County cultivated agriculture area from county census data (NASS, 2012). NASS [National Agricultural Statistics Service]. 2014. Quick Stats 2.0. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C., USA.

This file contains five metrics that were selected to collectively represent the adaptive capacity of each of the 360 HUC-8 watersheds in US Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin). The metrics were: percent cultivated, density of dams, projected increase in developed land cover, landscape diversity and local connectedness. Percent cultivated land cover was obtained from the National Agricultural Statistics Services 2018 Cultivated layer and was calculated by dividing the number of cultivated grid cells by the total number of grid cells in each watershed. Density of dams was calculated as the number of dams per area of the watershed using the 2018 National Inventory of Dams from The Army Corps of Engineers. Projected increase in develop land cover was estimated using projections of future land cover developed using the USGS’s FORE-SCE model for the conterminous United States by taking the total number of grid cells classified as developed land cover and dividing by the total number of grid cells in each watershed and then calculated the difference between the future (midcentury) and baseline periods. Landscape diversity and local connectedness were both created by The Nature Conservancy’s Resilient Lands Mapping Project and were calculated as the average score among all the grid cells within each HUC for each metric. All of these metrics were min-max normalized and combined to create the adaptive capacity component of the climate change vulnerability index for Region 3 of the US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Aggregated dataset on planting dates for maize and soybean crops in the US Corn Belt from 2000-2020. This dataset was generated from Landsat satellite data and covers 12 states. The methodology is described in Deines et al. 2023 in Remote Sensing of Environment (open access).

Preferred citation:

Deines, J.M., A. Swatantran, D. Ye, B. Myers, S. Archontoulis, & D.B. Lobell. 2023. Field-scale dynamics of planting dates in the US Corn Belt from 2000 to 2020. Remote Sensing of Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113551

Contents

1. Gridded map datasets of planting dates aggregated to 10 km resolution. Map datasets are contained in zip files by crop type. Each zip file contains 21 annual geotiff rasters covering the full study region.
   1. Maize_plantingDates_2000-2020_10000m_DeinesEtAl_vRSE.zip
   2. Soybeans_plantingDates_2000-2020_10000m_DeinesEtAl_vRSE.zip
2. Tabular county planting date statistics derived from the high-resolution (30 m) planting date maps. This data is presented in .csv format and includes the day-of-year when 10, 25, 50, 75, and 90 percent of crop area was planted for each year. There is one record for each county-year; data files are separated by crop type.
   1. maize_countyStats_doyPercentPlanted_2000-2020_DeinesEtAl_vRSE.csv
   2. soybeans_countyStats_doyPercentPlanted_2000-2020_DeinesEtAl_vRSE.csv
3. Tabular planting progress by county. These .csv's present the area planted for each crop by county for each day. They can be considered the "raw" version of item #2 (county stats) and can therefore be used to derive other planting progress percentiles other than those provided in item #2.
   1. maize_progressByCounty_2000-2020_DeinesEtAl_vRSE_formatted.csv
   2. soybeans_progressByCounty_2000-2020_DeinesEtAl_vRSE_formatted.csv

Metadata

1. Planting date maps

• Value: day-of-year of planting
• No Data value = -999 (grid cells outside of the study area or lacking maize/soybeans that year)
• Map projection: EPSG:5070, CONUS Albers Equal Area
• Maps for 2008-2018 use the USDA's Cropland Data Layers to identify maize pixels; maps for 1999-2007 use the Corn-Soy Data Layer produced by Wang et al. 2000 (data + manuscript are open access).

2. Tabular datasets

• GEOID = 5 digit county FIPS, or the unique identifier assigned to each county by the US TIGER county dataset
• county_code = 3 digit county identifier. Represents places 3-5 in the 5 digit code.
• state_code = 2 digit state identifier. Represents places 1-2 in the 5 digit code.
• DOY = day-of-year
• area_daily_m2 = area of that crop planted that day in that county, in square meters
• doy_X = day-of-year when X% of area was planted that year

description: The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) Food Distribution Programs provide food and nutrition assistance to school children and families and support American agriculture by distributing high quality, 100 percent American-grown USDA Foods. This report analyzes State of origin data for Fiscal Year (FY) 2012, which captures the State where USDA purchased USDA Foods during FY 2012. In FY 2012, USDA purchased over 2 billion pounds of food, worth nearly $2 billion. Purchased USDA Foods included both raw food products such as meats, vegetables, and fruits, as well as finished food products like cereal, crackers, and pasta.; abstract: The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) Food Distribution Programs provide food and nutrition assistance to school children and families and support American agriculture by distributing high quality, 100 percent American-grown USDA Foods. This report analyzes State of origin data for Fiscal Year (FY) 2012, which captures the State where USDA purchased USDA Foods during FY 2012. In FY 2012, USDA purchased over 2 billion pounds of food, worth nearly $2 billion. Purchased USDA Foods included both raw food products such as meats, vegetables, and fruits, as well as finished food products like cereal, crackers, and pasta.

We reconstructed the cropland density maps by harmonizing multiple sources of inventory data and high-resolution satellite images. The time-series gridded data depicts the distribution and percentage of cultivated land each year (excluding summer idle/fallow, cropland pasture). The reconstructed annual cropland percentage maps were at 1 km × 1 km resolution covering the conterminous U.S. spanning from 1850 to 2016. Supplement to: Yu, Zhen; Lu, Chaoqun (2018): Historical cropland expansion and abandonment in the continental U.S. during 1850 to 2016. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 27(3), 322-333

This layer displays change in US land cover between 2001 and 2011. Pixels that changed during this period display the land cover value that they changed to. Pixels with no change are transparent.

The National Land Cover Database 2011 (NLCD 2011) is the most recent national data product created by the United States Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium. The MRLC is a group of federal agencies who coordinate and generate consistent and relevant land cover information at the national scale for a wide variety of environmental, land management, and modeling applications. NLCD 2011 provides - for the first time - the capability to assess wall-to-wall, spatially explicit, national land cover changes and trends across the United States from 2001 to 2011. As with two previous NLCD land cover products NLCD 2011 keeps the same 16-class land cover classification scheme that has been applied consistently across the United States at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. NLCD 2011 is based primarily on a decision-tree classification of circa 2011 Landsat satellite data.

The 2001/2011 land cover change layer is one of five primary data products produced as part of the NLCD 2011: 1) NLCD 2011 Land Cover 2) NLCD 2006/2011 Land Cover Change Pixels labeled with the 2011 land cover class 3) NLCD 2011 Percent Developed Imperviousness 4) NLCD 2006/2011 Percent Developed Imperviousness Change Pixels 5) NLCD 2011 Tree Canopy Cover.

Land cover class categories include forest, planted/cultivated lands, wetland, grassland, water, developed areas and barren land. Land cover information is critical for local, state, and federal managers and officials to assist them with issues such as assessing ecosystem status and health, modeling nutrient and pesticide runoff, understanding spatial patterns of biodiversity, land use planning, deriving landscape pattern metrics, and developing land management policies

This dataset shows the cultivated land areas in Afghanistan. This dataset was mapped at 1:100,000 scale by the United States Defense Mapping Agency. These data were released in 1997 and was found online at the Afghanistan Information Management Services in Shape file format.This polygon dataset is intended for use within Afghanistan and is suitable for general studies and local planning.

The primary greenhouse gas (GHG) sources for agriculture are nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from cropped and grazed soils, methane (CH4) emissions from ruminant livestock production and rice cultivation, and CH4 and N2O emissions from managed livestock waste. The management of cropped, grazed, and forestland has helped offset GHG emissions by promoting the biological uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) through the incorporation of carbon into biomass, wood products, and soils, yielding a U.S. net emissions of 5,803 MMT CO2 eq (million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents). Net emissions equate to total greenhouse gas emissions minus CO2 sequestration in growing forests, wood products, and soils. The report 'U.S. Agriculture and Forestry Greenhouse Gas Inventory: 1990-2013' serves to estimate U.S. GHG emissions for the agricultural sector, to quantify uncertainty in emission estimates, and to estimate the potential of agriculture to mitigate U.S. GHG emissions. This dataset contains tabulated data from the figures and tables presented in Chapter 3, Cropland Agriculture, of the report. Data are presented for Cropland Soils (N2O), Rice Cultivation + Residue Burning (CH4 + N2O), and Agricultural Soil Carbon and Amendments (CO2). Please refer to the report for full descriptions of and notes on the data. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Figures and Map data from Chapter 3. File Name: Chapter 3 Figures and Maps.zipResource Title: Tables and Appendix Tables from Chapter 3. File Name: Chapter 3 main and appendix Tables.zipResource Title: Data for Map 3-4a. File Name: Map3-4a.csvResource Description: Soil Carbon Changes for Major Land Resource Areas, Tier 3 Crops Conventional Till, Annual Means 2003-2007. Measured in Carbon Dioxide equivalent per hectare (Mg CO2 eq/Ha).Resource Title: Data for Map 3-4b. File Name: Map3-4b.csvResource Description: Soil Carbon Changes for Major Land Resource Areas, Tier 3 Crops Reduced Till, Annual Means 2003-2007. Measured in Carbon Dioxide equivalent per hectare (Mg CO2 eq/Ha).Resource Title: Data for Map 3-4c. File Name: Map3-4c.csvResource Description: Soil Carbon Changes for Major Land Resource Areas, Tier 3 Crops No Till, Annual Means 2003-2007. Measured in Carbon Dioxide equivalent per hectare (Mg CO2 eq/Ha).Resource Title: Table 3-1. File Name: Table3_1.csvResource Description: Estimates and Uncertainties for Cropland Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2013. Measured in Millions of Metric Tons, Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MMT CO2 eq.) and also displayed in percentage units.Resource Title: Table 3-2. File Name: Table3_2.csvResource Description: Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cropland Agriculture, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005-2013. Measured in Millions of Metric Tons, Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MMT CO2 eq.).Resource Title: Table 3-3. File Name: Table3_3.csvResource Description: Tier 3 Cropland Area by Management Practice, 2013. Measured in millions of hectares (million ha) and also displayed in percentage units.Resource Title: Table 3-4. File Name: Table3_4.csvResource Description: Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Differently Cropped Soils, 5-year Mean. Measured in Millions of Metric Tons, Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MMT CO2 eq.).Resource Title: Table 3-5. File Name: Table3_5.csvResource Description: Methane from Rice Cultivation from Primary and Ratoon Operations by State, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005-2013. Measured in Millions of Metric Tons, Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MMT CO2 eq.)Resource Title: Table 3-6. File Name: Table3_6.csvResource Description: Change in Methane Emissions from Rice Cultivation, 1990-2013. Measured in Millions of Metric Tons, Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MMT CO2 eq.) and also displayed in percentage units.Resource Title: Table 3-7. File Name: Table3_7.csvResource Description: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture Burning by Crop, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005–2013. Measured in Millions of Metric Tons, Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MMT CO2 eq.).Resource Title: Table 3-8. File Name: Table3_8.csvResource Description: Agricultural Crop Production. Measured in Millions of Metric Tons, Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MMT CO2 eq.)Resource Title: Data for Figure 3-1a. File Name: Fig3-1a.csvResource Description: U.S. Planted Cropland Area by Rotation Category, 1990-2007. Measured in hectares.Resource Title: Data for Figure 3-1b. File Name: Fig3-1b.csvResource Description: U.S. Planted Cropland Area by Crop Type, 1995-2013. Measured in hectares. Resource Title: Data for Figure 3-2. File Name: Fig3-2.csvResource Description: Annual Nitrogen Inputs to Cropland Soil, 1990-2007. Measured in Nfert (Tg N), Nfix (Tg N), Nresidue (Tg N), and omadN (Tg N). One Tg = a trillion grams or a million metric tons. Resource Title: Data for Figure 3-3. File Name: Fig3-3.csvResource Description: Methane from Rice Cultivation by State, 1990 & 2013. Measured in Millions of Metric Tons, Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MMT CO2 eq.).Resource Title: Data for Figure 3-4. File Name: Fig3-4.csvResource Description: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Field Burning by Crop Type, 2013. Methane and Nitrous Oxide measured in Millions of Metric Tons, Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MMT CO2 eq.).Resource Title: Data for Figure 3-5. File Name: Fig3-5.csvResource Description: Change in Commodity Production, 1990-2013. Measured in million metric tons.Resource Title: Data for Figure 3-6. File Name: Fig3-6.csvResource Description: Percent Change in Commodity Production, 1990-2013. Displayed as percentage.Resource Title: Data for Figure 3-7. File Name: Fig3-7.csvResource Description: CO2 Emissions and Sequestration Sources from Cropland Soils, 2003-2007. Measured in hectares and Tg Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (Tg CO2 eq). One Tg = a trillion grams or a million metric tons. Resource Title: Data for Map 3-1a. File Name: Map3-1a.csvResource Description: Total Nitrous Oxide (Direct and Indirect) for Major Land Resource Areas, Tier 3 Crops, Annual Means 2003–2007. Measured in hectares and Gg Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (Gg CO2 eq). Gg = total greenhouse gas emissions. Resource Title: Data for Map 3-1b. File Name: Map3-1b.csvResource Description: Unit Area Nitrous Oxide (Direct and Indirect) for Major Land Resource Areas, Tier 3 Crops, Annual Means 2003–2007. Measured in hectares and Mg Carbon Dioxide equivalent in hectares (Mg CO2 eq/Ha). Resource Title: Data for Map 3-3a. File Name: Map3-3a.csvResource Description: Soil Carbon Changes for Major Land Resource Areas, Tier 3 Crops, Annual Means 2003-2007. Measured in hectares (ha) and Carbon Dioxide equivalent (Gg CO2 eq). Gg = total greenhouse gas emissions.Resource Title: Data for Map 3-3b. File Name: Map3-3b.csvResource Description: Unit Area Soil Carbon Changes for Major Land Resource Areas, Tier 3 Crops, Annual Means 2003–2007. Measured in hectares (ha) and Carbon Dioxide equivalent per hectare (Mg CO2 eq/Ha).Resource Title: Data Dictionary for Chapter 3 tables. File Name: DataDictionary_Chapter3.csvResource Description: Defines sources, GHG category, units etc. for tables, supporting figures, and maps presented in Chapter 3.