrumental in producing population evidence base with the potential to guide policy and action in public health related needs and population changes over time.

The Ifakara DSS is continuous demographic surveillance, consisting of initial and repeat censuses of the chosen population after every four months, registering each individual resident and recording their associated information, such as household socioeconomic status, Individual education status, marital status, bed net ownership, pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Health outcomes and vital events (e.g. births, deaths, in and out migration) in the DSS area are then linked to individual demographic records for precise estimate. This help to understand the dynamism of the population over time in terms of fertility, mortality and migration. It provides data for calculating the denominators of demographic rates. The cause of death for specific age group is also administered through standardized verbal autopsy questionnaire adopted from the In-depth network.

The objectives of Ifakara DSS - To collect accurate information on child health and survival, - To provide a framework for population based health research which is relevant to the local health priorities and needs, - To evaluate/test health tools and community well being interventions - To monitor some of the NSGRP/MDG indicators. - To document all births, deaths, In and out migration on the DSS area - To quantify the impact of health and poverty reduction strategies and intervention - To document the trend of cause specific mortality (burden of disease) of Kilombero and Ulanga districts

The access for Ifakara demographic data is currently abided by the institutional data sharing policy and procedure fall under the data centralization team (dc@ihi.or.tz dc@ihi.or.tz) while the forms for data requisition and extraction are online available at www.ihidata.org http://www.ihidata.org. All requests of data by either online or physical should be subjected to institutional committee for ethical approval and being only accepted by field researchers with regards to specified objectives or the existing collaboration between two parts.

Geographic coverage

The Ifakara Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) area is located in southern Tanzania in parts of two districts, Kilombero and Ulanga both in Morogoro region (latitude 8° 00.'to 8° 35'S, altitude 35° 58 to 36° 48'E). It covers a total of 25 villages in rural area of Ulanga nd Kilombero districts, with a population of about 124,000 people in 28,000 households.

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

The Ifakara Rural DSS covered a total of 25 villages in Ulanga and Kilombero districts comprising 127,450 people residing in 22,670 households. In 2007, the Ifakara HDSS extended its area of coverage by including 5 villages of Ifakara town which comprised by 45000 people residing in approximately 12000 households. This is a home of about 25% of the African population with social, economic and demographic importance.

Kind of data

Event history data

Frequency of data collection

Three rounds per year from 1996 to 2012 Two rounds per year from 2013 onwards

Sampling procedure

Not Applicable

Sampling deviation

None

Mode of data collection

Proxy Respondent [proxy]

Research instrument

The questionnaires are designed to capture the core HDSS information which includes the baseline, birth, inmigration, outmigration and death along with the other questionnaires.

Cleaning operations

The following processing checks are done during the ETL process.

1. If the first event is legal. Like the first event must beenumeration, birth or inmigration.
2. If the last event is legal. Like the last event must be end of observtion, death or outmigration.

3. If the transition events are legal. The list of legal transitions:

   Birth followed by death Birth followed by exit Birth followed by end of observation Birth followed by outmigration

   Death followed by none

   Entry followed by death Entry followed by exit Entry followed by end of observation Entry followed by outmigration Enumeration followed by death Enumeration followed by exit Enumeration followed by outmigration

   Exit followed by entry

   Inmigration followed by Death Inmigration followed by exit Inmigration followed by end of observation Inmigration followed by outmigration

   End of observation followed by none

   Outmigration followed by none Outmigration followed by enumeration Outmigration followed by inmigration

   The list of illegal transitions:

   Birth followed by none Birth followed by birth Birth followed by entry Birth followed by enumeration Birth followed by inmigration

   Death followed by birth Death followed by death Death followed by entry Death followed by enumeration Death followed by exit Death followed by inmigration Death followed by outmigration Death followed by end of observation

   Entry followed by none Entry followed by birth Entry followed by entry Entry followed by enumeration Entry followed by inmigration

   Enumeration followed by none Enumeration followed by birth Enumeration followed by entry Enumeration followed by enumeration Enumeration followed by inmigration

   Exit followed by birth Exit followed by death Exit followed by exit Exit followed by end of observation Exit followed by outmigration

   Inmigration followed by none Inmigration followed by birth Inmigration followed by entry Inmigration followed by enumeration Inmigration followed by inmigration

   End of observation followed by birth End of observation followed by death End of observation followed by entry End of observation followed by enumeration End of observation followed by exit End of observation followed by inmigration End of observation followed by end of observation End of observation followed by outmigration

   Outmigration followed by birth Outmigration followed by death Outmigration followed by exit Outmigration followed by end of observation Outmigration followed by outmigration

   List of edited events:

   Exit followed by none Exit followed by enumeration Exit followed by inmigration

   Outmigration followed by entry

Response rate

98% of the residents from the Ifakara DSS area accept to participate on surveillance studies. All refusal are documented and being followed by the field management team to identify its causal or reasons. To ensure effective community engagement on health researches, the Ifakara HDSS have introduced several programs such the use of Community Advisory Board which comprised by members from the grass root of the community. Their main responsibility is to raise community awareness and sensitization and sending feedback to the community about ongoing research activities form the platform. Besides that the Ifakara DSS team uses Key Informants (KIs) and hamlet leaders as a community representative to convene various meetings over the field areas and giving out the progressive reports to feedback the community. Also newsletters and fliers are distributed to the community. This tool is reconstructed in a lay language that everyone can understand. Through these programs strong relation are built as a result of improving community participation on health research activities.

Data appraisal

The qualities of information collected by Ifakara DSS are highly prioritized from the initial point of data collection from the field section up to data management level. For-instance in the field section 90% of field managers' time spent on the field while the quality of information is monitored through validation process where 3-5% of households are randomly sampled for re-interview by a field supervisor who validates the previous collected information. Moreover, sport checks and accompanied visit is done by field management team to evaluate every field interviewer if they comply or adhere with cord of conduct and standard operating procedure (ethics) when they are collecting field information.

Further more the HDSS data is collected through the use of electronic devices (tablets) to ensure timely access of quality, consistent and accurate data. Beside that on the data management section, the HRS2 software is used to track some of the inconsistencies form the data base for immediate follow-up. Some of them are edited online and others are printed and reported back to the field for more clarification and correction. Finally the clean data base is archived for

Background: Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children globally. In low- and middle-income countries the diagnosis of pneumonia relies heavily on an accurate assessment of respiratory rate, which can be unreliable in nurses and clinicians with less advanced training. In order to inform more accurate measurements, we investigate the repeatability of the RRate app used by nurses in district hospitals in Uganda. Methods: This planned secondary analysis included 3679 children aged 0-5 years. The dataset had two sequential measurements of respiratory rate using the RRate app. We measured the agreement between respiratory rate observations and clustering around fixed thresholds defined by WHO for fast breathing, which are 60 breaths per minute (bpm) for under two months (Age-1), 50 bpm for two to 12 months (Age-2), and 40 bpm for 12.1 to 60 months (Age-3). We then assessed the repeatability of the paired measurements using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results: The respiratory rate measurement took less than 15 seconds for 7,277 (98.9%) of the measurements. Despite respiratory rates clustering around the WHO fast-breathing thresholds, the breathing classification based on the thresholds was changed in only 12.6% of children. The mean (SD) respiratory rate by age group was 60 (13.1) bpm for Age-1, 49 (11.9) bpm for Age-2, and 38 (10.1) for Age-3, and the bias (Limits of Agreements) were 0.3 (-10.8 – 11.3), 0.4 (-8.5 – 9.3), and 0.1 (-6.8, 7.0) for Age-1, Age-2, and Age-3 respectively. Most importantly, the repeatability of the two respiratory rate measurements for the 3,679 children was high, with an ICC value (95% CI) of 0.95 (0.94 – 0.95). Discussion: The RRate measurements were both efficient and repeatable. The simplicity, repeatability, and efficiency of the RRate app used by healthcare workers in LMICs supports more widespread adoption for clinical use. NOTE for restricted files: If you are not yet a CoLab member, please complete our membership application survey to gain access to restricted files within 2 business days. Some files may remain restricted to CoLab members. These files are deemed more sensitive by the file owner and are meant to be shared on a case-by-case basis. Please contact the CoLab coordinator at sepsiscolab@bcchr.ca or visit our website.

The 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) is the sixth DHS undertaken in Bangladesh, following those implemented in 1993-94, 1996-97, 1999-2000, 2004, and 2007. The main objectives of the 2011 BDHS are to: • Provide information to meet the monitoring and evaluation needs of health and family planning programs, and • Provide program managers and policy makers involved in these programs with the information they need to plan and implement future interventions. The specific objectives of the 2011 BDHS were as follows: • To provide up-to-date data on demographic rates, particularly fertility and infant mortality rates, at the national and subnational level; • To analyze the direct and indirect factors that determine the level of and trends in fertility and mortality; • To measure the level of contraceptive use of currently married women; • To provide data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS; • To assess the nutritional status of children (under age 5), women, and men by means of anthropometric measurements (weight and height), and to assess infant and child feeding practices; • To provide data on maternal and child health, including antenatal care, assistance at delivery, breastfeeding, immunizations, and prevalence and treatment of diarrhea and other diseases among children under age 5; • To measure biomarkers, such as hemoglobin level for women and children, and blood pressure, and blood glucose for women and men 35 years and older; • To measure key education indicators, including school attendance ratios and primary school grade repetition and dropout rates; • To provide information on the causes of death among children under age 5; • To provide community-level data on accessibility and availability of health and family planning services; • To measure food security. The 2011 BDHS was conducted under the authority of the National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The survey was implemented by Mitra and Associates, a Bangladeshi research firm located in Dhaka. ICF International of Calverton, Maryland, USA, provided technical assistance to the project as part of its international Demographic and Health Surveys program (MEASURE DHS). Financial support was provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

UNICEF's country profile for Nigeria, including under-five mortality rates, child health, education and sanitation data.

Rotavirus (RV) is the most important cause of acute gastroenteritis (GE) requiring the hospitalization of infants and young children in developed and developing countries and can be a frequent cause of death in children less than 5 years of age (estimated nearly 500,000 annual deaths worldwide). GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Biologicals has developed a vaccine against human rotavirus gastroenteritis. A new formulation of the vaccine, with an alternative buffer, was developed. This study will be conducted to evaluate the new formulation compared to the existing formulation of the HRV vaccine.

Background: The Smart Discharges studies in Uganda have enrolled over 10,000 children under-five with sepsis and have shown that death after hospital discharge occurs in 5-8% of patients, which is as common as death during the primary admission. The Smart Discharges evidence-based risk-prediction tool guides clinical interventions focused on education and post-discharge follow-up and improves healthcare-seeking behaviors and essential medical interventions among vulnerable children. Most importantly, these studies have preliminarily demonstrated that the prediction tool paired with these clinical interventions may substantially reduce post-discharge mortality up to 20-30%; however, these findings have not been validated outside of Uganda. The Smart Discharges project is now ready to expand the project borders and begin external validation research of the prediction tool in Rwanda. Objective(s): This study aims to: (1) characterize the epidemiology of post-discharge mortality among a representative cohort of 1000 children under 5 years of age from two hospitals in Rwanda; and (2) externally validate the Smart Discharges risk-prediction tool in a representative cohort of children from Rwanda. Methods: This study is a prospective observational cohort study that will be conducted between February 2022 and May 2023 at 2 hospitals in Northern and Central Rwanda, the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (CHUK) in Nyarugenge District and Ruhengeri Referral Hospital in Musanze District. The study will enroll 1,000 children under 5 years of age between the two study sites. Following enrollment a research nurse will obtain and record clinical and demographic variables required for model validation including vital signs, oxygen saturation, anthropometric data, prior care seeking, co-morbidities and diagnoses. A rapid diagnostic test using blood, which will require a finger prick to collect < 0.5ml of blood, will be conducted to assess the patient's HIV status, malaria parasitemia, lactate, and hemoglobin (hemocue). All enrolled children will receive phone follow-up from study staff at 2-, 4- and 6 months following hospital discharge for research purposes. Verbal autopsies, often used in this context to determine cause of death, will be conducted for all children who die following discharge. Ethics Declaration: Institutional review boards at the University of British Columbia (H21-02795), the University of California San Francisco (21-34663), the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (EC/CHUK/1/005/2022), and the University of Uganda (No 573/CMHS IRB/2022) approved the study. NOTE for restricted files: If you are not yet a CoLab member, please complete our membership application survey to gain access to restricted files within 2 business days. Some files may remain restricted to CoLab members. These files are deemed more sensitive by the file owner and are meant to be shared on a case-by-case basis. Please contact the CoLab coordinator at sepsiscolab@bcchr.ca or visit our website.

Number of deaths and mortality rates, by age group, sex, and place of residence, 1991 to most recent year.

In 2023, the infant mortality rate in India was at about 24.5 deaths per 1,000 live births, a significant decrease from previous years. Infant mortality as an indicatorThe infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births. This rate is an important key indicator for a country’s health and standard of living; a low infant mortality rate indicates a high standard of healthcare. Causes of infant mortality include premature birth, sepsis or meningitis, sudden infant death syndrome, and pneumonia. Globally, the infant mortality rate has shrunk from 63 infant deaths per 1,000 live births to 27 since 1990 and is forecast to drop to 8 infant deaths per 1,000 live births by the year 2100. India’s rural problemWith 32 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, India is neither among the countries with the highest nor among those with the lowest infant mortality rate. Its decrease indicates an increase in medical care and hygiene, as well as a decrease in female infanticide. Increasing life expectancy at birth is another indicator that shows that the living conditions of the Indian population are improving. Still, India’s inhabitants predominantly live in rural areas, where standards of living as well as access to medical care and hygiene are traditionally lower and more complicated than in cities. Public health programs are thus put in place by the government to ensure further improvement.

Data is sourced from various health resources. Data is transformed into a BI format and quality assured. Data is consumed by a dashboard created in Power BI. Four reports exist for this dashboard:1. HIV Prevalence and TB Success RateHIV prevalence amongst women attending antenatal clinics in the Western Cape (2012-2015) by district and yearHIV prevalence amongst women attending antenatal clinics in the province (2012-2015) by province and yearTB Programme Success Rate (2013/14-2018/19) by TB Measure2. Births and Maternal MortalitiesNeonatal in facility (0-28 days) mortality rate (2015/16-2018/19); by years and neonatal death rate in facility and mortality rate by 1,000 live births Facility maternal mortality rate (2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014); by triennia (3 years) deaths by 1,000 live births in WC (incl count of maternal deaths, count of live births, and infant maternal mortality ration)(Child (under 5) and Infant (under 1) mortality rate (2011, 2012, 2013); filter years, Infant/Child age band; Years, District, Births and Deaths by age bandDelivery rate in facility to women under 20 years (2013/14-2018/19); filter by financial year (FY); delivery rate by FY, delivery rate, numerator (births to women <20), denominator (total births)3. Deaths and Life ExpectancyLeading underlying causes of death in the Western Cape (2012-2016) by years and cause of deathYears of life lost (YLL) by cause of death in the WC (2012-2016) by years and YLL cause of deathAverage Life Expectency (LE) at birth (2006, 2011, 2016) by year, province, and gender4. Travel time to facilitiesTravel time taken to health facility by households with expenditure less than R1200-SA (2013-2018); by year, province, and travel time to health facilityTravel time taken to health facility by households with expenditure less than R1200-WC (2013-2018); by year, province, population group, and travel time to health facilityPublication Date2 September 2021LineageData from various sources transformed to a BI format and used to develop dynamic Power BI dashboards reflecting Outcome Indicators: HIV prevalence amongst women attending antenatal clinics in the provinceAll DS-TB (drug-susceptible tuberculosis) client treatment success rateNeonatal in facility (0-28 days) mortality rateFacility maternal mortality rateDelivery rate in facility to women under 20 yearsLife Expectancy (LE)Leading underlying causes of death in the Western CapeTravel time taken to health facility by households with expenditure less than R1200 (SA and WC)Data Source2019 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV Survey, National Department of Health 2021;Annual report 2014/15-2020/21, DOH;District Health Information Systems;Mid-year population estimates, Stats SA; Life Expectancy Stats SA calculations;Mortality and Causes of Death in South Africa 2018, June 2021, Stats SA

The 1993 National Demographic Survey (NDS) is a nationally representative sample survey of women age 15-49 designed to collect information on fertility; family planning; infant, child and maternal mortality; and maternal and child health. The survey was conducted between April and June 1993. The 1993 NDS was carried out by the National Statistics Office in collaboration with the Department of Health, the University of the Philippines Population Institute, and other agencies concerned with population, health and family planning issues. Funding for the 1993 NDS was provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development through the Demographic and Health Surveys Program. Close to 13,000 households throughout the country were visited during the survey and more than 15,000 women age 15-49 were interviewed. The results show that fertility in the Philippines continues its gradual decline. At current levels, Filipino women will give birth on average to 4.1 children during their reproductive years, 0.2 children less than that recorded in 1988. However, the total fertility rate in the Philippines remains high in comparison to the level achieved in the neighboring Southeast Asian countries. The primary objective of the 1993 NDS is to provide up-to-date inform ation on fertility and mortality levels; nuptiality; fertility preferences; awareness, approval, and use of family planning methods; breastfeeding practices; and maternal and child health. This information is intended to assist policymakers and administrators in evaluating and designing programs and strategies for improving health and family planning services in 'the country. MAIN RESULTS Fertility varies significantly by region and socioeconomic characteristics. Urban women have on average 1.3 children less than rural women, and uneducated women have one child more than women with college education. Women in Bicol have on average 3 more children than women living in Metropolitan Manila. Virtually all women know of a family planning method; the pill, female sterilization, IUD and condom are known to over 90 percent of women. Four in 10 married women are currently using contraception. The most popular method is female sterilization ( 12 percent), followed by the piU (9 percent), and natural family planning and withdrawal, both used by 7 percent of married women. Contraceptive use is highest in Northern Mindanao, Central Visayas and Southern Mindanao, in urban areas, and among women with higher than secondary education. The contraceptive prevalence rate in the Philippines is markedly lower than in the neighboring Southeast Asian countries; the percentage of married women who were using family planning in Thailand was 66 percent in 1987, and 50 percent in Indonesia in 199l. The majority of contraceptive users obtain their methods from a public service provider (70 percent). Government health facilities mainly provide permanent methods, while barangay health stations or health centers are the main sources for the pill, IUD and condom. Although Filipino women already marry at a relatively higher age, they continue to delay the age at which they first married. Half of Filipino women marry at age 21.6. Most women have their first sexual intercourse after marriage. Half of married women say that they want no more children, and 12 percent have been sterilized. An additional 19 percent want to wait at least two years before having another child. Almost two thirds of women in the Philippines express a preference for having 3 or less children. Results from the survey indicate that if all unwanted births were avoided, the total fertility rate would be 2.9 children, which is almost 30 percent less than the observed rate, More than one quarter of married women in the Philippines are not using any contraceptive method, but want to delay their next birth for two years or more (12 percent), or want to stop childbearing (14 percent). If the potential demand for family planning is satisfied, the contraceptive prevalence rate could increase to 69 percent. The demand for stopping childbearing is about twice the level for spacing (45 and 23 percent, respectively). Information on various aspects of maternal and child health-antenatal care, vaccination, breastfeeding and food supplementation, and illness was collected in the 1993 NDS on births in the five years preceding the survey. The findings show that 8 in 10 children under five were bom to mothers who received antenatal care from either midwives or nurses (45 percent) or doctors (38 percent). Delivery by a medical personnel is received by more than half of children born in the five years preceding the survey. However, the majority of deliveries occurred at home. Tetanus, a leading cause of infant deaths, can be prevented by immunization of the mother during pregnancy. In the Philippines, two thirds of bitlhs in the five years preceding the survey were to mothers who received a tetanus toxoid injection during pregnancy. Based on reports of mothers and information obtained from health cards, 90 percent of children aged 12-23 months have received shots of the BCG as well as the first doses of DPT and polio, and 81 percent have received immunization from measles. Immunization coverage declines with doses; the drop out rate is 3 to 5 percent for children receiving the full dose series of DPT and polio. Overall, 7 in 10 children age 12-23 months have received immunization against the six principal childhood diseases-polio, diphtheria, ~rtussis, tetanus, measles and tuberculosis. During the two weeks preceding the survey, 1 in 10 children under 5 had diarrhea. Four in ten of these children were not treated. Among those who were treated, 27 percent were given oral rehydration salts, 36 percent were given recommended home solution or increased fluids. Breasffeeding is less common in the Philippines than in many other developing countries. Overall, a total of 13 percent of children born in the 5 years preceding the survey were not breastfed at all. On the other hand, bottle feeding, a widely discouraged practice, is relatively common in the Philippines. Children are weaned at an early age; one in four children age 2-3 months were exclusively breastfed, and the mean duration of breastfeeding is less than 3 months. Infant and child mortality in the Philippines have declined significantly in the past two decades. For every 1,000 live births, 34 infants died before their first birthday. Childhood mortality varies significantly by mother's residence and education. The mortality of urban infants is about 40 percent lower than that of rural infants. The probability of dying among infants whose mother had no formal schooling is twice as high as infants whose mother have secondary or higher education. Children of mothers who are too young or too old when they give birth, have too many prior births, or give birth at short intervals have an elevated mortality risk. Mortality risk is highest for children born to mothers under age 19. The 1993 NDS also collected information necessary for the calculation of adult and maternal mortality using the sisterhood method. For both males and females, at all ages, male mortality is higher than that of females. Matemal mortality ratio for the 1980-1986 is estimated at 213 per 100,000 births, and for the 1987-1993 period 209 per 100,000 births. However, due to the small number of sibling deaths reported in the survey, age-specific rates should be used with caution. Information on health and family planning services available to the residents of the 1993 NDS barangay was collected from a group of respondents in each location. Distance and time to reach a family planning service provider has insignificant association with whether a woman uses contraception or the choice of contraception being used. On the other hand, being close to a hospital increases the likelihood that antenatal care and births are to respondents who receive ANC and are delivered by a medical personnel or delivered in a health facility.

Top 10 causes of death among children 5–14 year of age in Kersa HDSS, 2008–2013.

This dataset, released November 2018, contains children and youth health statistics based on Children fully immunised at 1 year of age, 2 years of age and 5 years of age, 2017; HPV vaccine coverage: …Show full descriptionThis dataset, released November 2018, contains children and youth health statistics based on Children fully immunised at 1 year of age, 2 years of age and 5 years of age, 2017; HPV vaccine coverage: females aged 15 years in mid-2015, who received Dose 3 of the vaccine by 2017; HPV vaccine coverage: males aged 15 years in mid-2015, who received Dose 3 of the vaccine by 2017; HPV vaccine coverage: females aged 15 years in mid-2017, who received Dose 3 of the vaccine by 2018; HPV vaccine coverage: males aged 15 years in mid-2017, who received Dose 3 of the vaccine by 2018; Infant deaths, 2011 to 2015; Child mortality: Deaths of children aged 1 to 4 years, 2011 to 2015; Youth mortality: Deaths of persons aged 15 to 24 years, 2011 to 2015. The data is by Primary Health Network (PHN) 2017 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). There are 31 PHNs set up by the Australian Government. Each network is controlled by a board of medical professionals and advised by a clinical council and community advisory committee. The boundaries of the PHNs closely align with the Local Hospital Networks where possible. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Compiled by PHIDU based on data provided by the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register, Medicare Australia, 2017; the National HPV Vaccination Program Register (NHVPR), February 2018 and November 2018; the ABS Census Estimated Resident Population (ERP) 2015 and 2017; and deaths data based on the 2011 to 2015 Cause of Death Unit Record Files supplied by the Australian Coordinating Registry and the Victorian Department of Justice, on behalf of the Registries of Births, Deaths and Marriages and the National Coronial Information System. Please note: AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. "*" - Indicates statistically significant, at the 95% confidence level. "**" - Indicates statistically significant, at the 99% confidence level. "~" - Indicates modelled estimates have Relative Root Mean Square Errors (RRMSEs) from 0.25 to 0.50 and should be used with caution. "~~" - Indicates modelled estimates have RRMSEs greater than 0.50 but less than 1 and are considered too unreliable for general use. '?' - Indicates modelled estimates are considered too unreliable. Blank cell - Indicates data was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data). Abbreviation Information: "ASR per #" - Indirectly age-standardised rate per specified population. "SDR" - Indirectly age-standardised death ratio. "95% C.I" - upper and lower 95% confidence intervals. "URP" - Usual Resident Population. Copyright attribution: Torrens University Australia - Public Health Information Development Unit, (2018): ; accessed from AURIN on 12/3/2020. Licence type: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Australia (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 AU)

BackgroundPneumonia, diarrhoea, and malaria are among the leading causes of death in children. These deaths are largely preventable if appropriate care is sought early. This review aimed to determine the percentage of caregivers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with a child less than 5 years who were able to recognise illness in their child and subsequently sought care from different types of healthcare providers.Methods and FindingsWe conducted a systematic literature review of studies that reported recognition of, and/or care seeking for episodes of diarrhoea, pneumonia or malaria in LMICs. The review is registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42011001654). Ninety-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Eighteen studies reported data on caregiver recognition of disease and seventy-seven studies on care seeking. The median sensitivity of recognition of diarrhoea, malaria and pneumonia was low (36.0%, 37.4%, and 45.8%, respectively). A median of 73.0% of caregivers sought care outside the home. Care seeking from community health workers (median: 5.4% for diarrhoea, 4.2% for pneumonia, and 1.3% for malaria) and the use of oral rehydration therapy (median: 34%) was low.ConclusionsGiven the importance of this topic to child survival programmes there are few published studies. Recognition of diarrhoea, malaria and pneumonia by caregivers is generally poor and represents a key factor to address in attempts to improve health care utilisation. In addition, considering that oral rehydration therapy has been widely recommended for over forty years, its use remains disappointingly low. Similarly, the reported levels of care seeking from community health workers in the included studies are low even though global action plans to address these illnesses promote community case management. Giving greater priority to research on care seeking could provide crucial evidence to inform child mortality programmes.

Background: Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children < 5 years globally and the parasite genus Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of that diarrhea. The global disease burden attributable to cryptosporidiosis is substantial and the only approved chemotherapeutic, nitazoxanide, has poor efficacy in HIV positive children. Chemotherapeutic development is dependent on the calf model of cryptosporidiosis, which is the best approximation of human disease. However, the model is not consistently applied across research studies. Data collection commonly occurs using two different methods: Complete Fecal Collection (CFC), which requires use of confinement housing, and Interval Collection (IC), which permits use of box stalls. CFC mimics human challenge model methodology but it is unknown if confinement housing impacts study end-points and if data gathered via this method is suitable for generalization to human populations. Methods: Using a modified crossover study design we com...

Explore the Saudi Arabia World Development Indicators dataset , including key indicators such as Access to clean fuels, Adjusted net enrollment rate, CO2 emissions, and more. Find valuable insights and trends for Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, China, and India.

Indicator, Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking, rural (% of rural population), Access to electricity (% of population), Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary, female (% of primary school age children), Adjusted net national income (annual % growth), Adjusted savings: education expenditure (% of GNI), Adjusted savings: mineral depletion (current US$), Adjusted savings: natural resources depletion (% of GNI), Adjusted savings: net national savings (current US$), Adolescents out of school (% of lower secondary school age), Adolescents out of school, female (% of female lower secondary school age), Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population), Agricultural methane emissions (% of total), Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (current US$), Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$), Alternative and nuclear energy (% of total energy use), Annualized average growth rate in per capita real survey mean consumption or income, total population (%), Arms exports (SIPRI trend indicator values), Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), Average working hours of children, working only, ages 7-14 (hours per week), Average working hours of children, working only, male, ages 7-14 (hours per week), Cause of death, by injury (% of total), Cereal yield (kg per hectare), Changes in inventories (current US$), Chemicals (% of value added in manufacturing), Child employment in agriculture (% of economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in manufacturing, female (% of female economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in manufacturing, male (% of male economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in services (% of economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in services, female (% of female economically active children ages 7-14), Children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV, Children in employment, study and work (% of children in employment, ages 7-14), Children in employment, unpaid family workers (% of children in employment, ages 7-14), Children in employment, wage workers (% of children in employment, ages 7-14), Children out of school, primary, Children out of school, primary, male, Claims on other sectors of the domestic economy (annual growth as % of broad money), CO2 emissions (kg per 2015 US$ of GDP), CO2 emissions (kt), CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion), CO2 emissions from transport (% of total fuel combustion), Communications, computer, etc. (% of service exports, BoP), Condom use, population ages 15-24, female (% of females ages 15-24), Container port traffic (TEU: 20 foot equivalent units), Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49), Control of Corruption: Estimate, Control of Corruption: Percentile Rank, Upper Bound of 90% Confidence Interval, Control of Corruption: Standard Error, Coverage of social insurance programs in 4th quintile (% of population), CPIA building human resources rating (1=low to 6=high), CPIA debt policy rating (1=low to 6=high), CPIA policies for social inclusion/equity cluster average (1=low to 6=high), CPIA public sector management and institutions cluster average (1=low to 6=high), CPIA quality of budgetary and financial management rating (1=low to 6=high), CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high), Current education expenditure, secondary (% of total expenditure in secondary public institutions), DEC alternative conversion factor (LCU per US$), Deposit interest rate (%), Depth of credit information index (0=low to 8=high), Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS packet), Discrepancy in expenditure estimate of GDP (current LCU), Domestic private health expenditure per capita, PPP (current international $), Droughts, floods, extreme temperatures (% of population, average 1990-2009), Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least completed lower secondary, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least completed primary, population 25+ years, total (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative), Electricity production from coal sources (% of total), Electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total), Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (national estimate), Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita), Export unit value index (2015 = 100), Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), Exports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$), External debt stocks (% of GNI), External health expenditure (% of current health expenditure), Female primary school age children out-of-school (%), Female share of employment in senior and middle management (%), Final consumption expenditure (constant 2015 US$), Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (% of firms), Firms experiencing losses due to theft and vandalism (% of firms), Firms formally registered when operations started (% of firms), Fixed broadband subscriptions, Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people), Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP), Forest area (% of land area), Forest area (sq. km), Forest rents (% of GDP), GDP growth (annual %), GDP per capita (constant LCU), GDP per unit of energy use (PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent), GDP, PPP (constant 2017 international $), General government final consumption expenditure (current LCU), GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent), GNI growth (annual %), GNI per capita (constant LCU), GNI, PPP (current international $), Goods and services expense (current LCU), Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank, Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank, Lower Bound of 90% Confidence Interval, Government Effectiveness: Standard Error, Gross capital formation (annual % growth), Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), Gross capital formation (current LCU), Gross fixed capital formation, private sector (% of GDP), Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, male (% of relevant age group), Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, total (% of relevant age group), Gross national expenditure (current LCU), Gross national expenditure (current US$), Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (constant LCU), Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$), Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure, PPP (constant 2017 international $), Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure: linked series (current LCU), Human capital index (HCI) (scale 0-1), Human capital index (HCI), male (scale 0-1), Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months), Import value index (2015 = 100), Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), Incidence of HIV, ages 15-24 (per 1,000 uninfected population ages 15-24), Incidence of HIV, all (per 1,000 uninfected population), Income share held by highest 20%, Income share held by lowest 20%, Income share held by third 20%, Individuals using the Internet (% of population), Industry (including construction), value added (constant LCU), Informal payments to public officials (% of firms), Intentional homicides, male (per 100,000 male), Interest payments (% of expense), Interest rate spread (lending rate minus deposit rate, %), Internally displaced persons, new displacement associated with conflict and violence (number of cases), International tourism, expenditures for passenger transport items (current US$), International tourism, expenditures for travel items (current US$), Investment in energy with private participation (current US$), Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate), Development

Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, China, India Follow data.kapsarc.org for timely data to advance energy economics research..

This dataset explores Foster Care FY2000 - FY2005 Entries, Exits, and Numbers of Children In Care on the Last Day of Each Federal Fiscal Year. NOTE: This table reflects State data submitted to the Children's Bureau as of March 2007. The table does not include any estimates for individual States. Jurisdictions with insufficient data ("NA") are not included in the total for that year. Pre-2003 Nevada data were generated from various sources, rather than from a statewide child welfare system. NOTE: Ideally, if the number of children in the "in care" count declines, as it did during this period, the number of exits should consistently be greater than the number of entries in that year. However, this does not occur with these data. Underreporting of foster care exits by some States is the major reason for this data quality issue.