Prior to 1829, the area of modern day Greece was largely under the control of the Ottoman Empire. In 1821, the Greeks declared their independence from the Ottomans, and achieved it within 8 years through the Greek War of Independence. The Independent Kingdom of Greece was established in 1829 and made up the southern half of present-day, mainland Greece, along with some Mediterranean islands. Over the next century, Greece's borders would expand and readjust drastically, through a number of conflicts and diplomatic agreements; therefore the population of Greece within those political borders** was much lower than the population in what would be today's borders. As there were large communities of ethnic Greeks living in neighboring countries during this time, particularly in Turkey, and the data presented here does not show the full extent of the First World War, Spanish Flu Pandemic and Greko-Turkish War on these Greek populations. While it is difficult to separate the fatalities from each of these events, it is estimated that between 500,000 and 900,000 ethnic Greeks died at the hands of the Ottomans between the years 1914 and 1923, and approximately 150,000 died due to the 1918 flu pandemic. These years also saw the exchange of up to one million Orthodox Christians from Turkey to Greece, and several hundred thousand Muslims from Greece to Turkey; this exchange is one reason why Greece's total population did not change drastically, despite the genocide, displacement and demographic upheaval of the 1910s and 1920s. Greece in WWII A new Hellenic Republic was established in 1924, which saw a decade of peace and modernization in Greece, however this was short lived. The Greek monarchy was reintroduced in 1935, and the prime minister, Ioannis Metaxas, headed a totalitarian government that remained in place until the Second World War. Metaxas tried to maintain Greek neutrality as the war began, however Italy's invasion of the Balkans made this impossible, and the Italian army tried invading Greece via Albania in 1940. The outnumbered and lesser-equipped Greek forces were able to hold off the Italian invasion and then push them backwards into Albania, marking the first Allied victory in the war. Following a series of Italian failures, Greece was eventually overrun when Hitler launched a German and Bulgarian invasion in April 1941, taking Athens within three weeks. Germany's involvement in Greece meant that Hitler's planned invasion of the Soviet Union was delayed, and Hitler cited this as the reason for it's failure (although most historians disagree with this). Over the course of the war approximately eight to eleven percent of the Greek population died due to fighting, extermination, starvation and disease; including over eighty percent of Greece's Jewish population in the Holocaust. Following the liberation of Greece in 1944, the country was then plunged into a civil war (the first major conflict of the Cold War), which lasted until 1949, and saw the British and American-supported government fight with Greek communists for control of the country. The government eventually defeated the Soviet-supported communist forces, and established American influence in the Aegean and Balkans throughout the Cold War. Post-war Greece From the 1950s until the 1970s, the Marshall Plan, industrialization and an emerging Tourism sector helped the Greek economy to boom, with one of the strongest growth rates in the world. Apart from the military coup, which ruled from 1967 to 1974, Greece remained relatively peaceful, prosperous and stable throughout the second half of the twentieth century. The population reached 11.2 million in the early 2000s, before going into decline for the past fifteen years. This decline came about due to a negative net migration rate and slowing birth rate, ultimately facilitated by the global financial crisis of 2007 and 2008; many Greeks left the country in search of work elsewhere, and the economic troubles have impacted the financial incentives that were previously available for families with many children. While the financial crisis was a global event, Greece was arguably the hardest-hit nation during the crisis, and suffered the longest recession of any advanced economy. The financial crisis has had a consequential impact on the Greek population, which has dropped by 800,000 in 15 years, and the average age has increased significantly, as thousands of young people migrate in search of employment.

Abstract

The Household Budget Survey conducted by the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan is the main source of information for analysis of living standards of separate population groups, income differentiation and poverty levels in the country. The survey was introduced in 2001 and has been carried out annually since then.

The Azerbaijan HBS is based on a random probability sample, which was designed to give nationally representative results and allow comparison between main regions of the country and different categories of the population. Approximately 8,700 households are interviewed annually. The annual sample is divided into about 2,200 households per quarter, with a full rotation of households occurring each quarter.

The survey collects information on household income and expenditure, housing conditions, ownership of consumer durables, access to agricultural land and demographic characteristics of household members.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Private households;

A household is defined as a single person or a group of persons with a common budget and residence (house, flat, etc.). The members of the household may not be relatives even if living together and sharing a common household. Persons living in institutional households (elderly houses, hospitals, military barracks etc.) are excluded from the survey.

Since the first half of 90-ties about 800,000 persons migrated within Azerbaijan because of the war in Nagorno-Karabach region. There have been some 250,000 refugees mainly from the other republics of previous USSR, too. This population part is included in the sampling frame according to their actual living place at the time of the population census in 1999.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample of Azerbaijan HBS is based on territorial random probability principles. This allows stratifying the population by urban/rural category and by geographical characteristics (8 regions - economic zones). Taking into account that one fourth of the population is concentrated in the capital city Baku this population was included into a separate stratum.

Data from the population census 1999 was used in the survey. Three-stage sampling was implemented to select participating households.

Detailed description of the sampling procedure is available in "Azerbaijan HBS: Methodology" (p.2-6) in external resources.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The following survey instruments are used in Azerbaijan HBS:

1) Checklist of Household Composition (to be filled for each household at the outset of the survey). If a household agrees to participate in the survey, an interviewer must complete a household composition checklist.

2) Questionnaire for Basic Interview (to be filled at the outset of the survey). It is completed during an interview with the head of the household at the outset of the survey. The questionnaire contains four chapters: - Household Composition; - Housing Conditions; - Personal Subsidiary Plot; - Durable Goods.

3) Daily Expenditure Diary (to be filled by the household during two weeks). The daily diary contains the following sections: - Number of Present Members of Households; - Purchase of Food and Non-Food Goods, Services; - Food and Non-Food Goods and Services Received Free of Charge (Consumed/Received during 14 Days); - Expenses for Dining Out.

4) Quarterly Questionnaire on Incomes and Expenditures of Households (to be filled quarterly in the course of the interview with the household members). The expenditure and income questionnaire includes the following chapters: - Expenses for Clothing and Shoes; - Expenditure for Household Goods; - Expenses for Furniture, Different Services and Other Large Expenses; - Expenses for Utilities and Housing; - Personal Subsidiary Plot; - Health Expenditure; - Other Expenses; - Household Income.

5) Notebook to Record Quarterly Expenditures and Incomes (to be used throughout the entire quarter and as a supplement for the quarterly expenditure and income interview). The interviewer asks the surveyed households about their regular expenses and income on a quarterly basis. He/she poses questions about main (large) buys and regular expenses over the quarter.

The first version of questionnaires was introduced during 2001 survey. The survey instruments were updated in 2002.

Abstract

Multiple causes for displacement, all too often underpinned by violence and persecution, has led to over 800,000 Central Americans fleeing their homes, beginning in 2013. Year after year, there has been an increase in individuals fleeing. This was marked initially by especially large numbers of unaccompanied children, then joined in around 2018 with dramatic increases in families units fleeing Central America. Families are forced to flee together as violent threats and persecution by criminal groups in communities extend beyond individuals to entire family units.

Given these shifting dynamics in human mobility in these countries, UNHCR and UNICEF, through the Interdisciplinary Development Consultants, CID Gallup, decided to undertake this study with the aim of understanding and giving visibility to the forced displacement of families that flee northern Central America. In addition, the study also seeks to shed light on the current trends, protection risks and factors associated to the forced displacement and migration of unaccompanied and separated children.

For this purpose, Gallup conducted 3,104 surveys, complemented by focus group sessions segmented according to the geography of displacement in the region: country of origin, of transit and of asylum. Additionally, interviews were undertaken with families who were part of large mixed movement "caravans" that left Honduras at the beginning of 2020.

Analysis unit

Household

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A significant sample was taken of each profile interviewed for a total of 3,104 surveys conducted in Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico. The content of each survey was focused on the following profiles:

Families and children and adolescents at risk of displacement in countries of origin: a total of 789 surveys were carried out with families identified from a non-probabilistic sampling. The surveys were taken in areas with the highest criminality and violence rates in countries of origin (El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala), which were also areas with a prior history of forced displacement identified through previous studies. The survey questions focused on risks faced by families in their places of origin, including those that would compel them to flee, particularly those related to violence and poverty.

Families and children and adolescents in transit: a total of 836 surveys were carried out with families identified from a non-probabilistic sampling. The surveys were taken at locations where persons in transit were typically found in Guatemala and Mexico, such as Casas de Migrantes. For the quantitative component, data of unaccompanied children and adolescents was gatheredin Casa Nuestras Raices in Guatemala City and Quetzaltenango. This segment of the population was surveyed on the risks they faced during transit as well as the causes of displacement from their countries of origin.

Families and children and adolescents in country of destination: through non-probabilistic sampling methods, 453 people were surveyed, the majority of whom were recognized as refugees or asylum seekers in Mexico. Several interviews were facilitated by the UNHCR Office in Mexico in areas with this population profile: Casa del Migrante Monsenor-Oluta Veracruz, Scalabrinianas Mision con Migrantes y Refugiados, State DIF, Municipal DIF, among others. The survey questions for this population focused on the asylum procedure and their living conditions in the country.

Deported families and children and adolescents: non-probability cluster sampling. Interviews were conducted with 1,026 families that had been detained and deported during the 12 months prior to the survey. Locations included the Guatemalan Air Force base, outside of the Center for the Comprehensive Assistance to Migrants (CAIM for its acronym in Spanish) and outside of the following locations in Honduras: Center for the Assistance of Migrant Children and Families in Belen, and Center for the Assistance to the Returned Migrant (CAMR) and CAMR-OMOA.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire contains the following sections: household characteristics, individual characteristics, details on deportation, risks, transit, settled households.