Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. This study contains a complete transcript of the Warwickshire returns of the census of 1891. Main Topics: Using microfiche loaned to the project by the LDS, volunteers, recruited online, transcribed the pages of the enumerators' books for the Warwickshire 1891 census. Other volunteers checked the data using Free Census software. Finally, the organiser validated the data, using yet another piece of Free Census software. The original data was collected in 1891. the raw data was in the form of microfiche, organised in accordance with the PRO regulations

This aggregate-level dataset links poor relief data recorded on 1 January 1891 with several variables from corresponding 1891 census data, all at the level of the registration district (RD). Specifically, the numbers of men and women receiving indoor and outdoor relief in the ‘non-able-bodied’ category (taken as a proxy of the numbers of older-age men and women on relief) are accompanied with a series of socio-economic variables calculated from census data on the population aged 60 years and over (our definition of ‘old age’). Thus, the dataset fulfils two objectives: 1. To start reconciling poor relief data from the House of Commons Parliamentary Papers archive with transcribed Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) available at the UK Data Service (UKDS). 2. To capture geographical variations in the proportion of older-age men and women on poor relief as well as in several household, occupational and migratory compositions recorded in the census, consulting data from 1891 as a pilot study in anticipation of an extended project covering all censuses from 1851-1911.

The dataset contains the historical series of the census population for the years from 1861 to 2011, broken down by marital status and gender. The 1891 and 1941 censuses were not carried out, the former for organizational and financial reasons and the latter for war reasons. The censuses of 1861 and 1871 reveal the de facto population while from 1881 the resident population is considered, the data refer to the borders of the time. For further information, it is possible to consult the Istat website http://seriestoriche.istat.it/ This dataset was released by the municipality of Milan.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The collection of data in these studies is part of a larger study on the decline of the Scottish cotton industry. The primary aim of the project was to answer questions regarding the causality and chronology of decline in the cotton industry. Since economic historians have viewed the decline of the Scottish cotton industry as a consequence of poor productivity it was decided to explore the relationship between capital and labour and in particular, the gender structure of the cotton mill. To provide information on the occupational and age structure of the Scottish cotton industry in the years 1851, 1871 and 1891. Further, to distinguish the marital status of the female workers and to draw links between household structure and factory work. Main Topics: Names; addresses; age; sex; occupation; place of birth; relation to head of household, marital status. There are three files in the dataset. These contain information on household structure with the details of each person in the household held as a separate record. One-stage stratified or systematic random sample from streets chosen because they were known to house large numbers of cotton workers.

The Great Britain Historical Database has been assembled as part of the ongoing Great Britain Historical GIS Project. The project aims to trace the emergence of the north-south divide in Britain and to provide a synoptic view of the human geography of Britain at sub-county scales. Further information about the project is available on A Vision of Britain webpages, where users can browse the database's documentation system online.

These data were originally collected by the Censuses of Population for England and Wales, and for Scotland. They were computerised by the Great Britain Historical GIS Project and its collaborators.

Latest edition information

For the second edition (October 2022), the data and documentation have been revised.

The dataset contains the historical series of the census population and of the land area for the years from 1861 to 2011. The censuses of 1891 and 1941 were not carried out, the first for organisational-financial reasons and the second for war reasons. The censuses of 1861 and 1871 reveal the de facto population while from 1881 the resident population is considered, the data refer to the borders of the time. For further information, it is possible to consult the Istat website http://seriestoriche.istat.it/ This dataset was released by the municipality of Milan.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Great Britain Historical Database has been assembled as part of the ongoing Great Britain Historical GIS Project. The project aims to trace the emergence of the north-south divide in Britain and to provide a synoptic view of the human geography of Britain at sub-county scales. Further information about the project is available on A Vision of Britain webpages, where users can browse the database's documentation system online. Main Topics: Parish level statistics for England, Wales and Scotland taken from the 1801, 1811, 1851, 1891, 1911, 1931 and 1951 censuses. Parish level statistics for England and Wales taken from the 1831 and 1871 censuses. Parish level statistics for England taken from the 1821 and 1841 censuses. Parish level statistics for Scotland taken from the 1881 census. Please note: this study does not include information on named individuals and would therefore not be useful for personal family history research. Purposive selection/case studies Transcription of existing materials Compilation or synthesis of existing material

ArcGIS shapefile of 245polygons providing boundary and attribute data for the 55 registration counties of England and Wales as given in the 1851 census. These data were created as part of a research program directed by Leigh Shaw-Taylor and Tony Wrigley, which aims ultimately to reconstruct the evolution of the occupational structure of Britain from the late medieval period down to the early twentieth century. This shapefile derives from the 173 digital maps of the boundaries of English and Welsh parishes and their subdivisions produced by Roger Kain and Richard Oliver based on the listing in the 1851 census. The maps were subsequently converted into a single GIS by Burton et al. The Burton et al GIS data were checked, edited and enhanced with extra data from the census by Max Satchell, Tony Wrigley and a small army of research assistants with technical support from Peter Kitson and Gill Newton. Max Satchell checked and in some cases digitised GIS polygon data using a variety of cartographic and documentary sources. Of these the most important were digital scans of the Ordnance Survey first edition 1:2500 and 1:10560 maps from the Landmark Group distributed by Edina , the series of maps of registration districts and sub-districts boundaries prepared for the Registrar General prior to the censuses of 1861, 1871 and 1891 and the description of enumeration district boundaries given in the Census Enumerators Books for the censuses from 1851, 1861 and 1871. The 1:63,360 maps and Census Enumerators Books are held in The National Archives, Kew (TNA, RG 18/3-155, 198-227, HO 107, RG 9, RG 10).

ArcGIS shapefile of 1194 polygons providing boundary and attribute data for the 624 registration districts of England and Wales as given in the 1851 census.These data were created as part of a research program directed by Leigh Shaw-Taylor and Tony Wrigley, which aims ultimately to reconstruct the evolution of the occupational structure of Britain from the late medieval period down to the early twentieth century. This shapefile derives from the 173 digital maps of the boundaries of English and Welsh parishes and their subdivisions produced by Roger Kain and Richard Oliver based on the listing in the 1851 census. The maps were subsequently converted into a single GIS by Burton et al. The Burton et al GIS data were checked, edited and enhanced with extra data from the census by Max Satchell, Tony Wrigley and a small army of research assistants with technical support from Peter Kitson and Gill Newton. Max Satchell checked and in some cases digitised GIS polygon data using a variety of cartographic and documentary sources. Of these the most important were digital scans of the Ordnance Survey first edition 1:2500 and 1:10560 maps from the Landmark Group distributed by Edina , the series of maps of registration districts and sub-districts boundaries prepared for the Registrar General prior to the censuses of 1861, 1871 and 1891 and the description of enumeration district boundaries given in the Census Enumerators Books for the censuses from 1851, 1861 and 1871. The 1:63,360 maps and Census Enumerators Books are held in The National Archives, Kew (TNA, RG 18/3-155, 198-227, HO 107, RG 9, RG 10).

The dataset contains the final ISTAT data relating to the General Census of Population and Housing for the year 2011 divided by Submunicipal Areas (Neighborhoods) of the city of Matera. Speaking of censuses, it is good to trace a brief history of them. The first general census of the population in Italy dates back to 1861, the year of the unification of the country in the Kingdom of Italy and 26 million and three hundred thousand Italians were censused. From 1861 to 2011, the census sessions were held every 10 years with the exceptions of 1891, due to the financial difficulties of the country and 1941 due to the Second World War. Another exception is represented by the 1936 Census, carried out just 5 years after the previous one following a legislative reform of 1930 that had modified its periodicity, immediately after reported every ten years as still in force. At the last Census of 2011, carried out with innovative methods, the census population in our country exceeds 60 million.

To facilitate the visualization, the following MAP was created.

Version 1.2This data set is compiled from the New Zealand Census ranging from 1891-2018. The Raw Data includes all categories of answers about Religious Affiliation.The data for each individual year of observation has been taken from the reported data closest to that year.The data set includes; Introduction, Compiled Data, Raw Data and References to each census.CC0 as long as it is cited according to academic standards.For comments or edits please feel free to contact me directly.

ArcGIS shapefile of 3,316 polygons providing boundary and attribute data for the 2182 registration subdistricts of England and Wales as given in the 1851 census. These data derive from the 173 digital maps of the boundaries of English and Welsh parishes and their subdivisions produced by Roger Kain and Richard Oliver based on the listing in the 1851 census.These data were created as part of a research program directed by Leigh Shaw-Taylor and Tony Wrigley, which aims ultimately to reconstruct the evolution of the occupational structure of Britain from the late medieval period down to the early twentieth century. These data derive from the 173 digital maps of the boundaries of English and Welsh parishes and their subdivisions produced by Roger Kain and Richard Oliver based on the listing in the 1851 census. The maps were subsequently converted into a single GIS by Burton et al. The GIS attribute data were checked, edited and enhanced with extra data from the census by Max Satchell, Tony Wrigley and a small army of research assistants with technical support from Peter Kitson and Gill Newton. Max Satchell checked and in some cases digitised GIS polygon data using a variety of cartographic and documentary sources. Of these the most important were digital scans of the Ordnance Survey first edition 1:2500 and 1:10560 maps from the Landmark Group distributed by Edina , the series of maps of registration districts and subdistricts boundaries prepared for the Registrar General prior to the censuses of 1861, 1871 and 1891 and the description of enumeration district boundaries given in the Census Enumerators Books for the censuses from 1851, 1861 and 1871. The 1:63,360 maps and Census Enumerators Books are held in The National Archives, Kew (TNA, RG 18/3-155, 198-227, HO 107, RG 9, RG 10).

ArcGIS shapefile of 2433 polygons providing boundary and attribute data for the 1096 hundreds, wapentakes, wards, divisions, liberties and boroughs of England and Wales as given in the 1831 census.These data were created as part of a research program directed by Leigh Shaw-Taylor and Tony Wrigley, which aims ultimately to reconstruct the evolution of the occupational structure of Britain from the late medieval period down to the early twentieth century. The GIS data originates from the 173 digital maps of the boundaries of English and Welsh parishes and their subdivisions produced by Roger Kain and Richard Oliver based on the listing in the 1851 census. The maps were subsequently converted into a single GIS by Burton et al. The GIS attribute data were checked, edited and enhanced with extra data from the census by Max Satchell, Tony Wrigley and a small army of research assistants with technical support from Peter Kitson and Gill Newton. Max Satchell checked and in some cases edited the GIS polygon data using a variety of cartographic and documentary sources. Of these the most important were digital scans of the Ordnance Survey first edition 1:2500 and 1:10560 maps from the Landmark Group distributed by Edina , the series of maps of registration districts and sub-districts boundaries prepared for the Registrar General prior to the censuses of 1861, 1871 and 1891 and the description of enumeration district boundaries given in the Census Enumerators Books for the censuses from 1851, 1861 and 1871. The 1:63,360 maps and Census Enumerators Books are held in The National Archives, Kew (TNA, RG 18/3-155, 198-227, HO 107, RG 9, RG 10). The work involved changing one or more elements of information about place, parish, county, or three figure census number for 2,461 (10.8 per cent) of 22,729 lines of data in the Kain and Oliver GIS. This editing process saw the redigitisation of 644 of the 22,729 polygons, the deletion of 81 polygons, and the digitisation of 525 new polygons. The hundreds data was created as follows. Geoffrey Stanning under the supervision of Peter Kitson added the hundreds as given in the population tables of the 1851 census to each census parish or place as given in the Burton et al GIS. The remainder of the work was done by Max Satchell who systematically checked the hundred of each 1851 administrative unit against the hundred of the same unit as it was given in the enumeration abstract volumes of the 1831 census. The hundred of the unit was then changed to its 1831 designation where necessary. Where the census listed a hundred, wapentake, division, liberty or borough as belonging to a larger unit below the level of the county, such as a lathe, rape, riding division or part, its name is given in the separate column. In some instances a parish or place lay within two or more hundreds in 1831 but was represented by only a single Burton et al polygon. In such situations the polygon was subdivided using a variety of cartographic sources of hundred boundary data where these were available. The most significant of these were those maps of the Ordnance Survey first edition 1:2500 and 1:10560 prepared from 1844 to c.1880 when hundred boundaries were still shown. Maps of boundaries prepared for the Boundary Commissions of 1832 and 1837 were also invaluable for borough boundaries. At the end of this exercise only two out of 23,177 polygons could not be assigned to any hundred, wapentake, division, ward, liberty or borough.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Great Britain Historical Database has been assembled as part of the ongoing Great Britain Historical GIS Project. The project aims to trace the emergence of the north-south divide in Britain and to provide a synoptic view of the human geography of Britain at sub-county scales. Further information about the project is available on A Vision of Britain webpages, where users can browse the database's documentation system online. These data were originally collected by the Censuses of Population for England and Wales, and for Scotland. They were computerised by the Great Britain Historical GIS Project and its collaborators. They form part of the Great Britain Historical Database, which contains a wide range of geographically-located statistics, selected to trace the emergence of the north-south divide in Britain and to provide a synoptic view of the human geography of Britain, generally at sub-county scales. The Census of Population first gathered data on housing "density", i.e. the number of persons in each household relative to the number of rooms, in 1891, although the first year included here is 1901. In 1891, over-crowding was defined as over 2 persons per room; by 1931 this threshold had dropped to 1.5 persons; and by 1961 to 1 person per room. Up to 1931, the data for each locality and date form a table of numbers of persons against numbers of rooms, and these transcriptions sometimes exclude the rows/columns for the very largest households (see the documentation for individual tables). From 1951 onwards, simpler tables simply list numbers of households in each density category (e.g. over 1 person per room and not more than 1.5 persons). This is a new edition. Data have been added for 1911 and 1951. Wherever possible, ID numbers have been added for counties and districts which match those used in the digital boundary data created by the GBH GIS, greatly simplifying mapping.

ArcGIS shapefile of 288 polygons providing boundary and attribute data for the fifty-five ancient counties of England and Wales as given in the 1831 census for England and Wales. As such this represents the counties of England and Wales as they were before the boundary changes caused by the Counties (Detached Parts) Act, 1844 (7 & 8 Vict. c. 61) which led to the elimination of some of the detached portions of counties.These data were created as part of a research program directed by Leigh Shaw-Taylor and Tony Wrigley, which aims ultimately to reconstruct the evolution of the occupational structure of Britain from the late medieval period down to the early twentieth century. These data derive from the 173 digital maps of the boundaries of English and Welsh parishes and their subdivisions produced by Roger Kain and Richard Oliver based on the listing in the 1851 census. The maps were subsequently converted into a single GIS by Burton et al. The GIS attribute data were checked, edited and enhanced with extra data from the census by Max Satchell, Tony Wrigley and a small army of research assistants with technical support from Peter Kitson and Gill Newton. Max Satchell checked and in some cases edited the GIS polygon data using a variety of cartographic and documentary sources. Of these the most important were digital scans of the Ordnance Survey first edition 1:2500 and 1:10560 maps from the Landmark Group distributed by Edina , the series of maps of registration districts and sub-districts boundaries prepared for the Registrar General prior to the censuses of 1861, 1871 and 1891 and the description of enumeration district boundaries given in the Census Enumerators Books for the censuses from 1851, 1861 and 1871. The 1:63,360 maps and Census Enumerators Books are held in The National Archives, Kew (TNA, RG 18/3-155, 198-227, HO 107, RG 9, RG 10). The work involved changing one or more elements of information about place, parish, county, or three figure census number for 2,461 (10.8 per cent) of 22,729 lines of data in the Kain and Oliver GIS. This editing process saw the redigitisation of 644 of the 22,729 polygons, the deletion of 81 polygons, and the digitisation of 525 new polygons. The original Kain and Oliver parish and place dataset did not give details of which counties its units belonged to in 1831, though the authors did note some units had changed county under the auspices of the act of 1844. Max Satchell with help from Geoffrey Stanning and input from Peter Kitson and Tony Wrigley added the 1831 census counties as an attribute to the parish GIS primarily by systematic comparison between the censuses of 1831 and 1851 - the latter's footnotes being particularly informative concerning changes in the county boundaries. In situations where the 1831 county boundary deviated from the post-1844 alignment the polygons from the Burton et al. GIS were subdivided. At the end of this exercise all 23,177 polygons of the enhanced parish GIS could be assigned an 1831 ancient county. This attribute was then used to generate the shapefile of ancient counties.

The authors construct a unique panel of income and Protestant church attendance for six waves of up to 175 Prussian counties spanning 1886-1911; to study the interplay between religion and the economy. In particular income levels and religious participation. Their unique database on historical church attendance stems from the practice of the Protestant Church in Germany to count the number of participations in Holy Communion every year, which Hölscher (2001) gathered at the church-district (Kirchenkreis) level from regional archives covering modern Germany. The Sacrament Statistics (Abendmahlsstatistik) stem from a uniform annual survey organized by the Statistical Central Office at the Protestant Higher Church Council in Berlin from 1880 (with precursors) to World War II. Data collection was done by the parish priests on a preprinted form following uniform surveying directives. Regional Consistories combined these parish data into registers at the level of church districts, which usually comprised 10-20 adjacent parishes. Their main indicator of church attendance is the number of participations in Holy Communion divided by the number of Protestants in a district. Our income data refer to the average annual income of male elementary-school teachers, available every five years from 1886 to 1911 for all Prussian counties (Kreise) from Education Censuses (Galloway (2007)). Their dataset covers an unbalanced panel of 175 territorial entities (“counties”) in 1886-1911. This sample of Prussian counties constitutes the intersection between end-of-19 -century Prussia (for which income data are available) and modern Germany (for which church attendance data are available) and is thus not necessarily representative of Prussia or of Germany. To this dataset, we merge cross-sectional data for Prussian counties used in Becker and Woessmann (2009). The data source for church attendance is Hölscher (2001) based on Sacrament Statistics. The Protestant Regional Churches of Germany conducted annual surveys of “Expressions of Churchly Life” between 1880 (with precursors) and World War II. Their main indicator of church attendance is the “sacrament participation” (Hölscher (2001)), measured as the number of participations in Holy Communion divided by the number of Protestants in a church district. Hölscher kindly provided the authors with digital versions of the data as published in the Data Atlas. After assigning IDs to every church district (Kirchenkreis) and cross-checking the data, they combined the data into one panel dataset. The data source for teacher income: Galloway (2007) based on Education Censuses. The data are drawn from the Galloway (2007) Prussia Database and are based on the following volumes of the Preussische Statistik: Volume 101, pp. 2-391 (for 1886); Volume 120, part II, pp. 2-313 (for 1891); Volume 151, part II, pp. 2-315 (for 1896); Volume 176, part III, pp. 2-485 (for 1901); Volume 209, part III, pp. 2- 513 (for 1906); and Volume 231, part II, pp. 2-599 (for 1911). The data were collected by the Prussian Statistical Office and reported at the level of administrative counties (Kreise). Teacher income data are available for all Prussian counties in all the years 1886, 1891, 1896, 1901, 1906, and 1911. There are two changes in how teacher income is reported over time. First, in 1886 and 1891, teacher income covers only direct wage payments, but not extras such as housing allowances and any other allowances. From 1896 onwards, data include all components of income. To make data consistent over time, we pre-multiply direct wage payments in 1886 and 1891 by the county-specific ratio of total income over (only) wage payments observed in 1896. In 1911, income is only reported as total income of male and female elementary- school teachers combined, whereas for all other years both genders are reported separately. In 1911, we impute income of male elementary-school teachers by pre-multiplying total income of elementary-school teachers by the county-specific share of male teachers in total income observed in 1906. The control variables used in Table A3 are taken from the Prussian Population Census in 1871. First used in Becker and Woessmann (2009), who provide variable definitions and detailed documentation (see also iPEHD), they are based on Königliches Statistisches Bureau, Die Gemeinden und Gutsbezirke des Preussischen Staates und ihre Bevölkerung: Nach den Urmaterialien der allgemeinen Volkszählung vom 1. December 1871 (Berlin: Verlag des Königlichen Statistischen Bureaus, 1874). They merge the church attendance and income data by assigning the income data, available at the level of the administrative county, to that church district (for which they have church attendance data) which contains the capital of the administrative county (same for the 1871 control variables available for administrative counties). In cases where several county capitals are located in the same district, they aggregated the county data up to the church district level (taking population- weighted averages of income data). To make regional entities comparable over time in face of territorial changes during our period of observation, they aggregated church-district and county data up to the highest level at which consistency over time is given.

Data about delinquency in the German ‚Kaiserreich’ are made available by this study. The subjects of investigation are municipalities and administrative districts of the German ‘Reich’, taking into account the changes of the boarders. For all municipalities and administrative districts the crime rate according to the categories crime of violence, criminal assault, as well as simple and aggravated theft are collected. Topics: Development of crime during the period of investigation from 1893 to 1897, 1898 to 1902, divided into total offenses, offenses of bodily harm, simple and aggravated theft, and into adult persons and adolescent. Furthermore, the effect of region and urbanity, the average of condemned per crime-group referring to 100.000 persons of the age of criminal responsibility, the police-force, efficiency of enquiry. Structural variables: size of area, population structure, area and population (1885, 1890, 1895, 1900), religion, ethnic mixture (1.12.1900), urbanisation, birth and death, causes of death, occupation-structure, unemployment (1895), size of agricultural farms, average daily wages of men and women in cities and in the countryside (1892, 1901), taxpayers (1899 to 1903), poor relief (1895, 1903), school system (1891). Daten zur Kriminalität im Kaiserreich. Die Untersuchungseinheiten sind die Stadt- und Landkreise des Deutschen Reiches unter Berücksichtigung von Gebietsänderungen. Für alle erfassten Kreise wurden Kriminalitätsraten in den Kategorien Gesamtkriminalität, gefährliche Körperverletzung, sowie einfacher und schwerer Diebstahl erhoben. Themen: Entwicklung der Kriminalität in den Untersuchungsperioden 1893 bis 1897, 1898 bis 1902, unterteilt nach Gesamtdelikten, Körperverletzungsdelikten, einfacher und schwerer Diebstahl und nach Erwachsenen und Jugendlichen; Einfluss von Region und Urbanität; Durchschnitt der Verurteilten je Deliktgruppe auf 100000 strafmündige Zivilpersonen in den Untersuchungsperioden; Polizeistärke, Ermittlungseffizienz; Strukturvariablen: Gebietsgröße, Bevölkerungsstruktur, Fläche und Bevölkerung (1885, 1890, 1895, 1900); Religion, ethnische Zusammensetzung (1.12.1900), Urbanisierung, Geburten und Sterbefälle; Todesursachen: Tuberkulose, Diarrhöe, Selbstmord; Beschäftigungsstruktur, Arbeitslosigkeit (1895), Landwirtschaftliche Betriebsgröße, durchschnittlicher Tagelohn bei Männern und Frauen in Stadt und auf dem Land (1892, 1901), Steuerpflichtige (1899 bis 1903), Summe der Guthaben auf Sparkassenbüchern (1899), Armenwesen, Armenverbände (1895, 1903), Schulwesen (1891). Census in Baden, Bavaria, Hesse, Prussia, Saxony, Württemberg, inclusive regional subdivision and the former grand duchies, duchies, principalities and the free Hanseatic cities.