In financial year 2024, the estimated yield of wheat in the south Asian country of India was approximately 3.6 thousand kilograms per hectare. A consistent increase in the yield of wheat was noted since fiscal year 2015. Wheat, after rice is one of the country’s main cereal crops. Wheat for the Indian population Since India’s independence in 1947, the volume of wheat produced domestically was not enough to feed a drastically increasing population. Therefore, it was one of the main commodities imported into the country. In continuing this trend, wheat accounted for about two percent of the country’s imports in fiscal year 2018, although the volume had significantly decreased. The Green Revolution of the late 60s helped boost volumes in productivity, often producing a surplus . That same year, the daily per capita availability of the cereal stood at 176.4 grams. On average, between ten and twelve chapatis or Indian bread can be made from 200 grams of wheat flour. Nature versus nurture Agriculture, the backbone of the Indian economy and the reason for over 60 percent of the population’s livelihood, gets arguably not as much assistance as it needs. Even in the face of governmental efforts to improve methods, recent years have proved difficult for farmers. Excessive rains leading to flooding, droughts from unpredictable heat waves, in addition to the recent slump in the economy have led to challenging circumstances. Major wheat producing states including Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab were affected by changing temperatures and rising pollution levels. It remains to be seen how much technology and chemical development in agriculture can help maintain a sustainable produce.

Explore the average wheat yield per acre by country, including China, India, United States, Russia, Canada, Australia, France, Germany, Pakistan, and Ukraine. Discover the factors influencing wheat yields and the importance of sustainable practices for long-term agricultural viability.

The northern state of Haryana had the highest annual yield of wheat at over 4.5 thousand kilograms per hectare in financial year 2022 in India. In comparison, Sikkim had an annual yield of one thousand kilograms per hectare in the same period.

Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: Rajasthan data was reported at 3,807.000 kg/ha in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3,913.000 kg/ha for 2022. Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: Rajasthan data is updated yearly, averaging 3,055.500 kg/ha from Mar 2000 (Median) to 2023, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,913.000 kg/ha in 2022 and a record low of 2,402.000 kg/ha in 2001. Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: Rajasthan data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table IN.RIC009: Yield of Foodgrains in Major States: Wheat.

Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: Odisha data was reported at 1,548.000 kg/ha in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,705.000 kg/ha for 2022. Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: Odisha data is updated yearly, averaging 1,517.500 kg/ha from Mar 2004 (Median) to 2023, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,163.000 kg/ha in 2018 and a record low of 1,250.000 kg/ha in 2005. Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: Odisha data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table IN.RIC009: Yield of Foodgrains in Major States: Wheat.

In the marketing year of 2024/2025, the global production volume of wheat amounted to almost 793 million metric tons. This was an increase compared to the previous marketing year. Wheat in the U.S. The United States produces a large amount of wheat each year, a great deal of which is subsequently exported. In 2022/23, the country imported about 122 million bushels of wheat, while exporting 758 million bushels. North Dakota, Kansas, and Montana were the leading U.S. states in terms of wheat production in 2023. Post Shredded Wheat Post Shredded Wheat is a brand of breakfast cereal, made from whole wheat, owned by the American company, known as Post Consumer Brands. The brand comes in many varieties, including Frosted Shredded Wheat, Original Big Biscuit, and Original Spoon Size. When surveyed in 2020, roughly six and a half million American consumers consumed between one and four portions of regular Post Shredded Wheat for breakfast over the last seven days.

Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: Chhattisgarh data was reported at 1,427.000 kg/ha in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,229.000 kg/ha for 2022. Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: Chhattisgarh data is updated yearly, averaging 1,228.000 kg/ha from Mar 2004 (Median) to 2023, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,551.000 kg/ha in 2021 and a record low of 853.000 kg/ha in 2005. Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: Chhattisgarh data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table IN.RIC009: Yield of Foodgrains in Major States: Wheat.

Abstract

Syngenta is committed to increasing crop productivity and to using limited resources such as land, water and inputs more efficiently. Since 2014, Syngenta has been measuring trends in agricultural input efficiency on a global network of real farms. The Good Growth Plan dataset shows aggregated productivity and resource efficiency indicators by harvest year. The data has been collected from more than 4,000 farms and covers more than 20 different crops in 46 countries. The data (except USA data and for Barley in UK, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, France and Spain) was collected, consolidated and reported by Kynetec (previously Market Probe), an independent market research agency. It can be used as benchmarks for crop yield and input efficiency.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Agricultural holdings

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A. Sample design Farms are grouped in clusters, which represent a crop grown in an area with homogenous agro- ecological conditions and include comparable types of farms. The sample includes reference and benchmark farms. The reference farms were selected by Syngenta and the benchmark farms were randomly selected by Kynetec within the same cluster.

B. Sample size Sample sizes for each cluster are determined with the aim to measure statistically significant increases in crop efficiency over time. This is done by Kynetec based on target productivity increases and assumptions regarding the variability of farm metrics in each cluster. The smaller the expected increase, the larger the sample size needed to measure significant differences over time. Variability within clusters is assumed based on public research and expert opinion. In addition, growers are also grouped in clusters as a means of keeping variances under control, as well as distinguishing between growers in terms of crop size, region and technological level. A minimum sample size of 20 interviews per cluster is needed. The minimum number of reference farms is 5 of 20. The optimal number of reference farms is 10 of 20 (balanced sample).

C. Selection procedure The respondents were picked randomly using a “quota based random sampling” procedure. Growers were first randomly selected and then checked if they complied with the quotas for crops, region, farm size etc. To avoid clustering high number of interviews at one sampling point, interviewers were instructed to do a maximum of 5 interviews in one village.

BF Screened from India were selected based on the following criterion: (a) Corn growers in Davanagere, Belgaum, Warangal, Kurnool (all = districts) Location: Davanegere, Belgaum, Warangal, Kurnool
Average adapter of innovation
Mechanized tillage operation due labour shortage
Keeps animals for milk
Corn forage is used for animal feeding
Keep update on commercial market trend Secondary source of Agriculture income is dairy Relies on high fertilizer use. (Farmers who use >2 bags of urea and 1 bag of DAP per acre is considered as High fertilizer use growers) Low use of crop protection products (aim for growers who don't use CPP, if not possible, low use --> UPDATED: maximum of 2 sprays!) Traditional way of weed control (bullock drawn harrow followed by ridging)

(b) Cotton growers in WC & South
Location: Yavatmal , Akola, Aurangabad, Jalgaon, Warangal , Kurnool , Karimnagar (= all districts)
Commercial, normally traditional practices but a few always looks for new products. (Use hybrids and are interested in new products which deliver higher yields, with less disease and pests.)
Very particular about quality seed.
High expectation of profit from farming.
Good investment on inputs for getting maximum returns.
Some irrigation available but not sufficient, Manual operations.
Social and seeks knowledge from other fellow farmers and retailers. Western regions: I take all decisions in terms of cotton production by myself, without consulting fellow farmers, retailers, agronomists or sales representatives (based on answers of RF) Use generic / branded chemistry Dependent on retailers to fund his crop protection chemicals
Prefer Cotton hybrid which give good re flushing
Rotation with Bengalgram

(c) Rice growers in North & East Location: Karnal, Ludhiana, Sri Muktsar Sahib, Patiala, Allahabad,Gorakhpur, Barabanki (North & East)
Commercial ,Average adapter of innovation.
Medium input cost. (Spend 300 - 500 Rs on fertilizers, About 400-500 Rs on CP products can be considered as moderate or medium input cost.)
Mechanized tillage operations due to shortage of labour.
Good use of CP products. (Use products of leading MNCs; new chemistry/new products etc) Very particular about quality seeds.
Always look forward to new technologies that would reduce costs or increase profits.
High expectation of profits from farming.
Good investment on input for getting maximum returns.
Not aware about soil fertility issues.
Use generic chemicals
Dependent on commission agent for his recurring expenses or retailer to fund his inputs. = ALL BACKGROUND INFO
May or may not own a tractor.
High involvement of retailer/ commission agent on his decision of CP inputs Rice wheat rotation.

(d) Rice growers in East Location: Ranchi, Raipur (= west), Burdwan, Midnapore , Bhagalpur . (= East)
Late adapter of innovation . --> UPDATED: Western region (Raipur): BF is not late adapter of innovation (based on answer of RF) Usage of hybrid Rice or traditional varieties . (Either Open Pollinated Varieties or certified hybrids is fine. )
Moderate usage of CP products . (The spend on CP products is relatively lower i.e. less number of sprays or lower dose of recommended CP products. ) = ALL BACKGROUND INFO
Lack of resources ( irrigation, finance ) ,less educated ,traditional (= background info),low financial status .
Primarily dependent on farm for food and income. --> RF in Raipur (western region) says to not depend on his farm for income but BF will be recruited based on the original screening criteria above
not aware about soil fertility . --> UPDATED: in western region: BF are aware about soil fertility (based on answer of RF) --> UPDATED: Eastern region (Jharkhand & Bihar): BF are aware about soil fertility (based on answer of RF)
Depends on fertilizer for enhancing productivity.
Usage of generic chemistry. May or may not own tractor. High involvement of retailer on his decision of CP inputs . --> RF in Raipur (western region) says to take all decisions himself but BF will be recruited based on the original screening criteria above
Migrated farmers adopt technology . = ALL BACKGROUND INFO
Traditional cultivation practice. (This generally means OPV, little fertilizers and little chemicals.) = ALL BACKGROUND INFO
Conversion happening from OP to hybrid seeds in rainfed areas. = ALL BACKGROUND INFO

(e) Tomato growers location: Nasik, Pune, Ahmednagar, Belgaum, Vadodara, Jaipur.
Early adapter of innovation.
Mechanized tillage operations due to labour shortage.
Very particular about quality Seeds.
Always look forward to new CP technologies to increase profit
Good crop knowledge & Use advance chemistry ( Farmers who use newly launched, high performance CP products from leading MNCs can be considered as "Advance" or new chemistry products.). --> UPDATED: in Western regions: only have a little bit of knowledge about this and use only a little bit (based on answers of RF)
Use of SYT tomato seeds & CP products. (only for RF, BF can use SYT products but not necessarily) = ALL BACKGROUND INFO, is asked in screening but nobody is screened out (!)
Keep updates on commercial market trend .
Irrigated farms
Has milch animals. --> UPDATED: in Western regions, not all should have livestock (based on answer of RF)
Brand loyalty
Commercially very active.
Knows market prices in leading cities.
Has relationship with market forces.
Keeps in touch with other progressive farmers, good retailers and company professionals.

(f) Soybean growers location: Ratlam, Dhar, Hoshangabad, Washim Follow traditional cultivation practices . (Usually the use of farm-saved seeds and varieties, do not use adequate fertilizers, follow traditional interculture practices etc.)
Limited technical knowledge.
Many use farm saved seed.
Mechanized tillage and spraying operation.
Use of tractor for sowing and threshing operations.
Low investment on input in comparison with actual requirement.
Farmers are members of co-operative society in some areas. = ALL BACKGROUND INFO
Soyabean wheat rotation
Some involvement of retailer/commission agent on his decision of CP inputs.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Data collection tool for 2019 covered the following information:

(A) PRE- HARVEST INFORMATION

PART I: Screening PART II: Contact Information PART III: Farm Characteristics a. Biodiversity conservation b. Soil conservation c. Soil erosion d. Description of growing area e. Training on crop cultivation and safety measures PART IV: Farming Practices - Before Harvest a. Planting and fruit development - Field crops b. Planting and fruit development - Tree crops c. Planting and fruit development - Sugarcane d. Planting and fruit development - Cauliflower e. Seed treatment

(B) HARVEST INFORMATION

PART V: Farming Practices - After Harvest a. Fertilizer usage b. Crop protection products c. Harvest timing & quality per crop - Field crops d. Harvest timing & quality per crop - Tree crops e. Harvest timing & quality per crop - Sugarcane f. Harvest timing & quality per crop - Banana g. After harvest PART VI - Other inputs - After Harvest a.

Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: West Bengal data was reported at 3,088.000 kg/ha in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,974.000 kg/ha for 2022. Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: West Bengal data is updated yearly, averaging 2,681.000 kg/ha from Mar 2000 (Median) to 2023, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,088.000 kg/ha in 2023 and a record low of 2,103.000 kg/ha in 2005. Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: West Bengal data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table IN.RIC009: Yield of Foodgrains in Major States: Wheat.

Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: Uttarakhand data was reported at 2,916.000 kg/ha in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,896.000 kg/ha for 2022. Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: Uttarakhand data is updated yearly, averaging 2,258.000 kg/ha from Mar 2001 (Median) to 2023, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,062.000 kg/ha in 2021 and a record low of 1,633.000 kg/ha in 2006. Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Wheat: Uttarakhand data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table IN.RIC009: Yield of Foodgrains in Major States: Wheat.

In financial year 2021, over 248 thousand metric tons of wheat was produced in the northern state of Chhatisgarh in India. This was a significant increase from the previous fiscal year. Uttar Pradesh was the largest producer of wheat in the country.

Cost of Cultivation: Wheat: Bihar: Fixed Cost data was reported at 21,810.960 INR/ha in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 17,137.670 INR/ha for 2020. Cost of Cultivation: Wheat: Bihar: Fixed Cost data is updated yearly, averaging 6,080.070 INR/ha from Mar 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 21,810.960 INR/ha in 2021 and a record low of 3,762.890 INR/ha in 1998. Cost of Cultivation: Wheat: Bihar: Fixed Cost data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table IN.RIH019: Cost of Cultivation: Foodgrains: Cereals: Wheat: Bihar.

Cost of Cultivation: Wheat: Punjab: Total data was reported at 72,250.530 INR/ha in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 72,236.160 INR/ha for 2020. Cost of Cultivation: Wheat: Punjab: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 35,423.480 INR/ha from Mar 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 72,250.530 INR/ha in 2021 and a record low of 17,333.890 INR/ha in 1998. Cost of Cultivation: Wheat: Punjab: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table IN.RIH027: Cost of Cultivation: Foodgrains: Cereals: Wheat: Punjab.

Cost of Cultivation: Wheat: Madhya Pradesh: Operating Cost data was reported at 32,590.191 INR/ha in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 33,457.183 INR/ha for 2020. Cost of Cultivation: Wheat: Madhya Pradesh: Operating Cost data is updated yearly, averaging 12,082.380 INR/ha from Mar 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 33,457.183 INR/ha in 2020 and a record low of 5,648.240 INR/ha in 1998. Cost of Cultivation: Wheat: Madhya Pradesh: Operating Cost data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table IN.RIH025: Cost of Cultivation: Foodgrains: Cereals: Wheat: Madhya Pradesh.

Cost of Cultivation: Wheat: Uttar Pradesh: Fixed Cost data was reported at 27,209.350 INR/ha in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 23,833.990 INR/ha for 2020. Cost of Cultivation: Wheat: Uttar Pradesh: Fixed Cost data is updated yearly, averaging 13,586.880 INR/ha from Mar 1997 (Median) to 2021, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27,209.350 INR/ha in 2021 and a record low of 5,125.700 INR/ha in 1998. Cost of Cultivation: Wheat: Uttar Pradesh: Fixed Cost data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table IN.RIH029: Cost of Cultivation: Foodgrains: Cereals: Wheat: Uttar Pradesh.

Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Jharkhand data was reported at 1,548.000 kg/ha in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,765.000 kg/ha for 2022. Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Jharkhand data is updated yearly, averaging 1,623.000 kg/ha from Mar 2001 (Median) to 2023, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,957.000 kg/ha in 2018 and a record low of 1,053.000 kg/ha in 2003. Agricultural Yield: Foodgrains: Jharkhand data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table IN.RIC005: Yield of Foodgrains in Major States.

In fiscal year 2024, India had an estimated 47.6 million hectares of land area for rice cultivation. The south Asian country is the second-largest producer of rice globally, and the largest exporter. Where is rice grown in India? Rice is considered a kharif or monsoon crop, grown in climates that are hot and humid. As a principal crop in India, it is produced in the coastal strips on the eastern and western pockets of the country, the plains of Assam in the north-east, and the foothills of the Himalayas. Sona Masuri, Swarna, IR36, and BPT 5204 are some varieties of rice produced across these regions. The world-famous Basmati rice comes mainly from Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. How much rice does India export? India was a rice importer until the 1970s, when it was able to domestically meet demand and supply. The country became a major exporter of the food grain in the 2000s. Most recently, rice exports from the country were valued at nearly 900 billion Indian rupees in 2023. In July 2023, India imposed restrictions on rice exports as a result of rising domestic prices, impacting the global rice market.

In 2024/2025, it is expected that the United States will be the largest producer of corn worldwide with a production volume amounting to about 377.6 million metric tons. China and Brazil rounded off the top corn producing countries. Corn production Corn, also known as maize, is a grain plant cultivated for food. The origin of this grain remains unknown, however, many historians believe that corn was first domesticated in Mexico's Tehuacan Valley. Types of corn include sweet corn, popcorn, pod corn, flint corn, flour corn, waxy corn and dent corn. Corn is one of the most important crops in the United States. Over the last years, the country's corn farmers experienced constant increases in annual revenues. In 2022/23, the U.S. was responsible for almost one-third of the global corn production. Iowa and Illinois were the top U.S. states based on harvested area of corn for grain in 2023. That year, Iowa's corn for grain production value amounted to approximately 11.55 million acres. In 2022/23, the United States exported around 42.5 million metric tons of corn, making the nation the world's second largest corn exporter. Mexico and China were the leading buyers of U.S. corn in 2022, purchasing approximately 662 million bushels and 579 million bushels respectively.

This statistic shows the world's leading cotton producing countries in crop year 2022/2023. In that year, cotton production in China amounted to around 6.7 million metric tons.

Cotton production

Cotton is a natural plant fiber which grows around the seed of the cotton plant. Fibers are used in the textile industry, where they are the starting point of the production chain. First, the cotton fiber is obtained from the cotton plant and then spun into yarn. From there, the cotton yarn is woven or knitted into fabric.

The use of cotton has a long tradition in the clothing industry due to its desirable characteristics. Cloths made of this fiber are moisture-absorbent, have a good drape and are known for their long durability. Consumers continue to purchase large amounts of cotton products as they prefer cotton’s light and comfortable qualities. Products made out of cotton range from highly absorbent bath towels over bed linens to basic clothes such as t-shirts, underwear or socks.

The top cotton producing countries include China, India and the United States respectively. Within the United States, the Southern states traditionally harvest the largest quantities of cotton. This region was formerly known as the ‘Cotton Belt’, where cotton was the predominant cash crop from the 18th to the 20th century. Due to soil depletion and social and economic changes, cotton production has declined and acres in this region are now mainly used for crops such as corn, soybeans and wheat.

In 2024, the retail price of long-grain, uncooked white rice stood at 1.03 U.S. dollars per pound. In 2008, rice prices rose to record highs, from 55 to 81 U.S. cents, as global trade restrictions were put in place, causing many large importers to panic buy rice. U.S. rice industry In the United States, about 2.5 million acres of rice were planted and harvested in 2021. The top rice-producing states that year were Arkansas, California, Louisiana, among others. Arkansas was the leading state by far, producing over 91 million cwt (centrum weight) of rice in 2021. Leading rice producers worldwide Within the 2019/2020 period, India and China were the top rice-producing countries by far, based on the area harvested. India harvested a milled rice area of approximately 44 and a half million hectares, while China’s area amounted to some 31 million hectares. In terms of production, however, China produced a higher volume of milled rice than India within the same crop year: China produced close to 147 million metric tons of rice, while India’s figures reached an estimated 119 million tons.