In the marketing year of 2024/2025, the global production volume of wheat amounted to almost 793 million metric tons. This was an increase compared to the previous marketing year. Wheat in the U.S. The United States produces a large amount of wheat each year, a great deal of which is subsequently exported. In 2022/23, the country imported about 122 million bushels of wheat, while exporting 758 million bushels. North Dakota, Kansas, and Montana were the leading U.S. states in terms of wheat production in 2023. Post Shredded Wheat Post Shredded Wheat is a brand of breakfast cereal, made from whole wheat, owned by the American company, known as Post Consumer Brands. The brand comes in many varieties, including Frosted Shredded Wheat, Original Big Biscuit, and Original Spoon Size. When surveyed in 2020, roughly six and a half million American consumers consumed between one and four portions of regular Post Shredded Wheat for breakfast over the last seven days.

For the marketing period of 2022 to 2023, the yield of wheat produced in Turkey was 2.5 million metric tons per hectare, followed by 2.13 metric tons per hectare in Iran. The wheat production in Turkey and Iran increased in comparison to the previous year.

In 2022, the production of wheat in China amounted to approximately 137.72 million tons. In comparison, the production of wheat in Bhutan was approximately 769 tons in 2022.

For the marketing year of 2022 to 2023, Turkey lead in the Middle East with wheat production with a share of 46.55 percent, followed by Iran with 35.12 percent. The wheat production in Turkey and Iran increased in comparison to the previous year.

In the marketing year 2024/2025, China was the leading wheat producing country with production volume of about 140.1 million metric tons. This was followed by the European Union with production volume of over 121 million metric tons. Wheat productionWheat is the second most important grain that is cultivated in the United States, following only corn. Wheat is a cereal crop that can be classified into five major classes. These 5 wheat categories are comprised of: hard red winter, hard red spring, soft red winter, white and durum wheat. Each class has a different end-use and the cultivation tends to be region-specific. Hard red winter wheat is mainly cultivated in the Great Plains area ranging from Montana to Texas. This type is primarily used for the manufacturing of bread flour. Hard red spring wheat is mainly grown in the Northern Plains area. Their wheat ears are mostly taken for protein blending uses. Durum wheat, which is primarily grown in North Dakota and Montana, is well-known for their excellent qualities for producing pasta. The wheat class everyone is familiar with from their breakfast cereal is known as white wheat.Almost every U.S. state is involved in agricultural production of wheat. The latest figures show that North Dakota, Kansas and Montana were the leading wheat producing states among the United States.

Efforts to limit global warming to below 2°C in relation to the pre‐industrial level are under way, in accordance with the 2015 Paris Agreement. However, most impact research on agriculture to date has focused on impacts of warming >2°C on mean crop yields, and many previous studies did not focus sufficiently on extreme events and yield interannual variability. Here, with the latest climate scenarios from the Half a degree Additional warming, Prognosis and Projected Impacts (HAPPI) project, we evaluated the impacts of the 2015 Paris Agreement range of global warming (1.5 and 2.0°C warming above the pre‐industrial period) on global wheat production and local yield variability. A multi‐crop and multi‐climate model ensemble over a global network of sites developed by the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) for Wheat was used to represent major rainfed and irrigated wheat cropping systems. Results show that projected global wheat production will change by −2.3% to 7.0% under the 1.5°C scenario and −2.4% to 10.5% under the 2.0°C scenario, compared to a baseline of 1980–2010, when considering changes in local temperature, rainfall, and global atmospheric CO2 concentration, but no changes in management or wheat cultivars. The projected impact on wheat production varies spatially; a larger increase is projected for temperate high rainfall regions than for moderate hot low rainfall and irrigated regions. Grain yields in warmer regions are more likely to be reduced than in cooler regions. Despite mostly positive impacts on global average grain yields, the frequency of extremely low yields (bottom 5 percentile of baseline distribution) and yield inter‐annual variability will increase under both warming scenarios for some of the hot growing locations, including locations from the second largest global wheat producer—India, which supplies more than 14% of global wheat. The projected global impact of warming <2°C on wheat production is therefore not evenly distributed and will affect regional food security across the globe as well as food prices and trade.

Wheat is a dietary staple consumed worldwide strongly responsible for proteins and carbohydrate population intake. However, wheat production and quality will scarcely fulfill forward demands, which are compounded by high-temperature (HT) events as heatwaves, increasingly common in Portugal. Thus, landraces assume crucial importance as potential reservoirs of useful traits for wheat breeding and may be pre-adapted to extreme environmental conditions. This work evaluates four Portuguese landrace yield and grain composition through attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, particularly protein content, and their responses to HT treatment mimicking a heatwave. Landraces showed distinct yield traits, especially plant height and first spike grain number, and a similar pattern in FTIR spectra, although revealing differences in grain components’ proportions. Comparison between spectra band intensity indicates that Ardito has the highest protein-related peaks, contrary to Magueija, which appears to be the landrace with higher lipid content. In plants submitted to 1 week of HT treatment 10 days after anthesis, the first spike grain size and weight were markedly reduced in all landraces. Additionally, it was observed that a general increase in grain protein content in the four landraces, being the increment observed in Ardito and Grécia, is statistically significant. The comparative assessment of control and HT average FTIR spectra denoted also the occurrence of alterations in grain polysaccharide composition. An integrated assessment of the evaluations performed revealed that Ardito and Magueija landraces presented diverse yield-related characteristics and distinct responses to cope with HT. In fact, the former landrace revealed considerable grain yield diminution along with an increase in grain protein proportion after HT, while the latter showed a significant increase in spikes and grain number, with grain quality detriment. These results reinforce the relevance of scrutinizing old genotype diversity seeking for useful characteristics, particularly considering HT impact on grain production and quality.

Parameter estimates for region-based yield indices.

In the crop year 2024/25, cereal production in Russia was forecast at 121.2 million metric tons. That would indicate a decrease by roughly 15.6 million metric tons compared to the previous agricultural year. Russia allocated approximately 213 hectares of organic farmland for cereals. What cereals are produced in Russia? The main cereals cultivated in the country are wheat, barley, rye, and maize. They are used in the production of flour, bread and pastry, compound feed, rice, or groats. With a wheat production volume of 81.5 million metric tons, Russia is the fourth-largest producer of that commodity worldwide. Furthermore, the country ranks as the second-largest barley producing region after the European Union, with an output of over 16 million metric tons. Russian cereal exports In line with a projected decline in production, Russian exports of cereals were expected to decrease in the crop year 2024/25 and reach around 58.8 million metric tons. The country will remain the world's largest wheat exporter, with the volume of exported wheat and flour and wheat products estimated at 46 million metric tons.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Hulled Wheat market size will be USD 521.2 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.50% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 208.4 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.7% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 156.3 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 119.8 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 26.0 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.9% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 10.4 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% from 2024 to 2031.
The Organic Nature segment held the highest Hulled Wheat market revenue share in 2024.

Market Dynamics of Hulled Wheat Market

Key Drivers for Hulled Wheat Market

Increasing Health Consciousness to Increase the Demand Globally

Growing consumer awareness of the importance of healthy eating habits and nutrition has become a significant driver for the hulled wheat market. Globally, 60% of consumers indicate that the pandemic has heightened their focus on preventing health issues through healthy lifestyles. In 2022, 52% of Americans reported following a specific diet or eating pattern in the past year, marking a notable increase compared to previous years (39% in 2021, 43% in 2020, and 38% in 2019). This trend reflects a growing preference among consumers for foods that promote health benefits such as improved digestion, weight management, and overall well-being, all of which hulled wheat can support.

Rising Demand for Organic and Natural Foods to Propel Market Growth

The increasing preference for organic and natural foods remains a significant driver for the demand for hulled wheat. In 2022, organic food sales in the United States surpassed $60 billion for the first time, marking a new high for the resilient organic sector. According to the 2023 Organic Industry Survey by the Organic Trade Association, total organic sales, including non-food products, reached a record $67.6 billion. Consumers are prioritizing products that are free from synthetic chemicals and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and hulled wheat, often grown using organic farming methods, aligns with this consumer demand.

Restraint Factor for the Hulled Wheat Market

Higher Cost, and Regulatory and Certification Challenges to Limit the Sales

Hulled wheat often comes at a higher price compared to refined wheat because of its less efficient processing and specialized production methods. This pricing disparity may restrict its adoption among budget-conscious consumers and food manufacturers. Additionally, achieving compliance with organic certification standards and regulations presents challenges for hulled wheat producers and suppliers. Meeting rigorous requirements for organic and non-GMO certifications can elevate production costs and administrative complexities, thereby impacting market competitiveness.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Hulled Wheat Market

The COVID-19 pandemic increased consumer focus on health and wellness, leading to greater interest in nutritious foods such as hulled wheat. Consumers actively sought products believed to enhance immunity and overall well-being, potentially driving up demand for hulled wheat due to its nutritional advantages. With lockdowns and restrictions prompting more home cooking and baking, hulled wheat, known for its adaptability in diverse recipes, may have experienced heightened popularity as consumers explored healthier ingredients and alternative grains. However, like many agricultural commodities, hulled wheat encountered challenges from disruptions in the supply chain. Issues such as delays in transportation, shortages of labor, and fluctuating demand patterns could have impacted its availability and pricing in specific regions. Introduction of the Hulled Wheat Market

The global market for hulled wheat, which includes varieties such a...

This is the outcome data from our study titled "Prediction of global wheat cultivation distribution under climate change and socioeconomic development" which was published in The Science of The Total Environment. The present study represents a significant extension of our previous research on "The Potential Distribution and Dynamics of Global Wheat under Multiple Climate Change Scenarios".

Socioeconomic and climate change are both critical factors influencing the global distribution of crop cultivation. However, there has been limited exploration of the role of socioeconomic factors in predicting future crop cultivation distribution under climate change.

We have proposed the MaxEnt-SPAM approach under the assumption that environmental conditions are the primary determinants of land suitability for cultivating wheat, while socioeconomic factors play a crucial role in influencing farmers' crop choices. In essence, the distribution of wheat cultivation is contingent upon maximizing potential revenue and ensuring suitability for wheat planting.

The proposed MaxEnt-SPAM approach was utilized to estimate the distribution of wheat cultivation in three combined Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) - Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, namely RCP2.6-SSP1, RCP4.5-SSP2, and RCP8.5-SSP3. The methodology involved estimating wheat planting suitability under future RCP scenarios using the MaxEnt model, predicting farmers' crop choices under future SSP scenarios through Time series-Backpropagation (TS-BP) models, and ultimately estimating global wheat cultivation distribution based on the SPAM model. Validation of this approach against major known datasets on the distribution of wheat cultivation demonstrated satisfactory accuracy, with a predictive accuracy exceeding 85% and a significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) between the predicted global wheat cultivation and multiple known datasets.

Based on the aforementioned concept and methodology, a global wheat cultivation distribution grid (0.5 degree × 0.5 degree) was projected under the RCP2.6-SSP1, RCP4.5-SSP2, and RCP8.5-SSP3 scenarios.

The findings suggest that RCP8.5-SSP3 may offer the most favorable conditions for wheat cultivation. Additionally, socioeconomic development significantly constrains the potential distribution of wheat cultivation, with estimated areas accounting for an average of 77% of the potential distribution determined by climatic factors under the selected RCP-SSP scenarios. Socioeconomic development appears to have a positive impact on wheat cultivation in Africa.

Our results illustrate the influence of socioeconomic factors on crop distribution within a market economy framework, underscoring the importance of integrating socioeconomic factors and climate change for accurate predictions of crop cultivation distribution.

We contend that the global wheat cultivation distribution datasets under future climatic and socio-economic conditions (RCP-SSP combinations) are a valuable addition to existing products. This prediction data is among the few products to consider both climate change and socio-economic development, providing a more comprehensive understanding of crop cultivation distribution dynamics.

The Global Wheat Cultivation Distribution under Future Climatic and Socio-economic Conditions (RCP-SSP combinations) is expected to enhance our comprehension of the dynamics and distribution of global wheat cultivation under different climate change and socio-economic development paths in the future, potentially supporting research in earth system simulation and agricultural sciences.

The dataset for the Global Wheat Cultivation Distribution under Future Climatic and Socio-economic Conditions (RCP-SSP combinations) and the Maxent-SPAM approach code is stored in a zip package named SPAM_MaxEnt.zip, which contains two folders (code and data).

code:

This sub-folder provides the main program and example data for the MaxEnt-SPAM approach. Codes are written in Matlab language by Puying Zhang. There are also 'read me.txt' files under the code folder to provide the necessary information.

The exampleData contains

1. h_pri.tif: prior data

2. h_res.tif: global C3 crop cultivation proportion

Run the main programme: cross_entroy.m

data:

This sub-folder contains global wheat cultivation distribution stored in GeoTIFF file format.

1 Global distribution of the long-term wheat-cultivation area fraction:

This sub-folder contains the data for the global distribution of the long-term wheat-cultivation area fraction in RCP2.6-SSP1, RCP4.5-SSP2, and RCP8.5-SSP3 scenarios. The value of each data ranges from 0 to 1, indicating the long-term wheat-cultivation area fraction in each grid, and the higher the value, the more wheat cultivated.

r2s1f_sub.tif: the data for global distribution of the long-term wheat-cultivation area fraction in RCP2.6-SSP1 scenario

r4s2f_sub.tif: the data for global distribution of the long-term wheat-cultivation area fraction in RCP4.5-SSP2 scenario

r8s3f_sub.tif: the data for global distribution of the long-term wheat-cultivation area fraction in RCP8.5-SSP3 scenario

2 Spatial overlap between the long-term period of land suitability for wheat planting and wheat cultivation distribution:

This sub-folder contains the data for Spatial overlap between the long-term period of land suitability for wheat planting and wheat cultivation distribution in multi-scenarios. The value of each data contains three values:{1, 2, 3}, 1 wheat cultivation existed but was predicted to be unsuitable to plant wheat; 2 presented a reduction in the wheat cultivation area compared to the land's suitability; 3 presented the region that wheat cultivation existed and was predicted to be suitable to plant wheat.

com_suit_fra126.tif: the spatial overlap between the long-term period land suitability for wheat planting and wheat cultivation distribution in (a) RCP2.6-SSP1 scenario and RCP2.6

com_suit_fra245.tif: the spatial overlap between the long-term period land suitability for wheat cultivation and wheat cultivation distribution in (b) RCP4.5-SSP2 scenario and RCP4.5

com_suit_fra385.tif: the spatial overlap between the long-term period land suitability for wheat cultivation and wheat cultivation distribution in (c) RCP8.5-SSP3 scenario and RCP8.5

3 Differences in the proportion of long-term wheat cultivation:

This sub-folder contains the data for the difference in the proportion of long-term wheat cultivation under the RCP-SSP scenarios and the distribution of long-term wheat planting suitability under the same RCP scenarios. The value of each data ranges from -1 to 1, This data is obtained by using the wheat-cultivation area fraction minus planting suitability grid to grid. the negative value indicates that the proportion of wheat cultivation is lower than the wheat planting suitability, while this positive value indicates that the proportion of wheat cultivation is higher than the wheat planting suitability.

r2s1_f.tif: Difference in the proportion of long-term wheat cultivation under the RCP2.6-SSP1 scenario and the distribution of long-term wheat planting suitability under the RCP2.6 scenario

r4s2_f.tif: Differences between the proportion of long-term wheat cultivation in RCP4.5-SSP2 and the suitability of long-term wheat planting under the RCP4.5 scenario

r8s3_f.tif: Differences between the proportion of long-term wheat cultivation in RCP8.5-SSP3 and the suitability of long-term wheat planting under the RCP8.5 scenario

References:

Yaojie Yue, Puying Zhang, Yanrui Shang. The Potential Distribution and Dynamic of Global Wheat under Multiple Climate Change Scenarios. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 688: 1308-1318.

Xi Guo, Puying Zhang, Yaojie Yue. Prediction of global wheat cultivation distribution under climate change and socio-economic development. Science of the Total Environment, 2024, 919: 170481.

For more details on the MaxEnt (Maximum entropy) model, please refer to (Phillips et al., 2006; Elith et al., 2011). SPAM (spatial production allocation model) refers to (You et al., 2009; You et al., 2014).

Elith, J., Phillips, S.J., Hastie, T., Dudík, M., Chee, Y.E., Yates, C.J., 2011. A statistical explanation of maxent for ecologists. Divers Distrib 17 (1), 43-57. https://coi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x.

Phillips, S.J., Anderson, R.P., Schapire, R.E., 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecol Model 190 (3-4), 231-259. https://coi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026.

You, L.Z., Wood, S., Wood-Sichra, U., 2009. Generating plausible crop distribution maps for sub-Saharan Africa using a spatially disaggregated data fusion and optimization approach. Agr Syst 99 (2-3), 126-140. https://coi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2008.11.003.

You, L.Z., Wood, S., Wood-Sichra, U., Wu, W.B., 2014. Generating global crop distribution maps: from census to grid. Agr Syst 127, 53-60. https://coi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.01.002

Grain Farming Market Outlook

The grain farming market is poised for significant growth over the coming years. In 2023, the global market size was valued at approximately USD 500 billion, with projections indicating a surge to USD 750 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5%. The increase in market size is primarily driven by rising global population levels, growing food demand, and technological advancements in agriculture. Additionally, climate change adaptation measures and governmental policies supporting sustainable farming practices further contribute to this upward trajectory.

A crucial growth factor in the grain farming market is the escalating global demand for staple foods like wheat, rice, and corn. As the global population continues to expand, reaching an estimated 9.7 billion by 2050, the demand for grains is expected to rise substantially. Grains form the backbone of global food security, serving as essential components of diets worldwide. Particularly in developing nations, grains account for a significant portion of dietary intake, thus driving up the need for increased production. This, in turn, is encouraging investment in more efficient farming practices, innovative seeds, and advanced agricultural technologies to boost yields and ensure food security.

Technological advancements in farming methods and equipment are another significant driver of market growth. The integration of precision farming techniques, automation, and data analytics in agriculture has revolutionized the grain farming sector. Technologies such as drones, GPS, remote sensing, and IoT devices allow farmers to manage their crops more effectively, optimizing resource use and minimizing waste. Furthermore, the adoption of genetically modified crops and drought-resistant varieties is helping farmers tackle the challenges posed by climate change, ensuring consistent yields and contributing to the market's expansion.

Government policies and initiatives promoting sustainable agricultural practices are also playing a pivotal role in the market's growth. Many countries are implementing strategies and providing subsidies to encourage farmers to adopt environmentally friendly practices. These programs aim to reduce the environmental impact of grain farming, promote soil health, and ensure long-term agricultural productivity. As a result, there is a growing inclination towards organic farming and the use of sustainable inputs, which are becoming increasingly popular among consumers and producers alike. This shift in farming practices not only supports environmental goals but also opens up new market opportunities for organic grain products.

In terms of regional dynamics, Asia Pacific remains the largest market for grain farming owing to the substantial demand from populous countries like China and India. The region's vast agricultural lands and favorable climatic conditions support extensive grain cultivation. Moreover, these nations are investing heavily in agricultural technology and infrastructure to boost production and meet domestic demand. The North American market, while smaller in comparison, is characterized by highly advanced farming techniques and a strong emphasis on sustainability. The focus on exporting grains also significantly contributes to the economy, particularly in the United States and Canada. Meanwhile, Europe is showing a steady increase in organic grain farming, driven by consumer preference for organic foods and stringent EU regulations promoting sustainable agriculture.

Crop Type Analysis

The grain farming market can be segmented by crop type, prominently featuring wheat, rice, corn, barley, and others. Wheat continues to hold a dominant position in the market due to its versatility and widespread use in food production. It serves as a staple food for a significant portion of the global population, especially in Asia, Europe, and North America. The wheat segment's growth is supported by advancements in wheat breeding techniques, which have led to higher-yield and disease-resistant varieties. Increased investment in research and development further supports the expansion of this segment, as efforts to enhance wheat quality and nutritional value are ongoing.

Rice is another critical segment within the grain farming market, primarily driven by its status as a staple food in Asia. Countries like China, India, Indonesia, and Bangladesh are significant contributors to rice production, collectively accounting for more than half of the global output. The importance of rice in these regions cannot be overstated, as it fo

The average wheat yield is a key measure of agricultural productivity and is a vital factor in ensuring global food security. This article explores the factors that affect wheat yield and highlights the global average yield in 2020. It also discusses the advancements in agricultural practices and technology that have contributed to higher yields. Additionally, it addresses the differences in average wheat yields between developed and developing countries, as well as the impact of growing systems on yield. O

The global plant growth regulator market for wheat is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for higher crop yields and improved wheat quality in the face of climate change and growing global population. The market, valued at approximately $2.5 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors, including the rising adoption of advanced agricultural practices, increasing awareness among farmers about the benefits of plant growth regulators, and the development of innovative products with enhanced efficacy and environmental sustainability. The soluble concentrate segment currently dominates the market, due to its ease of application and cost-effectiveness, while the ready-to-use segment is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years driven by convenience and reduced labor costs. Winter wheat currently represents a larger market share compared to spring wheat, but both segments are poised for growth. Major players like BASF, Syngenta, and Corteva are leading the market innovation through research and development of novel plant growth regulators. Geographic expansion is also driving market growth, with regions like Asia-Pacific and South America showing considerable potential due to expanding wheat cultivation areas and increasing adoption rates. The restraints to market growth include the high cost of plant growth regulators, potential environmental concerns associated with some chemical formulations, and the dependence on favorable weather conditions for optimal efficacy. However, ongoing research and development efforts are focused on mitigating these constraints through the development of environmentally friendly bio-based regulators and the optimization of application techniques. The market is witnessing a trend towards precision agriculture and the use of data-driven decision-making tools to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of plant growth regulators, further enhancing their market adoption. The increasing regulatory scrutiny and safety concerns surrounding chemical-based growth regulators are also pushing innovation towards more sustainable and environmentally responsible solutions. The market's trajectory suggests continued expansion fueled by technological advancements, improved agricultural practices, and the persistent need for enhanced wheat production globally. This report provides a detailed analysis of the global plant growth regulator (PGR) market for wheat, projecting significant growth driven by increasing wheat production demands and the adoption of advanced agricultural practices. The market, valued at approximately $2.5 billion in 2023, is anticipated to surpass $3.5 billion by 2028, exhibiting a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). This comprehensive study delves into market segmentation, key players, emerging trends, and challenges influencing this vital sector of the agricultural industry.

Spring wheat is the largest agricultural crop grown in Kazakhstan with an annual sowing area of 12 million hectares in 2016. Annually, the country harvests around 15 million tons of high quality grain. Despite environmental stress factors it is predicted that the use of new technologies may lead to increases in productivity from current levels of 1.5 to up to 3 tons per hectare. One way of improving wheat productivity is by the application of new genomic oriented approaches in plant breeding projects. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) are emerging as powerful tools for the understanding of the inheritance of complex traits via utilization of high throughput genotyping technologies and phenotypic assessments of plant collections. In this study, phenotyping and genotyping data on 194 spring wheat accessions from Kazakhstan, Russia, Europe, and CIMMYT were assessed for the identification of marker-trait associations (MTA) of agronomic traits by using GWAS. Field trials in Northern, Central and Southern regions of Kazakhstan using 194 spring wheat accessions revealed strong correlations of yield with booting date, plant height, biomass, number of spikes per plant, and number of kernels per spike. The accessions from Europe and CIMMYT showed high breeding potential for Southern and Central regions of the country in comparison with the performance of the local varieties. The GGE biplot method, using average yield per plant, suggested a clear separation of accessions into their three breeding origins in relationship to the three environments in which they were evaluated. The genetic variation in the three groups of accessions was further studied using 3245 polymorphic SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers. The application of Principal Coordinate analysis clearly grouped the 194 accessions into three clades according to their breeding origins. GWAS on data from nine field trials allowed the identification of 114 MTAs for 12 different agronomic traits. Field evaluation of foreign germplasm revealed its poor yield performance in Northern Kazakhstan, which is the main wheat growing region in the country. However, it was found that EU and CIMMYT germplasm has high breeding potential to improve yield performance in Central and Southern regions. The use of Principal Coordinate analysis clearly separated the panel into three distinct groups according to their breeding origin. GWAS based on use of the TASSEL 5.0 package allowed the identification of 114 MTAs for twelve agronomic traits. The study identifies a network of key genes for improvement of yield productivity in wheat growing regions of Kazakhstan.

CY-Bench: A comprehensive benchmark dataset for sub-national crop yield forecasting

Overview

CY-Bench is a dataset and benchmark for subnational crop yield forecasting, with coverage of major crop growing countries of the world for maize and wheat. By subnational, we mean the administrative level where yield statistics are published. When statistics are available for multiple levels, we pick the highest resolution. The dataset combines sub-national yield statistics with relevant predictors, such as growing-season weather indicators, remote sensing indicators, evapotranspiration, soil moisture indicators, and static soil properties. CY-Bench has been designed and curated by agricultural experts, climate scientists, and machine learning researchers from the AgML Community, with the aim of facilitating model intercomparison across the diverse agricultural systems around the globe in conditions as close as possible to real-world operationalization. Ultimately, by lowering the barrier to entry for ML researchers in this crucial application area, CY-Bench will facilitate the development of improved crop forecasting tools that can be used to support decision-makers in food security planning worldwide.

* Crops : Wheat & Maize
* Spatial Coverage : Wheat (29 countries), Maize (38).
See CY-Bench paper appendix for the list of countries.
* Temporal Coverage : Varies. See country-specific data

Data

Data format

The benchmark data is organized as a collection of CSV files, with each file representing a specific category of variable for a particular country. Each CSV file is named according to the category and the country it pertains to, facilitating easy identification and retrieval. The data within each CSV file is structured in tabular format, where rows represent observations and columns represent different predictors related to a category of variable.

Data content

All data files are provided as .csv.

Folder structure

The CY-Bench dataset has been structure at first level by crop type and subsequently by country. For each country, the folder name follows the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 two-character code. A separate .csv is available for each predictor data and crop calendar as shown below. The csv files are named to reflect the corresponding country and crop type e.g. **variable_croptype_country.csv**.
```
CY-Bench
│
└─── maize
│ │
│ └─── AO
│ │ -- crop_calendar_maize_AO.csv
│ │ -- fpar_maize_AO.csv
│ │ -- meteo_maize_AO.csv
│ │ -- ndvi_maize_AO.csv
│ │ -- soil_maize_AO.csv
│ │ -- soil_moisture_maize_AO.csv
│ │ -- yield_maize_AO.csv
│ │
│ └─── AR
│ -- crop_calendar_maize_AR.csv
│ -- fpar_maize_AR.csv
│ -- ...
│
└─── wheat
│ │
│ └─── AR
│ │ -- crop_calendar_wheat_AR.csv
│ │ -- fpar_wheat_AR.csv
│ │ ...
```

Example : CSV data content for maize in country X

```
X
└─── crop_calendar_maize_X.csv
│ -- crop_name (name of the crop)
│ -- adm_id (unique identifier for a subnational unit)
│ -- sos (start of crop season)
│ -- eos (end of crop season)
│
└─── fpar_maize_X.csv
│ -- crop_name
│ -- adm_id
│ -- date (in the format YYYYMMdd)
│ -- fpar
│
└─── meteo_maize_X.csv
│ -- crop_name
│ -- adm_id
│ -- date (in the format YYYYMMdd)

│ -- tmin (minimum temperature)
│ -- tmax (maximum temperature)
│ -- prec (precipitation)
│ -- rad (radiation)
│ -- tavg (average temperature)
│ -- et0 (evapotranspiration)
│ -- cwb (crop water balance)
│
└─── ndvi_maize_X.csv
│ -- crop_name
│ -- adm_id
│ -- date (in the format YYYYMMdd)
│ -- ndvi
│
└─── soil_maize_X.csv
│ -- crop_name
│ -- adm_id
│ -- awc (available water capacity)
│ -- bulk_density
│ -- drainage_class
│
└─── soil_moisture_maize_X.csv
│ -- crop_name
│ -- adm_id
│ -- date (in the format YYYYMMdd)
│ -- ssm (surface soil moisture)
│ -- rsm ()
│
└─── yield_maize_X.csv
│ -- crop_name
│ -- country_code
│ -- adm_id
│ -- harvest_year
│ -- yield
│ -- harvest_area
│ -- production

Data access

The full dataset can be downloaded directly from Zenodo or using the ```zenodo_get``` library

License and citation

We kindly ask all users of CY-Bench to properly respect licensing and citation conditions of the datasets included.

This statistic shows the principal importing countries of wheat, wheat flour and wheat products worldwide from 2014/2015 to 2024/2025. In 2024/25, Egypt was forecast to import about 12.5 million metric tons of wheat and wheat-derived products. Wheat Wheat is one the most widely produced grains in the world, leading the grain market along with corn and rice in production and sales. Wheat is an important trade commodity due to its durability, longevity and its use as flour. The importing and exporting of wheat and wheat products is a complex worldwide business. As one of the leading wheat importers worldwide, Egypt exercises significant power over the import/export market. Egyptian wheat supplies are not glutinous enough to produce bread, a staple of the Egyptian diet. Local stocks are mixed with imported wheat to achieve acceptable flour. The country hopes to decrease their dependence on wheat imports in years to come. The United States is one the world’s chief exporters of wheat. As an industry, large-scale grain import and export really took off following the immigration of Europeans to the Americas. The vast, unpopulated prairies provided an ideal environment for establishing large-scale commercial farms capable of producing grains on a level unimaginable to the smaller farms of Europe. The American Great Plains, comprised of Midwestern states such as Oklahoma, Kansas, and the Dakotas, among others, is known as America’s “Breadbasket” or “Grain Belt” due to the high production of grain crops in this region.

Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring Initiative (GEOGLAM) current cropping conditions compared to the five-year average.Exceptional: Conditions are much better than average* at the time of reporting. This label is used only during the grain-filling through harvest stages.Favourable: Conditions range from slightly below to slightly above-average* at reporting time.Watch: Conditions are not far from average* but there is a potential risk to final yields. There is still time and possibility for the crop to recover to average conditions if the ground situation improves. This label is only used during the planting-early vegetative and the vegetative-reproductive stages.Poor: Crop conditions are well below-average*. Crop yields are likely to be 5% below-average for AMIS countries or 10-25% below-average for Early Warning countries*. This is used when crops are not likely to recover, and impact on yields is likely.Failure: Crop conditions are extremely poor. Crop yields are likely to be 25% or more below-average*. This label only applies to Early Warning countries. Out-of-Season: Crops are not currently planted or in development during this time.No data: No reliable source of data is available at this time. * “Average” refers to the mean conditions over the most recent 5 years. In Early Warning countries where conflict is a driver of crop conditions, current conditions are compared to the pre-conflict average rather than the average conditions over the past 5 years. In Early Warning countries where conflict is protracted, based on expert analysis on a case by case basis, crop conditions will be compared to the average conditions over the past 5 years.

Wheat Fibres Market Outlook

The global wheat fibres market size was valued at approximately USD 2.1 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 3.5 billion by 2032, expanding at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.9% during the forecast period. The increasing consumer inclination towards healthy dietary habits and the rising prevalence of chronic diseases are significant growth factors driving the wheat fibres market.

One of the primary growth factors for the wheat fibres market is the rising awareness about the health benefits associated with dietary fibres. Consumers are increasingly acknowledging the importance of dietary fibres in maintaining a healthy digestive system and preventing various diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular ailments. Wheat fibres, being a rich source of insoluble dietary fibres, are gaining popularity due to their efficacy in promoting gut health, reducing cholesterol levels, and aiding in weight management. This heightened consumer awareness is propelling the demand for wheat fibre-enriched food products, thereby driving market growth.

Another significant growth driver is the expanding application of wheat fibres in various industries beyond food and beverages. The pharmaceutical industry, for instance, is leveraging the functional properties of wheat fibres to develop dietary supplements that aid in digestion and promote overall health. The personal care industry is also witnessing a surge in the use of wheat fibres in skincare and haircare products due to their natural and non-toxic properties. Additionally, the animal feed industry is incorporating wheat fibres into their formulations to improve the digestive health of livestock. This diversification in applications is contributing to the robust growth of the wheat fibres market.

The increasing trend of organic and clean-label products is further fueling the demand for wheat fibres. Consumers are becoming more conscious about the origins and quality of the food and personal care products they consume. Organic wheat fibres, which are free from pesticides and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), are gaining traction among health-conscious consumers. This trend is encouraging manufacturers to invest in organic farming practices and incorporate organic wheat fibres into their product offerings, thereby expanding the market.

Wheat Straw Pulp is emerging as a sustainable alternative in the production of paper and packaging materials. As industries seek to reduce their carbon footprint and embrace eco-friendly practices, wheat straw pulp offers a renewable resource that can be harnessed without depleting natural forests. The pulp derived from wheat straw is not only biodegradable but also requires less energy and water during production compared to traditional wood pulp. This makes it an attractive option for manufacturers aiming to meet the increasing consumer demand for sustainable products. The integration of wheat straw pulp into the supply chain is poised to revolutionize the packaging industry, providing a viable solution to the environmental challenges posed by conventional materials.

Regionally, North America and Europe are currently the largest markets for wheat fibres, primarily due to the high consumer awareness and advanced healthcare infrastructure in these regions. The Asia Pacific region, however, is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period. The rising disposable incomes, urbanization, and increasing health consciousness among consumers in countries like China and India are driving the demand for wheat fibre-based products. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America regions are also anticipated to witness steady growth, supported by improving economic conditions and growing awareness about dietary fibres.

Product Type Analysis

The wheat fibres market by product type is segmented into conventional wheat fibres and organic wheat fibres. Conventional wheat fibres currently hold a significant market share due to their widespread availability and cost-effectiveness. These fibres are extensively used in various food and beverage products, including bakery goods, cereals, and snacks, to enhance their fibre content and improve texture. The relatively lower cost of production and higher yield of conventional wheat fibres make them a preferred choice for manufacturers, contributing to their dominant market position.

Organic wheat fibres, on the other hand, a

Organic Wheat Flour Market Outlook

The global organic wheat flour market size was valued at approximately USD 2.1 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach nearly USD 4.2 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.9% over the forecast period. This substantial growth can be attributed to the increasing consumer preference for organic and natural food products, driven by rising health consciousness and awareness of the benefits of organic farming practices.

The surge in demand for organic wheat flour is primarily fueled by the growing awareness among consumers regarding the health benefits of organic food products. The absence of synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in organic wheat flour makes it a preferred choice for health-conscious consumers. Additionally, organic farming practices promote soil health and biodiversity, aligning with the sustainability goals of many consumers and businesses. This increasing demand is further bolstered by the rise in disposable incomes, particularly in emerging economies, enabling more consumers to afford premium-priced organic products.

Another significant growth factor is the rising prevalence of food allergies and sensitivities. Many consumers are shifting towards organic wheat flour as it is perceived to be less likely to cause adverse reactions compared to conventionally grown wheat. The clean label trend, which emphasizes transparency in food production and labeling, is also driving the market. Consumers are increasingly seeking products with simple, recognizable ingredients, and organic wheat flour fits this criterion perfectly. Moreover, the growing popularity of home baking, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, has spurred the demand for high-quality, organic baking ingredients, further propelling market growth.

The expansion of the organic food market, including organic wheat flour, is also supported by favorable government policies and initiatives promoting organic agriculture. Many countries are offering subsidies, grants, and technical assistance to organic farmers, which is encouraging the adoption of organic farming methods. Additionally, the establishment of stringent regulations and certification standards for organic products is enhancing consumer trust and driving market growth. For instance, the USDA Organic certification in the United States and the EU Organic label in Europe are well-recognized and trusted by consumers, boosting the sales of organic wheat flour in these regions.

Product Type Analysis

The organic wheat flour market can be segmented by product type into Whole Wheat Flour, All-Purpose Flour, Bread Flour, Pastry Flour, and Others. Whole wheat flour holds a significant share in the market due to its high nutritional content, including fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The growing health consciousness among consumers and the increasing preference for whole grain products are driving the demand for whole wheat flour. Additionally, the rise in dietary trends such as clean eating and plant-based diets is further boosting its popularity. The versatility of whole wheat flour in various culinary applications, from baking to cooking, is another key factor contributing to its market dominance.

All-purpose flour is another prominent segment in the organic wheat flour market. Its widespread use in a variety of baking and cooking applications, including bread, cakes, and pastries, makes it a staple in both household and commercial kitchens. The convenience and ease of use of all-purpose flour, coupled with its balanced nutritional profile, are significant drivers of its demand. Furthermore, the growing trend of home baking and cooking, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, has increased the demand for versatile baking ingredients like all-purpose flour.

Bread flour, known for its high gluten content and strong rising capabilities, is primarily used in the production of yeast-based bread and other baked goods. The increasing popularity of artisanal and homemade bread is driving the demand for bread flour. Consumers are becoming more discerning about the quality of their bread and are willing to invest in premium ingredients like organic bread flour. The trend towards homemade and slow-fermented bread, which requires high-quality bread flour, is further propelling this segment's growth.

Pastry flour, with its fine texture and low protein content, is ideal for delicate pastries and baked goods. The growing demand for specialty and gourmet bakery products is driving the market for past