The mid-year estimates refer to the population on 30 June of the reference year and are produced in line with the standard United Nations (UN) definition for population estimates. They are the official set of population estimates for the UK and its constituent countries, the regions and counties of England, and local authorities and their equivalents.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. The dataset was originally created to allow the construction of age-specific mortality series and cohort mortality series for particular diseases, from the mid-nineteenth century to the present (in conjunction with the comparable mortality database created by the Office of National Statistics which covers 1901 – present). The dataset is fairly comprehensive and therefore allows both fine analysis of trends in single causes and also the construction of consistent aggregated categories of causes over time. Additionally, comparison of trends in individual causes can be used to infer transfers of deaths between categories over time, that may cause artifactual changes in mortality rates of particular causes. The data are presented by sex, allowing calculation of sex ratios. The age-specific and annual nature of the dataset allows the analysis of cause-specific mortality by birth cohort (assuming low migration at the national level). The database can be used in conjunction with the ONS database “Historic Mortality and Population Data, 1901-1992”, already in the UK Data Archive collection as SN 2902, to create continuous cause-of-death series for the period 1848-1992 (or later, if using more recent versions of the ONS database).

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. The aim of this project was to analyse the changing geography of mortality decline in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911 via the cause of death by age data for registration districts published in the Registrar General's Decennial Supplements. Main Topics: 1851-1860 and 1861-1870 Mean population by registration district and sex, total deaths by registration district and sex, causes of death by registration district, sex and age group. 1871-1880 Mean population by registration district and sex, total deaths by registration district and sex, causes of death by registration district and age group, total marriages, total births. 1881-1890 and 1891-1900 Mean population by registration district and sex, total deaths by registration district and sex, causes of death by registration district and sex, causes of death by registration district and age group, total marriages, total births. Please note: this study does not include information on named individuals and would therefore not be useful for personal family history research.

This release provides the results of questions on animal health and welfare practices adopted by farmers. Link to main notice: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs/series/farm-business-survey#publications Survey methodology This release includes the results for the questions asked on business management practices. Comparisons to results from the previous business management practices module conducted in 2007/08 have where possible been included in this publication. Results from IT usage question were released on the 20 March 2013, for the detailed results please see: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/farm-practices-survey-october-2012-computer-usage The Farm Business Survey (FBS) is an annual survey providing information on the financial position and physical and economic performance of farm businesses in England. The sample of around 1,900 farm businesses covers all regions of England and all types of farming with the data being collected by face to face interview with the farmer. Results are weighted to represent the whole population of farm businesses that have at least 25,000 Euros of standard output as recorded in the annual June Survey of Agriculture and Horticulture. In 2011 there were just over 56,000 farm businesses meeting this criteria. In the 2011/12 survey, an additional module was included to collect information on business management practices from a sub-sample of farm businesses. The information collected covered (i) business management practices such as benchmarking, risk management, IT usage and management accounting, (ii) practices specific to animal health and welfare e.g. biosecurity, veterinary strategy, animal health plans, (iii) the environmental footprint of farming, GHG abatement, energy use and, (iv) climate change adaptation. When combined with other data from the survey this helps to explain farm businesses’ behaviour and how this varies with parameters such as farm type, farm size and performance. Completion of the business management practices module was voluntary with a response rate of 71% in 2011/12. The farms that responded to the business management practices module had similar characteristics to those farms in the main FBS in terms of farm type and geographical location. There is a smaller proportion of large and very large farms in the module subset than in the main FBS For further information about the Farm Business Survey please see: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs/series/farm-business-survey Data analysis The results from the FBS relate to farms which have a standard output of at least 25,000 Euros . Initial weights are applied to the FBS records based on the inverse sampling fraction for each design stratum (farm type by farm size). These weights are then adjusted (calibration weighting) so that they can produce unbiased estimators of a number of different target variables. Completion of the business management practices module was voluntary and a sample of around 1,350 farms was achieved. In order to take account of non-response, the results have been reweighted using a method that preserves marginal totals for populations according to farm type and farm size groups. As such, farm population totals for other classifications (e.g. regions) will not be in-line with results using the main FBS weights, nor will any results produced for variables derived from the rest of the FBS (e.g. farm business income). Comparisons between 2007/08 and 2011/12 Results from the 2007/08 and 2011/12 business management practices modules are not directly comparable due to changes in the coverage of the survey and changes in the classification of farms for the 2010/11 campaign. In 2010/11 the survey was restricted to include farms which have at least 25,000 Euros of standard output; prior to this the survey was restricted to farms with ½ Standard Labour Requirement or more. The classification of farms into farm types was also revised for the 2010/11 Farm Business Survey, to bring the classification in line with European guidelines. Equivalent results from 2007/08 have been presented alongside 2011/12 results in many of the charts and tables; however comparisons should be treated with extreme caution due to the reasons given above. To enable more robust comparisons between the 2007/08 and 2011/12 business management practices module, we have examined the subset of farms that participated in both years (approximately 770 farms). For this subset of farms we have carried out significance testing using McNemar’s test to determine whether the differences observed between the two time periods are statistically significant. The McNemar’s test is applied to 2x2 contingency tables, with matched pairs of subjects, to determine whether the row and column marginal frequencies are equal. Where a statistically significant difference has been observed this has been indicated on the tables and charts for the full module results with a *. Commentary alongside the charts and tables will refer to this analysis rather than make comparisons with the 2007/08 data displayed. Accuracy and reliability of the results Where possible, we have shown 95% confidence intervals against the figures. These show the range of values that may apply to the figures. They mean that we are 95% confident this range contains the true value . They are calculated as the standard errors (se) multiplied by 1.96 to give the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The standard errors only give an indication of the sampling error. They do not reflect any other sources of survey errors, such as non-response bias. The confidence limits shown are appropriate for comparing groups within the same year; they should not be used for comparing, different years’ results from the Farm Business Survey since they do not allow for the fact that in the FBS many of the same farms contributed in both years. We have also shown error bars on the figures in this notice. These error bars represent the 95% confidence intervals for the figures (as defined above).. Estimates based on less than 5 observations have been suppressed to prevent disclosure of the identity of the contributing farms. Estimates based on less than 15 observations have been highlighted in italics in the tables and should be treated with caution as they are likely to be less precise. Definitions Economic performance for each farm is measured as the ratio between economic output (mainly sales revenue) and inputs (costs+ unpaid labour). The higher the ratio, the higher the economic efficiency and performance. Performance bands based on economic performance percentiles are as follows: Low performers - farmers who took part in the Business Management Practices survey and were in the bottom 25% of economic performers in this sample Medium performers -farmers who took part in the Business Management Practices survey and were in the middle 50% of performers in this sample High performers - farmers who took part in the Business Management Practices survey and were in the top 25% of performers in this sample. These are based on economic performance in 2011/12. Availability of results Defra statistical notices can be viewed on the Food and Farming Statistics pages on the Defra website at https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs/about/statistics. This site also shows details of future publications, with pre-announced dates.

Using a newly constructed dataset of official morbidity figures based on colonial medical reports, this article studies the British and French colonial response to the development of fourteen selected diseases in colonial health care facilities in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire from circa 1900–1955. Yaws and malaria are shown to have received colonial attention due to their relatively high incidence in the facilities, while other diseases were deemed important for reasons other than the number of cases treated (sleeping sickness, yellow fever, smallpox). Despite similar forces surrounding colonial decision-making (such as the expansion of the colonial health care networks, population growth and the development of Western medicine), the British and French colonial response developed differently for part of the selected diseases (including sleeping sickness, measles and dysentery). For five commonly prevalent diseases (leprosy, dysentery, measles, gonorrhoea and syphilis) in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, the results in this article suggest that as of the 1930s, French colonial policymakers recognised their threat, while the British failed to do so sufficiently. A second new dataset of colonial vaccination campaigns (for ca. 1900–1955) formed the basis of an analysis of this aspect of the colonial response outside health care facilities. It finds that several diseases (including yellow fever) were addressed – more so in Côte d’Ivoire than in Ghana – but that smallpox vaccination campaigns trumped all others. The findings of this analysis indicate that extensive smallpox campaigns occurred earlier in both countries than previously suggested by the literature, and that the French colonial administration imposed a more elaborate programme.

Information on farm household income and farm household composition. Source agency: Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Designation: National Statistics Language: English Alternative title: Farm Household Income and Household Composition, England If you require the datasets in a more accessible format, please contact fbs.queries@defra.gsi.gov.uk Background and guidance on the statistics Information on farm household income and farm household composition was collected in the Farm Business Survey (FBS) for England for the first time in 2004/05. Collection of household income data is restricted to the household of the principal farmer from each farm business. For practical reasons, data is not collected for the households of any other farmers and partners. Two-thirds of farm businesses have an input only from the principal farmer’s household (see table 5). However, details of household composition are collected for the households of all farmers and partners in the business, but not employed farm workers. Data on the income of farm households is used in conjunction with other economic information for the agricultural sector (e.g. farm business income) to help inform policy decisions and to help monitor and evaluate current policies relating to agriculture in the United Kingdom by Government. It also informs wider research into the economic performance of the agricultural industry. This release gives the main results from the income and composition of farm households and the off-farm activities of the farmer and their spouse (Including common law partners) sections of the FBS. These sections include information on the household income of the principal farmer’s household, off-farm income sources for the farmer and spouse and incomes of other members of their household and the number of working age and pensionable adults and children in each of the households on the farm (the information on household composition can be found in Appendix B). This release provides the main results from the 2013/14 FBS. The results are presented together with confidence intervals. Survey content and methodology The Farm Business Survey (FBS) is an annual survey providing information on the financial position and physical and economic performance of farm businesses in England. The sample of around 1,900 farm businesses covers all regions of England and all types of farming with the data being collected by face to face interview with the farmer. Results are weighted to represent the whole population of farm businesses that have at least 25 thousand Euros of standard output as recorded in the annual June Survey of Agriculture and Horticulture. In 2013 there were just over 58 thousand farm businesses meeting this criteria. Since 2009/10 a sub-sample of around 1,000 farms in the FBS has taken part in both the additional surveys on the income and composition of farm households and the off-farm activities of the farmer and their spouse. In previous years, the sub-sample had included over 1,600 farms. As such, caution should be taken when comparing to earlier years. The farms that responded to the additional survey on household incomes and off-farm activities of the farmer and spouse had similar characteristics to those farms in the main FBS in terms of farm type and geographical location. However, there is a smaller proportion of very large farms in the additional survey than in the main FBS. Full details of the characteristic of responding farms can be found at Appendix A of the notice. For further information about the Farm Business Survey please see: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs/series/farm-business-survey Data analysis The results from the FBS relate to farms which have a standard output of at least 25,000 Euros. Initial weights are applied to the FBS records based on the inverse sampling fraction for each design stratum (farm type by farm size). These weights are then adjusted (calibration weighting) so that they can produce unbiased estimators of a number of different target variables. Completion of the additional survey on household incomes and off-farm activities of the farmer and spouse was voluntary and a sample of around 1,000 farms was achieved. In order to take account of non-response, the results have been reweighted using a method that preserves marginal totals for populations according to farm type and farm size groups. As such, farm population totals for other classifications (e.g. regions) will not be in-line with results using the main FBS weights, nor will any results produced for variables derived from the rest of the FBS (e.g. farm business income). Accuracy and reliability of the results We show 95% confidence intervals against the results. These show the range of values that may apply to the figures. They mean that we are 95% confident that this range contains the true value. They are calculated as the standard errors (se) multiplied by 1.96 to give the 95% confidence interval. The standard errors only give an indication of the sampling error. They do not reflect any other sources of survey errors, such as non-response bias. For the Farm Business Survey, the confidence limits shown are appropriate for comparing groups within the same year only; they should not be used for comparing with previous years since they do not allow for the fact that many of the same farms will have contributed to the Farm Business Survey in both years. Availability of results This release contains headline results for each section. The full set of results can be found at: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs/series/farm-business-survey#publications Defra statistical notices can be viewed on the on the statistics pages of the Defra website at https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs/about/statistics. This site also shows details of future publications, with pre-announced dates. Data Uses Data from the Farm Business Survey (FBS) are provided to the EU as part of the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). The data have been used to help inform policy decisions (e.g. Reform of Pillar 1 and Pillar 2 of Common Agricultural Policy) and to help monitor and evaluate current policies relating to agriculture in England (and the EU). It is also widely used by the industry for benchmarking and informs wider research into the economic performance of the agricultural industry. User engagement As part of our ongoing commitment to compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics http://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/assessment/code-of-practice/index.html, we wish to strengthen our engagement with users of these statistics and better understand the use made of them and the types of decisions that they inform. Consequently, we invite users to make themselves known, to advise us of the use they do, or might, make of these statistics, and what their wishes are in terms of engagement. Feedback on this notice and enquiries about these statistics are also welcome. Definitions Household income of the principal farmer Principal farmer’s household income has the following components: (1) The share of farm business income (FBI) (including income from farm diversification) attributable to the principal farmer and their spouse. (2) Principal farmer’s and spouse’s off farm income from employment and self-employment, investment income, pensions and social payments. (3) Income of other household members. The share of farm business income and all employment and self-employment incomes, investment income and pension income are recorded as gross of income tax payments and National Insurance contributions, but after pension contributions. In addition, no deduction is made for council tax. Household A household is defined as a single person or group of people living at the same address as their only or main residence, who either share one meal a day together or share the living accommodation. A household must contain at least one person who received drawings from the farm business or who took a share of the profit from the business. Drawings Drawings represent the monies which the farmer takes from the business for their own personal use. The percentage of total drawings going to each household is collected and is used to calculate the total share of farm business income for the principal farmer’s household. Mean Mean household income of individuals is the ”average”, found by adding up the weighted household incomes for each individual farm in the population for analysis and dividing the result by the corresponding weighted number of farms. In this report average is usually taken to refer to the mean. Percentiles These are the values which divide the population for analysis, when ranked by an output variable (e.g. household income or net worth), into 100 equal-sized groups. E.g. twenty five per cent of the population would have incomes below the 25th percentile. Median Median household income divides the population, when ranked by an output variable, into two equal sized groups. The median of the whole population is the same as the 50th percentile. The term is also used for the midpoint of the subsets of the income distribution Quartiles Quartiles are values which divide the population, when ranked by an output variable, into four equal-sized groups. The lowest quartile is the same as the 25th percentile. The divisions of a population split by quartiles are referred to as quarters in this publication. Quintiles Quintiles are values which divide the population, when ranked by an output variable, into five equal-sized groups. The divisions of a population split by quintiles are referred to as fifths in this publication. Assets Assets include milk and livestock quotas, as well as land, buildings (including the farm house), breeding livestock, and machinery and equipment. For tenanted farmers,

This release presents the main results from an analysis of the profitability and resilience of farms in England using data from the Farm Business Survey. Six measures have been examined; liabilities, net worth, gearing ratios, liquidity, net interest payments as a proportion of Farm Business Income and Return on Capital Employed (ROCE). Link to main notice: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/farm-business-survey#documents Survey details The Farm Business Survey (FBS) is an annual survey providing information on the financial position and physical and economic performance of farm businesses in England. The sample of around 1,900 farm businesses covers all regions of England and all types of farming with the data being collected by face to face interview with the farmer. Results are weighted to represent the whole population of farm businesses that have at least 25 thousand Euros of standard output as recorded in the annual June Survey of Agriculture and Horticulture. In 2012 there were just over 56 thousand farm businesses meeting this criteria. The data used for this analysis is from only those farms present in the Farm Business Survey (FBS) for 2010/11 to 2012/13. Those entering or leaving the survey in this period have been excluded. The sub sample consists of around 1490 farms. For further information about the Farm Business Survey please see: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs/series/farm-business-survey Data analysis The results from the FBS relate to farms which have a standard output of at least 25,000 Euros. Initial weights are applied to the FBS records based on the inverse sampling fraction for each design stratum (farm type by farm size). These weights are then adjusted (calibration weighting) so that they can produce unbiased estimators of a number of different target variables. All data in this release is based on farms present in the FBS for 2010/11 to 2012/13 and that have complete returns on their assets and liabilities. Those entering or leaving the survey in this period have been excluded. This sub sample consists of around 1490 farms. The results for this subsample have been reweighted using a method that preserves marginal totals for populations according to farm type and farm size groups. As such, farm population totals for other classifications (e.g. regions) will not be in-line with results using the main FBS weights, nor will any results produced for variables derived from the rest of the FBS (e.g. farm business income). Measures represent a three year average from 2010-2013, presented in 2012/2013 prices (uprated according to RPI inflation). This helps to stabilise the fluctuations in income that can significantly change the financial position of a farm from year to year. ? Accuracy and reliability of the results We show 95% confidence intervals against the results. These show the range of values that may apply to the figures. They mean that we are 95% confident that this range contains the true value. They are calculated as the standard errors (se) multiplied by 1.96 to give the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The standard errors only give an indication of the sampling error. They do not reflect any other sources of survey errors, such as non-response bias. For the Farm Business Survey, the confidence limits shown are appropriate for comparing groups within the same year only; they should not be used for comparing with previous years since they do not allow for the fact that many of the same farms will have contributed to the Farm Business Survey in both years. We have also shown error bars on the figures in this notice. These error bars represent the 95% confidence intervals (as defined above). For the FBS, where figures are based on less than 5 observations these have been suppressed to prevent disclosure and where they are based on less than 15 observations these have been highlighted in the tables. Availability of results Defra statistical notices can be viewed on the Food and Farming Statistics pages on the Defra website at https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs/about/statistics. This site also shows details of future publications, with pre-announced dates. Definitions Mean The mean (average) is found by adding up the weighted variable of interest (e.g. liabilities or net worth) for each individual farm in the population for analysis and dividing the result by the corresponding weighted number of farms. In this report average is usually taken to refer to the mean. Percentiles These are the values which divide the population for analysis, when ranked by an output variable (e.g. ROCE or net worth), into 100 equal-sized groups. For example, twenty five per cent of the population would have incomes below the 25th percentile. Median The median divides the population, when ranked by an output variable, into two equal sized groups. The median of the whole population is the same as the 50th percentile. Farm Type Where reference is made to the type of farm in this document, this refers to the ‘robust type’, which is a standardised farm classification system. Farm Sizes Farm sizes are based on the estimated labour requirements for the business, rather than its land area. The farm size bands used within the detailed results tables which accompany this publication are shown in the table below. Standard Labour Requirement (SLR) is defined as the theoretical number of workers required each year to run a business, based on its cropping and livestock activities. Farm size Definition Spare & Part time Less than 1 SLR Small 1 to less than 2 SLR Medium 2 to less than 3 SLR Large 3 to less than 5 SLR Very Large 5 or more SLR Assets Assets include milk and livestock quotas, as well as land, buildings (including the farm house), breeding livestock, and machinery and equipment. For tenanted farmers, assets can include farm buildings, cottages, quotas, etc., where these are owned by the occupier. Personal possessions (e.g. jewellery, furniture, and possibly private cash) are not included. Net worth Net worth represents the residual claim or interest of the owner in the business. It is the balance sheet value of assets available to the owner of the business after all other claims against these assets have been met. Net worth takes total liabilities from total assets, including tenant type capital and land. This describes the wealth of a farm if all of their liabilities were called in.? Liabilities Liabilities are the total debt (short and long term) of the farm business including monies owed. It includes mortgages, long term loans and monies owed for hire purchase, leasing and overdrafts. Tenant type capital Tenant type capital comprises assets normally provided by tenants and includes livestock, machinery, crops and produce in store, stocks of bought and home-grown feeding stuffs and fodder, seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, medicines, fuel and other purchased materials, work in progress (tillages or cultivations), cash and other assets needed to run the business. Orchards, other permanent crops, such as soft fruit and hop gardens and glasshouses, are also generally considered to be tenant-type capital. Return on capital employed (ROCE) Return on capital employed (ROCE) is a measure of the return that a business makes from the available capital. ROCE provides a more holistic view than profit margins, focusing on efficient use of capital and low costs and allowing an equal comparison across farms of differing sizes. It is calculated as economic profit divided by capital employed. Liquidity ratio The liquidity ratio shows the ability of a farm to finance its immediate financial demands from its current assets, such as cash, savings or stock. It is calculated as current assets divided by the current liabilities of the farms. Gearing ratio The gearing ratio gives a farm’s liabilities as a proportion of its assets Farm business income (FBI) Farm Business Income (FBI) for sole traders and partnerships represents the financial return to all unpaid labour (farmers and spouses, non-principal partners and directors and their spouses and family workers) and on all their capital invested in the farm business, including land and buildings. For corporate businesses it represents the financial return on the shareholders capital invested in the farm business. Note that prior to 2008/09 directors remuneration was not deducted in the calculation of farm business income. It is used when assessing the impact of new policies or regulations on the individual farm business. Although Farm Business Income is equivalent to financial Net Profit, in practice they are likely to differ because Net Profit is derived from financial accounting principles whereas Farm Business Income is derived from management accounting principles. For example in financial accounting output stocks are usually valued at cost of production, whereas in management accounting they are usually valued at market price. In financial accounting depreciation is usually calculated at historic cost whereas in management accounting it is often calculated at replacement cost. Net Farm Income (NFI) Net Farm Income (NFI) is intended as a consistent measure of the profitability of tenant-type farming which allows farms of different business organisation, tenure and indebtedness to be compared. It represents the return to the farmer and spouse alone for their manual and managerial labour and on the tenant-type capital invested in the farm business. To represent the return to farmer and spouse alone, a notional deduction is made for any unpaid labour provided by non-principal partners and directors, their spouses and by others; this unpaid labour is valued at average local market rates for manual agricultural work. To confine the measure to the tenant-type activities and assets of the business, an imputed rent is deducted for owner-occupied land and

These results cover the physical quantities of inputs used on farm as well as the extent of farming practices such as use of contractors, minimal tillage and ploughing of grassland. Source agency: Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Designation: National Statistics Language: English Alternative title: Energy Use on Farms; Results from the Farm Business Survey Farm Energy Use: Results from the Farm Business Survey: England 2011/12 A statistical release covering farm energy use was published on 15/08/2013. This workbook contains comprehensive data tables, including some not shown in the statistical release. Link to main notice: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs/series/farm-business-survey#publications If you require the data in a more accessible format, please contact fbs.queries@defra.gsi.gov.uk Survey details Survey content and methodology The Farm Business Survey (FBS) is an annual survey providing information on the financial position and physical and economic performance of farm businesses in England. The sample of around 1,900 farm businesses covers all regions of England and all types of farming with the data being collected by face to face interview with the farmer. To be eligible for the FBS, farm businesses must have a standard output of at least 25 thousand Euros. In 2011/12 a sub-sample of around 200 farms in the FBS took part in an additional module to collect information on energy use. The survey was designed to collect data for greenhouse gas calculations which will be reported on in late 2013. Specific farm types were selected with a focus on those types which tend to have very dominant enterprises. For this reason, horticulture, general cropping and mixed farm types were not surveyed. It was also critical that full financial data was available for all responses, so the sample was restricted to those that completed that part of the FBS, although these represent over 90% of the full FBS sample. The sample for cereals, dairy and grazing livestock farms was stratified into three strata, based on Standard Output. This was not done for pigs and poultry farms. The size breakdown of responses is close to the FBS population breakdown for some farm types but not for others. Full details of the characteristic of responding farms can be found at Appendix A. Fuel volumes were converted into energy values (GJ) using factors extracted from the European Reference Life Cycle Database (ELCD) by Cranfield University. These factors use a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective which include energy used in the extraction, refinement and delivery of fuels, on top of the calorific value of the fuel itself. For further information about the Farm Business Survey please see: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs/series/farm-business-survey Data analysis The omission of some farm types from this survey means that the results are not representative of the farming industry as a whole and no results are reported on this basis. Due largely to the low number of observations, no attempt has been made to weight up results. As such, results in this release should not be regarded as representative of the FBS population. Extreme care should be taken when drawing conclusions from this release. Accuracy and reliability of the results We show 95% confidence intervals against the results. These show the range of values that may apply to the figures. They mean that we are 95% confident that this range contains the true value. They are calculated as the standard errors (se) multiplied by 1.96 to give the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The standard errors only give an indication of the sampling error. They do not reflect any other sources of survey errors, such as non-response bias. Confidence intervals have been adjusted to take into account the size of the total population from which they were sampled. We have also shown error bars on the figures in this notice. These error bars represent the 95% confidence intervals (as defined above). For the FBS, where figures are based on less than 5 observations these have been suppressed to prevent disclosure and where they are based on less than 15 observations these have been highlighted in the tables. Availability of results An in depth report based on the same data as this release is expected to be published in late 2013. This report will attempt to capture all areas of on farm energy consumption including areas such as purchased animal feed and fertiliser. The report will also focus on emissions from energy and consider the relationship between financial and environmental performance. The data collected in this survey is not part of the core Farm Business Survey and is therefore not collected on an annual basis. No further collections of energy data as part of the Farm Business Survey are currently scheduled. Defra statistical notices can be viewed on the Food and Farming Statistics pages on the Defra website at https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs/about/statistics. This site also shows details of future publications, with pre-announced dates.

As of July 2024, Nigeria's population was estimated at around 229.5 million. Between 1965 and 2024, the number of people living in Nigeria increased at an average rate of over two percent. In 2024, the population grew by 2.42 percent compared to the previous year. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa. By extension, the African continent records the highest growth rate in the world. Africa's most populous country Nigeria was the most populous country in Africa as of 2023. As of 2022, Lagos held the distinction of being Nigeria's biggest urban center, a status it also retained as the largest city across all of sub-Saharan Africa. The city boasted an excess of 17.5 million residents. Notably, Lagos assumed the pivotal roles of the nation's primary financial hub, cultural epicenter, and educational nucleus. Furthermore, Lagos was one of the largest urban agglomerations in the world. Nigeria's youthful population In Nigeria, a significant 50 percent of the populace is under the age of 19. The most prominent age bracket is constituted by those up to four years old: comprising 8.3 percent of men and eight percent of women as of 2021. Nigeria boasts one of the world's most youthful populations. On a broader scale, both within Africa and internationally, Niger maintains the lowest median age record. Nigeria secures the 20th position in global rankings. Furthermore, the life expectancy in Nigeria is an average of 62 years old. However, this is different between men and women. The main causes of death have been neonatal disorders, malaria, and diarrheal diseases.