Abstract

The MICS Punjab, 2017-18 has as its primary objectives:

• To provide high quality data for assessing the situation of children, adolescents, women and households in Punjab;

• To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward national goals, as a basis for future action;

• To collect disaggregated data for the identification of disparities, to inform policies aimed at social inclusion of the most vulnerable;

• To validate data from other sources and the results of focused interventions;

• To generate data on national and global SDG indicators;

• To generate internationally comparable data for the assessment of the progress made in various areas, and to put additional efforts in those areas that require more attention;

• To generate behavioural and attitudinal data not available in other data sources.

Geographic coverage

The sample for the MICS Punjab, 2017-18 was designed to provide estimates for a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the Punjab level, for urban and rural areas, and for all 36 districts of Punjab.

Analysis unit

• Individuals

• Households

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women age 15-49 years, all men age 15-49 years, all children under 5 and children age 5-17 years living in the household.

Sampling procedure

The urban and rural areas within each district were identified as the main sampling strata, and the sample of households was selected in two stages. Within each stratum, a specified number of census enumeration areas were selected systematically with probability proportional to size. Using the listing of households from the Census 2017 for each sample enumeration area, provided by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, a systematic sample of 20 households was drawn in each sample enumeration area1. The total sample size was 53,840 households in 2,692 sample clusters. All the selected enumeration areas were visited during the fieldwork period. As the sample is not self-weighting, sample weights are used for reporting survey results.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Six questionnaires were used in the survey: 1) a household questionnaire to collect basic demographic information, the household, and the dwelling; 2) a water quality testing questionnaire administered in three households in each cluster of the sample; 3) a questionnaire for individual women administered in each household to all women age 15-49 years; 4) a questionnaire for individual men administered in every second household to all men age 15-49 years; 5) an under-5 questionnaire, administered to mothers (or caretakers) of all children under 5 living in the household; and 6) a questionnaire for children age 5-17 years, administered to the mother (or caretaker) of one randomly selected child age 5-17 years living in the household.

Cleaning operations

Data were received at the Bureau of Statistics, Punjab via Internet File Streaming System (IFSS) integrated into the management application on the supervisors' tablets. Whenever logistically possible, synchronisation was daily. The central office communicated application updates to field teams through this system.

During data collection and following the completion of fieldwork, data were edited according to the editing process described in detail in the Guidelines for Secondary Editing, a customised version of the standard MICS6 documentation.

Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, Version 24 Model syntax and tabulation plan developed by UNICEF were customised and used for this purpose.

Response rate

Response rate (Households): 97.9%

Abstract

The primary objectives of the MICS Punjab 2011 are to: - provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Punjab, including the identification of vulnerable groups/ disparities and formulation of policies and interventions - furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established in the Millennium Declaration and other international commitments as a basis for future action - contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Punjab and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems - update snapshots of social development - provide data for time series analysis and to ascertain achievements compared to previous MICS surveys - provide benchmark position for new indicators and to develop strong advocacy tools - provide up-to-date data for social sector researchers/ academia

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women aged 15–49 years
• Children under 5 years

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for the MICS Punjab 2011 was designed by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS), to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of women and children including the socio-economic indicators at the provincial level for 9 divisions, 36 districts, 150 tehsils /towns, major cities, other urban and rural areas. The sample design was reviewed for adequacy and soundness by international consultants engaged by UNICEF Pakistan.

The sample was selected in two stages. Within each of the 287 sampling domains, Enumeration Areas (EA) (enumeration blocks in urban areas or village/ mouzas/ dehs in rural areas) were selected with probability proportional to size. Prior to the survey implementation, a complete listing of households in all the selected EAs was conducted. Based on the total number of households in each EA a systematic sample of 12 households in urban and 16 households in rural areas was randomly drawn. This formed the second stage of sampling. In selected households, all females aged 15-49 years and children under five years were identified for individual interviews. The total sample size for the survey was 102,048 households. The sample was not self-weighting and sample weights were used to report results.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Questionnaires for the MICS Punjab, 2011 were based on MICS4 set of following three model Questionnaires, modified/customised to local conditions and to accommodate additional indicators approved by the Steering Committee.

1. A Household Questionnaire which was used to collect information on all de jure household members (usual residents), the household, and the dwelling
2. A Women Questionnaire administered in each household to all women aged 15-49 years
3. A Child Questionnaire administered to mothers or caretakers for all children under 5 years living in the household

Cleaning operations

The data entry and cleaning operation was organized at a central location i.e. Lahore under the supervision of a qualified data management organization. Data were entered using Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro). In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programmes developed under the global MICS4 programme and adapted to the MICS Punjab, Questionnaire were used throughout. The procedures followed for ensuring double data entry and cleaning is depicted in the Flow Chart at Annexure-I. Data processing began almost simultaneously with data collection and was completed within 15 days of completion of field work. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, and the model syntax and tabulation plans developed by UNICEF.

The data management team produced data quality tables on weekly basis which were shared with BOS on each Friday and discussed on each Saturday. The quality tables included descriptive statistics on key variables for each team based on number of questionnaires entered up to that time. In the light of performance shown by the teams in the quality tables instructions were immediately issued to the teams performing below average. Moreover, to enhance data quality, other corrective steps were also taken including reshuffling of team(s) member(s) reporting inadequately and arranging additional trainings in the field where felt necessary.

Initial analysis, for cleaning purpose, was carried out by examining frequency distribution of all variables and looking at possible errors in data entry and otherwise. Dummy tables reflecting cross-tables between dependent and independent variables were generated focusing on presenting frequencies and simple bivariate tables. Finally, data was exported from CSPro to SPSS software tabulation programme for construction of analysis files (comprising HH: Household, HL: Household listing, WM: Women and CH: Children); production of tabulations; analysis of sampling errors/ confidence intervals; and production of datasets and tabulations for report writing.

Response rate

All 7,250 sampled clusters were successfully surveyed. Out of 102,545 households selected for the survey, 97,995 were found to be occupied. 95,238 were successfully interviewed with a response rate of 97 percent. In interviewed households, 150,814 women aged 15-49 years were identified and 137,938 were successfully interviewed, i.e. response rate of 92 percent. Of the 74,126 children under 5 years listed in household questionnaires, 66,666 child questionnaires were answered with a response rate of 90 percent.The overall response rates for women and children under-five were 89 and 87 percent respectively.

Abstract

The Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey PDHS 2017-18 was the fourth of its kind in Pakistan, following the 1990-91, 2006-07, and 2012-13 PDHS surveys.

The primary objective of the 2017-18 PDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. The PDHS provides a comprehensive overview of population, maternal, and child health issues in Pakistan. Specifically, the 2017-18 PDHS collected information on:

• Key demographic indicators, particularly fertility and under-5 mortality rates, at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and within the country’s eight regions
• Direct and indirect factors that determine levels and trends of fertility and child mortality
• Contraceptive knowledge and practice
• Maternal health and care including antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal care
• Child feeding practices, including breastfeeding, and anthropometric measures to assess the nutritional status of children under age 5 and women age 15-49
• Key aspects of family health, including vaccination coverage and prevalence of diseases among infants and children under age 5
• Knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV/AIDS, and potential exposure to risk
• Women's empowerment and its relationship to reproductive health and family planning
• Disability level
• Extent of gender-based violence
• Migration patterns

The information collected through the 2017-18 PDHS is intended to assist policymakers and program managers at the federal and provincial government levels, in the private sector, and at international organisations in evaluating and designing programs and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population. The data also provides information on indicators relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-49

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), children age 0-5 years, women age 15-49 years and men age 15-49 years resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2017-18 PDHS is a complete list of enumeration blocks (EBs) created for the Pakistan Population and Housing Census 2017, which was conducted from March to May 2017. The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS) supported the sample design of the survey and worked in close coordination with NIPS. The 2017-18 PDHS represents the population of Pakistan including Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and the former Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA), which were not included in the 2012-13 PDHS. The results of the 2017-18 PDHS are representative at the national level and for the urban and rural areas separately. The survey estimates are also representative for the four provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan; for two regions including AJK and Gilgit Baltistan (GB); for Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT); and for FATA. In total, there are 13 secondlevel survey domains.

The 2017-18 PDHS followed a stratified two-stage sample design. The stratification was achieved by separating each of the eight regions into urban and rural areas. In total, 16 sampling strata were created. Samples were selected independently in every stratum through a two-stage selection process. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before sample selection, according to administrative units at different levels, and by using a probability-proportional-to-size selection at the first stage of sampling.

The first stage involved selecting sample points (clusters) consisting of EBs. EBs were drawn with a probability proportional to their size, which is the number of households residing in the EB at the time of the census. A total of 580 clusters were selected.

The second stage involved systematic sampling of households. A household listing operation was undertaken in all of the selected clusters, and a fixed number of 28 households per cluster was selected with an equal probability systematic selection process, for a total sample size of approximately 16,240 households. The household selection was carried out centrally at the NIPS data processing office. The survey teams only interviewed the pre-selected households. To prevent bias, no replacements and no changes to the pre-selected households were allowed at the implementing stages.

For further details on sample design, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Six questionnaires were used in the 2017-18 PDHS: Household Questionnaire, Woman’s Questionnaire, Man’s Questionnaire, Biomarker Questionnaire, Fieldworker Questionnaire, and the Community Questionnaire. The first five questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s standard Demographic and Health Survey (DHS-7) questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Pakistan. The Community Questionnaire was based on the instrument used in the previous rounds of the Pakistan DHS. Comments were solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. The survey protocol was reviewed and approved by the National Bioethics Committee, Pakistan Health Research Council, and ICF Institutional Review Board. After the questionnaires were finalised in English, they were translated into Urdu and Sindhi. The 2017-18 PDHS used paper-based questionnaires for data collection, while computerassisted field editing (CAFE) was used to edit the questionnaires in the field.

Cleaning operations

The processing of the 2017-18 PDHS data began simultaneously with the fieldwork. As soon as data collection was completed in each cluster, all electronic data files were transferred via IFSS to the NIPS central office in Islamabad. These data files were registered and checked for inconsistencies, incompleteness, and outliers. The field teams were alerted to any inconsistencies and errors. Secondary editing was carried out in the central office, which involved resolving inconsistencies and coding the openended questions. The NIPS data processing manager coordinated the exercise at the central office. The PDHS core team members assisted with the secondary editing. Data entry and editing were carried out using the CSPro software package. The concurrent processing of the data offered a distinct advantage as it maximised the likelihood of the data being error-free and accurate. The secondary editing of the data was completed in the first week of May 2018. The final cleaning of the data set was carried out by The DHS Program data processing specialist and completed on 25 May 2018.

Response rate

A total of 15,671 households were selected for the survey, of which 15,051 were occupied. The response rates are presented separately for Pakistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and Gilgit Baltistan. Of the 12,338 occupied households in Pakistan, 11,869 households were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 96%. Similarly, the household response rates were 98% in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and 99% in Gilgit Baltistan.

In the interviewed households, 94% of ever-married women age 15-49 in Pakistan, 97% in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and 94% in Gilgit Baltistan were interviewed. In the subsample of households selected for the male survey, 87% of ever-married men age 15-49 in Pakistan, 94% in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and 84% in Gilgit Baltistan were successfully interviewed.

Overall, the response rates were lower in urban than in rural areas. The difference is slightly less pronounced for Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan. The response rates for men are lower than those for women, as men are often away from their households for work.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2017-18 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2017-18 PDHS) to minimise this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2017-18 PDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that