Estimated number of persons by quarter of a year and by year, Canada, provinces and territories.

Contained within the 2nd Edition (1915) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows two maps. The first map shows the density of population per square mile for every township in the Maritime Provinces and Quebec, circa 1911. The second map shows the density of population per square mile for every township in Quebec and Ontario, circa 1911. Communities with a population greater than 5000 people are shown as proportional dots on the map. In addition, major railway systems displayed.

20% sample data.

Contained within the 1st Edition (1906) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows two maps. The maps show the density of population per square mile for every township the Maritime Provinces, Quebec and Ontario, circa 1901. Cities and towns of 5000 inhabitants or more are shown as black dots. The size of the circle is proportionate to the population. The map uses eight classes, seven of which are shades of brown, more densely populated portions are shown in the darker tints. Numbers make it clear which class is being shown in any one township.

Data on the mother tongue of the population of Canada and Canada outside Quebec, and of all provinces and territories, for Census years 1951 to 2021.

Data tables on the social and economic conditions in Pre-Confederation Canada from the first census in 1665 to Confederation in 1867. This dataset is one of three that cover the history of the censuses in Quebec. These tables cover the Province of Quebec for the years 1765-1790. For census data for the years 1825-1861, see the Lower Canada dataset; for census data for the years 1676-1754, see the New France dataset. The tables were transcribed from the fourth volume of the 1871 Census of Canada: Reprint of the Censuses of Canada, 1665-1871, available online from Statistics Canada, Canadiana, Government of Canada Publications, and the Internet Archive. Note on terminology: Due to the nature of some of the data sources, terminology may include language that is problematic and/or offensive to researchers. Certain vocabulary used to refer to racial, ethnic, religious and cultural groups is specific to the time period when the data were collected. When exploring or using these data do so in the context of historical thinking concepts – analyzing not only the content but asking questions of who shaped the content and why.

25% sample data.

The data is produced by the Institut de la Statistique du Québec (ISQ). This organization is responsible for the management of official population data for the entire province of Quebec. Consistency with official Quebec data is thus ensured as well as the use of the demographic expertise of the ISQ. While the ISQ distributes population data by administrative region, MRC, municipality and RMR, it is the MSSS that disseminates data for the territories of the health and social services network. The Population Estimates and Projections by Health Territory file presents a continuous series of comparable population data composed of the series of estimates (1996-2022) and the series of projections (2023-2041) of population. These data take into account the evolution of the population according to the most recent observed data on births, deaths and migratory movements. This continuous series of comparable population estimates and projections can be used for both retrospective and prospective analyses.

This ZIP file contains an IVT file.

This table contains 10836 series, with data for years 1996 - 2002 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years), and is no longer being released. This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (172 items: Canada; Newfoundland and Labrador; Health and Community Services St. John's Region, Newfoundland and Labrador; Health and Community Services Eastern Region, Newfoundland and Labrador; ...); Age group (21 items: Total, all ages; Under 1 year; 1 to 4 years; 5 to 9 years; ...); Sex (3 items: Both sexes; Males; Females).

The 2006 Census enumerated 6.2 million foreign-born in Canada. The majority of the foreign-born population (86.8%) lived in three provinces: Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia. The map shows the percentage of the total population that was foreign-born by census subdivision.

Contained within the 2nd Edition (1915) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows two maps. The first map shows the origin of the population in Ontario and western Quebec, circa 1911. The second map shows the origin of the population in Eastern Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, circa 1911. A varying number of ethnic groups are shown, but always included are: English, Scotch [Scottish], Irish, French and German. People of British origin predominate in all provinces, except Quebec, where the French predominate. The areas of Carleton county down to Kingston is predominated with Irish settlers. Counties and major railway systems displayed, extending into the U.S.

SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance data and metadata in the Open Data Model format. Part 1: Québec City Authors

• Therrien, J-D¹
• Maere, T.¹
• Sanchez-Quete, F.²
• Tsitouras, A.²
• Goitom, E.³
• Cloutier, F.⁴
• Dufour, D.⁴
• Proulx, F. ⁴
• Nicolaï, N.¹
• Philippe, R.¹
• Tohidi, M.¹
• Dorner, S.³
• Frigon, D.²
• Vanrolleghem, P.A.¹

Affiliations

• ¹ modelEAU, Département de génie civil et de génie des eaux, Université Laval
• ² Microbial Community Engineering Lab (MiCEL), Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University
• ³ Polytechnique Montréal
• ⁴ Ville de Québec

General Remarks

Wastewater-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 virus can detect between 1 and 30 infected individuals per 100,000 (including asymptomatic ones) by analyzing the population's sewage. As such, this method is very attractive since it costs only a fraction of clinical testing (as low as 1%). Human faeces may contain the virus a few days before a person becomes ill. Thus, this approach allows for detection of outbreaks 2-7 days before the increase in reported cases stemming from clinical screening tests (Bibby et al., 2021). Wastewater-based surveillance complements clinical testing by geolocating outbreaks, which may help targeting intensive screening programs. Moreover, it provides a quick indication of whether new public health measures (e.g., masks, social distancing, confinement, and curfew) are effective.

Sampling

The reported dataset contains open data collected in the province of Québec as part of the SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based surveillance program CentrEau-COVID. Four of the largest cities in the province (Montréal, Laval, Québec City, and Trois-Rivières), as well as the municipalities of four rural regions (Mauricie, Centre-du-Québec, Bas-St-Laurent, and Gaspésie) participated in the program. The entire dataset includes 31 sampling sites covering approximately half the population of the province of Québec (population size of 8.5 million). The timeframe covered by the dataset varies for each site. The earliest surveillance program was launched in March 2020, others followed soon after. Samples were collected using various methods, such as 24h composite samples, grab samples, and passive sampling using variations on the Moore swab method (Schang et al., 2020)

Analysis

Prior to the analysis of the samples for SARS-CoV-2, physiochemical parameters such as total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, conductivity, ammonium concentration, and pH were measured. The samples were subsequently concentred by filtration using a MEC filter (0.45 um), followed by total RNA extraction using the Qiagen AllPrep PowerViral DNA/RNA Kit (Qiagen, USA) with some modifications (beta-mercaptoethanol concentration raised to 10% and lysis performed at 55 °C for 30 minutes) (Ahmed et al., 2020). SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was detected by a one-step RT-qPCR. To assess the RNA recovery rate of the procedure, samples were spiked before extraction with a known concentration of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) using the Zoetis INFORCE 3 vaccine (Zoetis, USA). In addition to SARS-CoV-2, samples were assessed for Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV), the daily load of which is hypothesized to represent the fecal load contributions to the samples at a given site and time. PCR conditions and primer used to collect viral data are described in the files primers.md and PCR conditions.md.

Compilation

The measurements on wastewater samples carried out by the participating laboratories of this study are found in the WWMeasure table. The values provided by municipalities come from laboratories accredited by the Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec (CEAEQ), in compliance with the latter's quality assurance protocols. The COVID-19-related public health data found in the CPHD table were collected from the Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ)'s public reports. Wastewater data taken in-situ at the sampling sites (e.g., the flow at pumping stations or water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs)) are found in the SiteMeasure table and were taken by the institutions responsible for managing the sites. All of the data, stemming from multiple sources, were combined into the Open Data Model (ODM) standard format using the ODM-Import python package (see also Structure).

Validation

Wastewater and sample data were manually assessed for quality by our research collaborators. Data points for which the quality appeared to be uncertain were tagged with the value True in the qualityFlag column. Conversely, data deemed of good quality have a quality flag of False. Data that were not checked have a quality flag of NA. Textual comments describing the issues with the data points in more detail are also included in the dataset using the notes column of the relevant tables. Note that data validation was carried out by the data custodians responsible for each city in the dataset according to available resources. As the project continues and data validation is undertaken on more sections of the dataset, data may be re-analyzed, flagged, or commented as needed. Revisions to the dataset will be reported to the best of our ability.

Structure

The data contained in this dataset has been structured according to the Open Data Model (ODM) for Wastewater-Based Surveillance. This model provides a standardized dictionary to collect and share data and metadata stemming from wastewater-based surveillance programs. By convention, it splits all data into 10+ thematic tables with each record representing a unique measurement, i.e., long format. For convenience, the wide folder presents the data found in all the other tables in a wide format, i.e., multiple measurements are aligned by timestamp, with each column representing a different parameter.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge that this dataset was collected thanks to the financial support of the Fonds de Recherche du Québec, the Molson Foundation, the Trottier Family Foundation, CentrEau and NSERC. The authors would also like to acknowledge the efforts of Douglas Manuel (Ottawa Hospital) and Howard Swerdfeger (Public Health Agency of Canada) for their original idea for the Open Data Model and continued development.

References

1. Ahmed, W., Bertsch, P.M., Bivins, A., Bibby, K., Farkas, K., Gathercole, A., Haramoto, E., Gyawali, P., Korajkic, A., McMinn, B.R., Mueller, J.F., Simpson, S.L., Smith, W.J.M., Symonds, E.M., Thomas, K. v., Verhagen, R., Kitajima, M., 2020. Comparison of virus concentration methods for the RT-qPCR-based recovery of murine hepatitis virus, a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 from untreated wastewater. Science of the Total Environment 739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139960

2. Bibby, K., Bivins, A., Wu, Z., North, D., 2021. Making waves: Plausible lead time for wastewater based epidemiology as an early warning system for COVID-19. Water Research 202, 117438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117438

3. Schang, C., Crosbie, N., Nolan, M., Poon, R., Wang, M., Jex, A., Scales, P., Schmidt, J., Thorley, B.R., Henry, R., Kolotelo, P., Langeveld, J., Schilperoort, R., Shi, B., Einsiedel, S., Thomas, M., Black, J., Wilson, S., McCarthy, D.T., 2020. Passive sampling of viruses for wastewater-based epidemiology: a case-study of SARS-CoV-2 [WWW Document]. URL https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347103410\_Passive\_sampling\_of\_viruses\_for\_wastewater-based\_epidemiology\_a\_case-study\_of\_SARS-CoV-2?channel=doi&linkId=5fd800f392851c13fe892393&showFulltext=true (accessed 1.18.21).

Data on the mother tongue of the population of Canada and Canada outside Quebec, and of all provinces and territories, for Census years 1951 to 2016.

The data is produced by the Institut de la Statistique du Québec (ISQ). This organization is responsible for the management of official population data for the entire province of Quebec. Consistency with official Quebec data is thus ensured as well as the use of the demographic expertise of the ISQ. While the ISQ distributes population data by administrative region, MRC, municipality and RMR, it is the MSSS that disseminates data for the territories of the health and social services network. The Population Estimates and Projections by Health Territory file presents a continuous series of comparable population data composed of the series of estimates (2001-2023) and the series of projections (2024-2051) of population. These data take into account the evolution of the population according to the most recent observed data on births, deaths and migratory movements. This continuous series of comparable population estimates and projections can be used for both retrospective and prospective analyses.

Data on primary or secondary schooling in French in Canada, type of French program attended and mother tongue for the population outside of Quebec, in private households in Canada outside of Quebec, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions.

100% data.

Housing Assessment Resource Tools (HART) This dataset contains 2 tables and 5 files which draw upon data from the 2021 Census of Canada. The tables are a custom order and contain data pertaining to older adults and housing need. The 2 tables have 6 dimensions in common and 1 dimension that is unique to each table. Table 1's unique dimension is the "Ethnicity / Indigeneity status" dimension which contains data fields related to visible minority and Indigenous identity within the population in private households. Table 2's unique dimension is "Structural type of dwelling and Period of Construction" which contains data fields relating to the structural type and period of construction of the dwelling. Each of the two tables is then split into multiple files based on geography. Table 1 has two files: Table 1.1 includes Canada, Provinces and Territories (14 geographies), CDs of NWT (6), CDs of Yukon (1) and CDs of Nunavut (3); and Table 1.2 includes Canada and the CMAs of Canada (44). Table 2 has three files: Table 2.1 includes Canada, Provinces and Territories (14), CDs of NWT (6), CDs of Yukon (1) and CDs of Nunavut (3); Table 2.2 includes Canada and the CMAs of Canada excluding Ontario and Quebec (20 geographies); and Table 2.3 includes Canada and the CMAs of Canada that are in Ontario and Quebec (25 geographies). The dataset is in Beyond 20/20 (.ivt) format. The Beyond 20/20 browser is required in order to open it. This software can be freely downloaded from the Statistics Canada website: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/public/beyond20-20 (Windows only). For information on how to use Beyond 20/20, please see: http://odesi2.scholarsportal.info/documentation/Beyond2020/beyond20-quickstart.pdf https://wiki.ubc.ca/Library:Beyond_20/20_Guide Custom order from Statistics Canada includes the following dimensions and data fields: Geography: - Country of Canada as a whole - All 10 Provinces (Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island (PEI), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia) as a whole - All 3 Territories (Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Yukon), as a whole as well as all census divisions (CDs) within the 3 territories - All 43 census metropolitan areas (CMAs) in Canada Data Quality and Suppression: - The global non-response rate (GNR) is an important measure of census data quality. It combines total non-response (households) and partial non-response (questions). A lower GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and, as a result, a lower risk of inaccuracy. The counts and estimates for geographic areas with a GNR equal to or greater than 50% are not published in the standard products. The counts and estimates for these areas have a high risk of non-response bias, and in most cases, should not be released. - Area suppression is used to replace all income characteristic data with an 'x' for geographic areas with populations and/or number of households below a specific threshold. If a tabulation contains quantitative income data (e.g., total income, wages), qualitative data based on income concepts (e.g., low income before tax status) or derived data based on quantitative income variables (e.g., indexes) for individuals, families or households, then the following rule applies: income characteristic data are replaced with an 'x' for areas where the population is less than 250 or where the number of private households is less than 40. Source: Statistics Canada - When showing count data, Statistics Canada employs random rounding in order to reduce the possibility of identifying individuals within the tabulations. Random rounding transforms all raw counts to random rounded counts. Reducing the possibility of identifying individuals within the tabulations becomes pertinent for very small (sub)populations. All counts are rounded to a base of 5, meaning they will end in either 0 or 5. The random rounding algorithm controls the results and rounds the unit value of the count according to a predetermined frequency. Counts ending in 0 or 5 are not changed. Universe: Full Universe: Population aged 55 years and over in owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero in non-reserve non-farm private dwellings. Definition of Households examined for Core Housing Need: Private, non-farm, non-reserve, owner- or renter-households with incomes greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratios less than 100% are assessed for 'Core Housing Need.' Non-family Households with at least one household maintainer aged 15 to 29 attending school are considered not to be in Core Housing Need, regardless of their housing circumstances. Data Fields: Table 1: Age / Gender (12) 1. Total – Population 55 years and over 2. Men+ 3. Women+ 4. 55 to 64 years 5. Men+ 6. Women+ 7. 65+ years 8. Men+ 9. Women+ 10. 85+ 11. Men+ 12. Women+ Housing indicators (13) 1. Total – Private Households by core housing need status 2. Households below one standard only...

20% sample data.

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows the distribution of population in what is now Canada circa 1851, 1871, 1901, 1921 and 1941. The five maps display the boundaries of the various colonies, provinces and territories for each date. Also shown on these five maps are the locations of principal cities and settlements. These places are shown on all of the maps for reference purposes even though they may not have been in existence in the earlier years. Each map is accompanied by a pie chart providing the percentage distribution of Canadian population by province and territory corresponding to the date the map is based on. It should be noted that the pie chart entitled Percentage Distribution of Total Population, 1851, refers to the whole of what was then British North America. The name Canada in this chart refers to the province of Canada which entered confederation in 1867 as Ontario and Quebec. The other pie charts, however, show only percentage distribution of population in what was Canada at the date indicated. Three additional graphs are included on this plate and show changes in the distribution of the population of Canada from 1867 to 1951, changes in the percentage distribution of the population of Canada by provinces and territories from 1867 to 1951 and elements in the growth of the population of Canada for each ten-year period from 1891 to 1951.