This dataset tracks annual native hawaiian or pacific islander student percentage from 2019 to 2023 for Legacy Traditional School Cadence vs. Nevada and State Sponsored Charter Schools School District

Measurement of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates is a critical aspect of monitoring and studying active volcanoes. Changes in emission rate are often associated with changes in volcanic activity and in some cases may herald future changes in activity. At the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, emission rates of SO2 from Hawaiian volcanoes have been measured by ultraviolet spectrometer since the late 1970s. Here we present a compilation of SO2 emission rate measurements made from 2018 to 2022. The emission rates (in t/d) span five orders of magnitude through a range of activity styles unprecedented in recent times, including caldera collapse (Anderson and others, 2019), a summit water lake (Nadeau and others, 2020), the first prolonged non-eruptive period at Kīlauea since the early 1980s, and the first eruption of Mauna Loa Volcano in nearly 40 years. At Kīlauea, emission rates were relatively steady early in 2018, at both the summit, where a lava lake had existed for the past decade (Patrick and others, 2021), and middle East Rift Zone (MERZ), where Puʻuʻōʻō had been in a state of near-constant eruption for 35 years (Orr and others, 2015). The 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption and concurrent summit caldera collapse (Neal and others, 2019) between May and September 2018 brought with them unprecedented high SO2 emission rates at the LERZ eruptive fissures and temporary increases in SO2 emissions at both the summit and Puʻuʻōʻō (Kern and others, 2020). By the end of the eruption in late summer of 2018, emissions at all three sites had dropped drastically, including to below-detection and near-negligible at the LERZ and MERZ sites, respectively (Kern and others, 2020). During 2019 and 2020, emissions on the MERZ also decreased to below-detection limits, and even Kīlauea summit emission rates were down to near detection levels. 2019 also saw the appearance of the first summit water lake in Kīlauea’s crater in written history (though Hawaiian oral tradition alludes to possible water bodies in the crater in the past [Swanson, 2008], which is also supported by analysis of erupted material from an explosive eruption in 1790 [Mastin, 1997]). Extremely low SO2 emissions from the summit raised the question of possible scrubbing of SO2 by the lake, though that was ultimately determined to not be a significant contributing factor (Nadeau and others, 2023). High SO2 emissions returned to Kīlauea late in 2020 when lava erupted from the walls of the summit crater, boiled away the lake, and filled the crater with a new lava lake (Cahalan and others, 2023). Emissions decreased as the eruption progressed and eventually returned to low, background levels during mid-2021. Another Kīlauea summit eruption initiated in September of 2021, bringing with it a return to high SO2 emission rates. The 2021 eruptive activity continued through much of 2022, including a period of brief pauses, during which SO2 emissions dropped to near-background levels for a short time, after which they increased again with the cessation of the pause and the return of lava to the summit crater. Just before the end of the 2021-2022 eruption of Kīlauea in late 2022, Mauna Loa Volcano erupted for the first time since 1984. The eruption initiated in the summit caldera and migrated within hours to a set of fissures on the Northeast Rift Zone (NERZ). SO2 emission rates from Mauna Loa reached levels similar to those of the 2018 Kīlauea LERZ activity. The Mauna Loa eruption was shorter than Kīlauea 2018, however, with eruptive activity ceasing and SO2 emission rates returning to below-detection only two weeks following the start of the eruption. In this data release, we include raw spectra collected by UV spectrometer on traverses beneath SO2 plumes, derived SO2 emission rates and associated metadata for each individual traverse, and average SO2 emission rates for each separate traverse campaign. Data are separated by the four eruption sites: Kīlauea summit (Halemaʻumaʻu), Kīlauea MERZ (Puʻuʻōʻō), Kīlauea LERZ, and Mauna Loa NERZ. References Anderson, K. R., Johanson, I. A., Patrick, M. R., Gu, M., Segall, P., Poland, M. P., Montgomery-Brown, E. K., & Miklius, A. (2019). Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018. Science, 366(6470), eaaz1822. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz1822 Cahalan, R. C., Mastin, L. G., Van Eaton, A. R., Hurwitz, S., Smith, A. B., Dufek, J., Solovitz, S. A., Patrick, M., Schmith, J., Parcheta, C., Thelen, W. A., & Downs, D. T. (2023). Dynamics of the December 2020 Ash-Poor Plume Formed by Lava-Water Interaction at the Summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 24(3), e2022GC010718. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GC010718 Kern, C., Lerner, A. H., Elias, T., Nadeau, P. A., Holland, L., Kelly, P. J., Werner, C. A., Clor, L. E., & Cappos, M. (2020). Quantifying gas emissions associated with the 2018 rift eruption of Kīlauea Volcano using ground-based DOAS measurements. Bulletin of Volcanology, 82(7), 55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01390-8 Mastin, L. G. (1997). Evidence for water influx from a caldera lake during the explosive hydromagmatic eruption of 1790, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 102(B9), 20093-20109. https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01426 Nadeau, P., Diefenbach, A. K., Hurwitz, S., & Swanson, D. A. (2020). From Lava to Water: A New Era at Kīlauea. Eos, Earth and Space Science News. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EO149557 Nadeau, P. A., Hurwitz, S., Peek, S., Lerner, A. H., Younger, E. F., Patrick, M. R., Damby, D. E., McCleskey, R. B., & Kelly, P. J. (2023). Chemistry, Growth, and Fate of the Unique, Short-lived (2019-2020) water lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. Neal, C. A., Brantley, S. R., Antolik, L., Babb, J. L., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J. C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I. A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R. L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C. J., Nadeau, P. A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M. R., Shiro, B., Swanson, D. A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E. F., Zoeller, M. H., Montgomery-Brown, E. K., Anderson, K. R., Poland, M. P., Ball, J. L., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H. R., Kern, C., Thelen, W. A., Cervelli, P. F., Orr, T., Houghton, B. F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A. K., Lerner, A. H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., Fisher, G., & Damby, D. (2019). The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano. Science, 363(6425), 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav7046 Orr, T. R., Poland, M. P., Patrick, M. R., Thelen, W. A., Sutton, A. J., Elias, T., Thornber, C. R., Parcheta, C., & Wooten, K. M. (2015). Kīlauea's 5–9 March 2011 Kamoamoa Fissure Eruption and Its Relation to 30+ Years of Activity From Pu‘u ‘Ō ‘ō. In Hawaiian Volcanoes (pp. 393-420). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.ch18 Patrick, M. R., Orr, T. R., Swanson, D., Houghton, B. F., Wooten, K. M., Desmither, L., Parcheta, C., & Fee, D. (2021). Kīlauea’s 2008–2018 Summit Lava Lake—Chronology and Eruption Insights. In M. R. Patrick, T. R. Orr, D. Swanson, & B. F. Houghton (Eds.), The 2008–2018 summit lava lake at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i., U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1867. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1867A Swanson, D. A. (2008). Hawaiian oral tradition describes 400 years of volcanic activity at Kīlauea. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 176(3), 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.033

Broad-scale alterations of historical fire regimes and vegetation dynamics have occurred in many landscapes in the U.S. through the combined influence of land management practices, fire exclusion, ungulate herbivory, insect and disease outbreaks, climate change, and invasion of non-native plant species. The LANDFIRE Program produces maps of historical fire regimes and vegetation conditions using the disturbance dynamics model VDDT. The LANDFIRE Program also produces maps of current vegetation and measurements of current vegetation departure from simulated historical reference conditions. These maps support fire and landscape management planning outlined in the goals of the National Fire Plan, Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy, and the Healthy Forests Restoration Act.

This dataset tracks annual native hawaiian or pacific islander student percentage from 2010 to 2012 for Wallenberg (Raoul) Traditional High School vs. California and San Francisco Unified School District