Percentages of People who Use Antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Tanzania

Mali ML: Antiretroviral Therapy Coverage for PMTCT: % of Pregnant Women Living with HIV data was reported at 31.000 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 32.000 % for 2016. Mali ML: Antiretroviral Therapy Coverage for PMTCT: % of Pregnant Women Living with HIV data is updated yearly, averaging 33.500 % from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2017, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 50.000 % in 2012 and a record low of 29.000 % in 2013. Mali ML: Antiretroviral Therapy Coverage for PMTCT: % of Pregnant Women Living with HIV data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mali – Table ML.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Percentage of pregnant women with HIV who receive antiretroviral medicine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT).; ; UNAIDS estimates.; Weighted average;

Abstract

This study sought to develop a user-friendly decision-making tool to explore country-specific estimates for costs and economic consequences of different options for scaling screening and psychosocial interventions for women with common perinatal mental health problems in Malawi. We developed a simple simulation model using a structure and parameter estimates that were established iteratively with experts, based on published trials, international databases and resources, statistical data, best practice guidance and intervention manuals. The model projects annual costs and returns to investment from 2022 to 2026. The study perspective is societal, including health expenditure and productivity losses. Outcomes in the form of health-related quality of life are measured in Disability Adjusted Life Years, which were converted into monetary values. Economic consequences include those that occur in the year in which the intervention takes place. Results suggest that the net benefit is relatively small at the beginning but increases over time as learning effects lead to a higher number of women being identified and receiving (cost‑)effective treatment. For a scenario in which screening is first provided by health professionals (such as midwives) and a second screening and the intervention are provided by trained and supervised volunteers to equal proportions in group and individual sessions, as well as in clinic versus community setting, total costs in 2022 amount to US$ 0.66 million and health benefits to US$ 0.36 million. Costs increase to US$ 1.03 million and health benefits to US$ 0.93 million in 2026. Net benefits increase from US$ 35,000 in 2022 to US$ 0.52 million in 2026, and return-on-investment ratios from 1.05 to 1.45. Results from sensitivity analysis suggest that positive net benefit results are highly sensitive to an increase in staff salaries. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing an economic decision-making tool that can be used by local policy makers and influencers to inform investments in maternal mental health

Description of data set

Iteratively, information was gathered from desk-based searches and from talking to and exchanging emails with experts in the maternal health field to establish a model structure and the parameter values. This included the development of an information request form that presents a list of parameters, parameter values and details about how the values were estimated and the data sources. We collected information on: Intervention’s effectiveness; prevalence rates; population and birth estimates; proportion of women attending services; salaries and reimbursement rates for staff and volunteers; details about training, supervision, intervention delivery (e.g., frequency, duration); unit costs, and data needed to derive economic consequences (e.g. women’s income, health weights). Data were searched from the following sources: published randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses; WHO published guidance and intervention manual; international databases and resources (WHO-CHOICE, Global Burden of Disease Database; International Monetary Fund; United Nations Treasury, World Bank, Global Investment Framework for Women’s and Children’s Health). We consulted two groups of experts: one group included individuals with clinical, research or managerial expertise in funding, managing, delivering, or evaluating screening of common mental health problems and PSIs; the second group included individuals from the Malawi Government, Ministry of Health Reproductive Health Unit and Non-Communicable Disease Committee and Mental Health Unit. The first group of experts provided information from research and administrative data systems concerned with implementing and evaluating screening for maternal mental health and the delivery of interventions. The second group of experts from the Malawi Government provided information on unit costs for hospital use and workforce data, as well as information on how training and supervision might be delivered at scale. Individuals were identified by colleagues of this team based or part-time based in Malawi, which included a psychiatrist specialising in perinatal mental health (co-author RS) and the coordinator of the African Maternal Mental Health Alliance (co-author DN), an organisation concerned with disseminating information and evidence on perinatal mental health to policy makers and influencers, and the wider public.

The dataset is related to student data, from an educational research study focusing on student demographics, academic performance, and related factors. Here’s a general description of what each column likely represents:

Sex: The gender of the student (e.g., Male, Female). Age: The age of the student. Name: The name of the student. State: The state where the student resides or where the educational institution is located. Address: Indicates whether the student lives in an urban or rural area. Famsize: Family size category (e.g., LE3 for families with less than or equal to 3 members, GT3 for more than 3). Pstatus: Parental cohabitation status (e.g., 'T' for living together, 'A' for living apart). Medu: Mother's education level (e.g., Graduate, College). Fedu: Father's education level (similar categories to Medu). Mjob: Mother's job type. Fjob: Father's job type. Guardian: The primary guardian of the student. Math_Score: Score obtained by the student in Mathematics. Reading_Score: Score obtained by the student in Reading. Writing_Score: Score obtained by the student in Writing. Attendance_Rate: The percentage rate of the student’s attendance. Suspensions: Number of times the student has been suspended. Expulsions: Number of times the student has been expelled. Teacher_Support: Level of support the student receives from teachers (e.g., Low, Medium, High). Counseling: Indicates whether the student receives counseling services (Yes or No). Social_Worker_Visits: Number of times a social worker has visited the student. Parental_Involvement: The level of parental involvement in the student's academic life (e.g., Low, Medium, High). GPA: The student’s Grade Point Average, a standard measure of academic achievement in schools.

This dataset provides a comprehensive look at various factors that might influence a student's educational outcomes, including demographic factors, academic performance metrics, and support structures both at home and within the educational system. It can be used for statistical analysis to understand and improve student success rates, or for targeted interventions based on specific identified needs.

Intermittent preventative treatment of women during pregnancy (IPTp), including country breadkown

Definition:
Percentage of women aged 15–49 who received intermittent preventive treatment for malaria during last pregnancy (three doses of SP/Fansidar, at least one during antenatal care visit)

MA: Antiretroviral Therapy Coverage for PMTCT: % of Pregnant Women Living with HIV data was reported at 63.000 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 67.000 % for 2016. MA: Antiretroviral Therapy Coverage for PMTCT: % of Pregnant Women Living with HIV data is updated yearly, averaging 62.500 % from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2017, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70.000 % in 2012 and a record low of 46.000 % in 2011. MA: Antiretroviral Therapy Coverage for PMTCT: % of Pregnant Women Living with HIV data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Morocco – Table MA.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Percentage of pregnant women with HIV who receive antiretroviral medicine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT).; ; UNAIDS estimates.; Weighted average;

Treatment patterns and types of surgery performed on the study population.

IntroductionCommunity health workers (CHWs) are lay workers who have the potential to enhance services to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) and improve the health of women living with HIV infection. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial of an intervention to integrate CHWs with ‘Option B+’ PMTCT services in Shinyanga Region, Tanzania.MethodsThe intervention was implemented for 11 months and included four integrated components: 1) formal linkage of CHWs to health facilities; 2) CHW-led antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence counseling; 3) loss to follow-up tracing by CHWs; and 4) distribution of Action Birth Cards (ABCs), a birth planning tool. We cluster-randomized 32 facilities offering PMTCT services, within strata of size, to the intervention (n = 15) or comparison (standard of care, n = 17) groups. Intervention effectiveness was determined with a difference-in-differences strategy based on clinical and pharmacy data from HIV-infected postpartum women at baseline (births in 2014) and endline (births April-Oct 2015). The primary outcome was retention in care between 60 and 120 days postpartum. Secondary outcomes included ART initiation, timing of ART initiation (as measured by week of gestation), and ART adherence 90 days postpartum, measured using the medication possession ratio (MPR≥95%).ResultsIntervention and comparison facilities were similar at baseline. Data were collected from 1,152 and 678 mother-infant pairs at baseline and endline, respectively. There were no significant differences in retention in care, ART initiation, or timing of ART initiation between the intervention and control groups. Adherence (MPR≥95%) at 90 days postpartum was 11.3 percentage points higher in the intervention group in ITT analyses (95% CI: -0.7, 23.3, p = 0.06), though this effect was attenuated after adjusting for baseline imbalance (9.5 percentage points, 95% CI: -2.9, 22.0, p = 0.13). Among only sites that had the greatest fidelity to the intervention, however, we found a stronger effect on adherence (13.6 percentage points, 95% CI: 2.5, 24.6).ConclusionsDespite being feasible and acceptable, the CHW-based intervention did not have strong effects on most PMTCT indicators. CHW involvement in PMTCT programs may improve ART adherence among HIV-infected postpartum women, however, and success appears heavily dependent on program implementation.Trial registrationRegistry for International Development Impact Evaluations (RIDIE, ID 552553838b402) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03058484)

ABSTRACT This paper characterizes the activities of the Psychology Service in a health care complex that provides services to the Single Health System (SUS). The use of interventions was measured by absolute and relative number of patients. It was identified: socio-demographic profile, medical specialty of origin, requesting agent, request the reasons, and type of intervention. A higher percentage of women were attended, and anxiety and depression were predominant. The most used interventions were psychological evaluation and interventions with family members/caregivers. Routine studies of characterization of care are essential for monitoring the performance of services, making it possible to verify their adequacy and the need for improvement.

This dataset summarizes the percent of women on Medical Assistance (MA) ages 12 to 55 years old diagnosed with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) that had a delivery and indicates how many of those women received Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) during their pregnancy. Delivery includes live birth or stillbirth. Data collection started in 2016 and will be updated quarterly as data becomes available.

Crude and adjusted models by curative treatment: Surgery only [Ref] vs. surgery with adjuvant therapy.

BackgroundWorldwide opioid-related overdose has become a major public health crisis. People with opioid use disorder (OUD) are overrepresented in the criminal justice system and at higher risk for opioid-related mortality. However, correctional facilities frequently adopt an abstinence-only approach, seldom offering the gold standard opioid agonist treatment (OAT) to incarcerated persons with OUD. In an attempt to inform adequate management of OUD among incarcerated persons, we conducted a systematic review of opioid-related interventions delivered before, during, and after incarceration.Methods and findingsWe systematically reviewed 8 electronic databases for original, peer-reviewed literature published between January 2008 and October 2019. Our review included studies conducted among adult participants with OUD who were incarcerated or recently released into the community (≤90 days post-incarceration). The search identified 2,356 articles, 46 of which met the inclusion criteria based on assessments by 2 independent reviewers. Thirty studies were conducted in North America, 9 in Europe, and 7 in Asia/Oceania. The systematic review included 22 randomized control trials (RCTs), 3 non-randomized clinical trials, and 21 observational studies. Eight observational studies utilized administrative data and included large sample sizes (median of 10,419 [range 2273–131,472] participants), and 13 observational studies utilized primary data, with a median of 140 (range 27–960) participants. RCTs and non-randomized clinical trials included a median of 198 (range 15–1,557) and 44 (range 27–382) participants, respectively. Twelve studies included only men, 1 study included only women, and in the remaining 33 studies, the percentage of women was below 30%. The majority of study participants were middle-aged adults (36–55 years). Participants treated at a correctional facility with methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) or buprenorphine (BPN)/naloxone (NLX) had lower rates of illicit opioid use, had higher adherence to OUD treatment, were less likely to be re-incarcerated, and were more likely to be working 1 year post-incarceration. Participants who received MMT or BPN/NLX while incarcerated had fewer nonfatal overdoses and lower mortality. The main limitation of our systematic review is the high heterogeneity of studies (different designs, settings, populations, treatments, and outcomes), precluding a meta-analysis. Other study limitations include the insufficient data about incarcerated women with OUD, and the lack of information about incarcerated populations with OUD who are not included in published research.ConclusionsIn this carefully conducted systematic review, we found that correctional facilities should scale up OAT among incarcerated persons with OUD. The strategy is likely to decrease opioid-related overdose and mortality, reduce opioid use and other risky behaviors during and after incarceration, and improve retention in addiction treatment after prison release. Immediate OAT after prison release and additional preventive strategies such as the distribution of NLX kits to at-risk individuals upon release greatly decrease the occurrence of opioid-related overdose and mortality. In an effort to mitigate the impact of the opioid-related overdose crisis, it is crucial to scale up OAT and opioid-related overdose prevention strategies (e.g., NLX) within a continuum of treatment before, during, and after incarceration.

Background In a population-based epidemiological study in Ngaoundere, Cameroon, we studied cross-sectional child morbidity and the cost of necessary investigation and treatment. Methods Three teams of two to three health workers visited haphazardly selected households in all major housing quarters. We asked permission to enter for a health survey. Children with cough, fever or weight loss as well as sick adults were offered free-of-charge local hospital examination and treatment. Results From 177 households with 1777 persons, 51 (2.9%) persons were referred. Thirty-five of them had an undiagnosed disease threatening individual health and in many cases also public health. Seven were hospitalised, including three adults with tuberculosis. Malnutrition was diagnosed in nine small children. Four patients had AIDS, seven had malaria. Average total cost for ambulant patients was 15 USD, for hospitalised patients 110 USD. In the households, almost half of the women 16–50 years of age had no schooling. Two per cent of women and nine per cent of men were daily smokers. Coughing children were more likely than non-coughing children to live in a household with at least one smoker (OR = 3.58, 95% CI 1.72 to 7.46), and they generally lived in more poor households (P = 0.018). Twelve of 16 children with weight loss were referred from households with a high poverty score. Conclusions Adult smoking and poverty affect children's health. The cost of hospitalisation or long-lasting therapy is beyond the means of most ordinary families. Diseases with severe consequences for public health, like tuberculosis, AIDS and malaria should have national programs with free, decentralised examination and treatment. Access to generic drugs is important. A major educational effort is needed to improve public health.