Colombia ranked as the country of origin of the largest immigration group arriving into Spain in 2023, as revealed by the latest data. Over 170,000 people migrated from the South American country to Spain that year. The second largest group was comprised by Moroccans with around 122,000 newcomers. A matter of balance The net migration rate of Spain changed its course mainly due to the great inflow of foreigners that move to reside in the Mediterranean country. Spain’s immigration flow slowed down after the 2008 financial crisis, albeit the number of foreigners that opted to change their residence saw a significant growth in the last years. In 2023, Moroccans ranked first as the foreign nationality residing Spain, followed by people from Romania and the Colombians. Spain does not have the highest number of immigrants in Europe In recent years, the European Union confronted a rising number of refugees arriving from the Middle East and Africa. Migration figures show that Germany accommodated approximately 15 million foreign-born citizens, ranking it as the country that most hosted immigrants in Europe in 2023. By comparison, Spain’s foreign population stood over eight million, positioning the Western Mediterranean country third on the European list of foreign-born population. Unfortunately, thousands of persons have died or gone missing trying to reach Spanish territory, as more and more irregular migrants opt to use dangerous maritime routes to arrive at Southern Europe from Africa's coasts.

As recorded by the source, Moroccans ranked as the foreign nationality with more residents in Spain in 2023, closely followed by Romanians. After years of losing its foreign population, Spain’s immigration figures started to pick up in 2015, with the number of people that moved to the Mediterranean country surpassing the number of foreigners that decided to leave.

A matter of balance The net migration rate of Spain changed its course mainly due to the great inflow of foreigners that move to reside in the Mediterranean country. Spain’s immigration flow slowed down after the 2008 financial crisis, albeit the number of foreigners that opted to change their residence saw a significant growth in the last years. In 2022, Colombians ranked first as the foreign nationality that most relocated to Spain, distantly followed by Moroccans and Ukranians.

Spain does not have the highest number of immigrants in Europe In recent years, the European Union confronted a rising number of refugees arriving from the Middle East. Migration figures show that Germany accommodated approximately 15 million foreign-born citizens, ranking it as the country that most hosted immigrants in Europe in 2022. By comparison, Spain’s foreign population stood slightly over seven million, positioning the Western Mediterranean country third on the European list of foreign-born population. Unfortunately, thousands of persons have died ore gone missing trying to reach Spanish territory, as more and more irregular migrants opt to use dangerous maritime routes to arrive at Southern Europe from Africa's coasts.

From January to June 2025, the highest number of illegal immigrants that arrived in Spain via land and sea came from Mali, with approximately ***** people. The immigrants from Senegal and Algeria were the second and third most numerous group, with ***** and ***** people leaving their country of residence, respectively. More than ****** illegal immigrants reached the Iberian country in 2024. A risky journey Spain, together with Italy and Greece, are the main points of entry to Europe for illegal migration. Most arrivals happen through the Mediterranean Sea, which is a very dangerous journey for migrants. While active since 2006, the migration route from the coasts of West Africa to the Canary Islands (the closest territory of the European Union) has become particularly popular in recent years, even though so many people lost their lives their. Undocumented minors Among those reaching the Spanish territory are undocumented and unaccompanied minors, known in Spanish as "menas” (Menores Extranjeros No Acompañados). In 2018, the number of unaccompanied and separated children that arrived by sea exceeded *****, which represented the largest figure since at least 2014. This number decreased by approximately ***** cases in 2020. Nearly half of them came from Morocco, separated from Spain by merely ** kilometres of water at the Gibraltar Strait's narrowest point.

Migration Statistic: Immigration flow from abroad by year, country of birth and nationality (Spanish/foreign). Annual. National.

Spain ES: Net Migration data was reported at 200,000.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of -570,000.000 Person for 2012. Spain ES: Net Migration data is updated yearly, averaging 86,946.500 Person from Dec 1962 (Median) to 2017, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,838,240.000 Person in 2002 and a record low of -570,000.000 Person in 2012. Spain ES: Net Migration data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Net migration is the net total of migrants during the period, that is, the total number of immigrants less the annual number of emigrants, including both citizens and noncitizens. Data are five-year estimates.; ; United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision.; Sum;

Even though Spain has been losing its nationals for most of the last decade, the inflow migration figures of the Mediterranean country saw an increase over the last few years. The year 2022 was the second year after 2020 in which the migration inflow fell compared to the previous year. Nevertheless, the population of Spain has been growing for many years and was projected to increase by one million by 2027.

A matter of balance The net migration rate of Spain changed its course mainly due to the great inflow of foreigners that move to reside in the Mediterranean country. Spain’s immigration flow slowed down after the 2008 financial crisis, albeit the number of foreigners that opted to change their residence saw a significant growth in the last years. In 2022, Colombians ranked first as the foreign nationality that most relocated to Spain, distantly followed by Moroccans and Ukrainians.

Spain does not have the highest number of immigrants in Europe In recent years, the European Union confronted a rising number of refugees arriving from the Middle East. Migration figures show that Germany accommodated approximately 15 million foreign-born citizens, ranking it as the country that most hosted immigrants in Europe in 2022. By comparison, Spain’s foreign population stood over seven million, positioning the Western Mediterranean country third on the European list of foreign-born population. Unfortunately, thousands of persons have died ore gone missing trying to reach Spanish territory, as more and more irregular migrants opt to use dangerous maritime routes to arrive at Southern Europe from Africa's coasts.

Spain ES: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data was reported at 12.690 % in 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 13.476 % for 2010. Spain ES: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 6.716 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2015, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.476 % in 2010 and a record low of 2.096 % in 1990. Spain ES: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. International migrant stock is the number of people born in a country other than that in which they live. It also includes refugees. The data used to estimate the international migrant stock at a particular time are obtained mainly from population censuses. The estimates are derived from the data on foreign-born population--people who have residence in one country but were born in another country. When data on the foreign-born population are not available, data on foreign population--that is, people who are citizens of a country other than the country in which they reside--are used as estimates. After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 people living in one of the newly independent countries who were born in another were classified as international migrants. Estimates of migrant stock in the newly independent states from 1990 on are based on the 1989 census of the Soviet Union. For countries with information on the international migrant stock for at least two points in time, interpolation or extrapolation was used to estimate the international migrant stock on July 1 of the reference years. For countries with only one observation, estimates for the reference years were derived using rates of change in the migrant stock in the years preceding or following the single observation available. A model was used to estimate migrants for countries that had no data.; ; United Nations Population Division, Trends in Total Migrant Stock: 2008 Revision.; Weighted average;

Combined Longitudinal Study of the Second Generation in Spain data set, Waves 1, 2, and 3. This is the publicly available version of the ILSEG data (ILSEG is the Spanish acronym for Investigación Longitudinal de la Segunda Generación, Longitudinal Study of the Second Generation). Questions address the situations and plans for the future of young Spaniards who are children of immigrants to Spain, who were living in Madrid and Barcelona and attending secondary school in 2007-2008 and the 2011-2012 and 2015-2016 follow ups). The longitudinal study of the second Generation (ILSEG in its Spanish initials) represents the first attempt to conduct a large-scale study of the adaptation of children of immigrants to Spanish society over time. To that end, a large and statistically representative sample of children born to foreign parents in Spain or those brought at an early age to the country was identified and interviewed in metropolitan Madrid and Barcelona for wave 1. In total, almost 7,000 children of immigrants attending basic secondary school in close to 200 educational centers in both cities took part in the study. Because of sample attrition, wave 2 introduced a replacement sample. Additionally, a native born sample of children of Spaniards was also included to enable comparisons between native and immigrant-origin populations of the same age cohort.Topics include basic demographics, national origins, Spanish language acquisition, foreign language knowledge and retention, parents' education and employment, respondents' education and aspirations, religion, household arrangements, life experiences, and attitudes about Spanish society. Demographic variables include age, sex, birth country, language proficiency (Spanish and Catalan), language spoken in the home, number of siblings, mother's and father's birth country, religion, national identity, parent's sex, parent's marital status, parent's birth year, and the year the parent arrived in Spain.

The data project includes large-scale longitudinal analysis (2015-2020) of online hate speech on Twitter (N=847,978). A tweet database was generated: collected tweets using Twitter’s Application Programming Interface (API) (v2 full-archive search endpoint, using Academic research product track), which provides access to the historical archive of messages since Twitter was created in 2006. To download the tweets, we first defined the search filter by keyword and geographic zones using the Python programming language and the NLTK, Tensorflow, Keras and Numpy libraries. We established generic words directly related with the topic, taking into account linguistic agreement in Spanish (i.e., gender and number inflections) but without considering adjectives, for instance: migrant, migrants, immigrant, immigrants, refugee (both in masculine and feminine forms in Spanish), refugees (both in masculine and feminine forms in Spanish), asylum seeker, asylum seekers (the keywords are available as supplementary materials here. For the process of hate speech detection in tweets, we used as a basis a tool created and validated by Vrysis et al. (2021). For this research, the tool has been retrained with: supervised dictionary-based term detection; and also taking an unsupervised approach (machine learning with neural networks) Using a corpus of 90,977 short messages, from which 15,761 were in Greek (5,848 with hate toward immigrants), 46,012 were in Spanish (11,117 with hate toward immigrants) and 29,204 in Italian (5,848 with hate toward immigrants). This corpus comes from two sources: the import of already classified messages in other databases (n=57,328, of which 5,362 are generic messages in Greek, 23,787 are generic messages and 9,727 are messages with hate toward immigrants in Spanish, and 18,452 are generic messages in Italian), and the other from messages manually coded by local trained analysts (in Spain, Greece and Italy), using at least 2 coders with total agreement between them (the level of agreement in the tests was 94%), dismissing those without a 100% intercoder agreement (n=33,649, of which 6,040 are messages about immigration without hate and 4,359 are messages with hate toward immigrants in Greek; 11,108 are messages about immigration without hate and 1,390 are messages with hate toward immigrants in Spanish; and 4,904 are messages about immigration without hate and 5,848 are messages with hate toward immigrants in Italian). The corpus was divided into 80% training and 20% test.In the models, embeddings were used for the representation of language and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) for the supervised text classification. Specifically, the embeddings were created with the 1,000 most repeated words with 8 dimensions (first input layer), two hidden layers’ type Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) with 64 neurons each, and a dense output layer with one neuron and softmax activation (the model is compiled with Adam optimizing and the Sparse Categorical Crossentropy loss).

From January to September 2020, the highest share of irregular migrants that arrived to Spain via land and sea came from Algeria with almost 40 percent of the total cases. Morocco and Mali followed second and third with 20.3 and 12.6 percent, respectively.

According to the source, ***** irregular migrants arrived in Spain in January 2021, which represented the highest number of irregular migrants of the study period, second only to October 2018, with ***** cases. February, March and April tend to be the months with the lowest arrival of illegal migrants.

• Nationality of the person interviewed.
• Assessment of the protection offered by the State to different groups.
• Definition of immigration.
• Origin of immigrants that is most immediately thought of.
• Assessment of the number of immigrants currently in Spain.
• Scale of importance (0-10) of different aspects to allow the entry of an immigrant to Spain.
• More appropriate policy regarding the regularisation of illegal immigrants and asylum seekers.
• Degree of tolerance of the laws regulating the entry of immigrants into Spain.
• Rating scale (0-10) of the coexistence in Spanish society of people from different countries, cultures, religions and skin color.
• Treatment of foreign immigrants by Spaniards and factor influencing treatment .
• Treatment of foreign immigrants to Spaniards.
• Positioning before the rights that stable and legal immigrants should have.
• Degree according to phrases on health care and education and immigrants.
• Assessment of the compensation received by immigrants for what they contribute.
• Positive and negative aspects of immigration.
• Permissiveness with cultural and religious aspects of immigrants.
• Degree of contribution of immigrants to the enrichment of Spanish culture.
• Degree according to phrases about the world of work and immigrants in Spain.
• Degree of approval of situations resulting from the relationship between immigrants and natives.
• Positive/negative assessment of immigration to Spain.
• Acceptance of different types of relationships with immigrants, Roma and other religions.
• Presence of immigrants among their neighbors, co-workers or students, friends and relatives.
• Presence of Roma people among their neighbours, co-workers or students, friends or relatives.
• Presence of people of other religions among their neighbors, co-workers or students, friends and relatives.
• Sympathy/antipathy towards different groups of immigrants. Reason for antipathy towards different groups of immigrants.
• Assessment of violent actions of immigrants against Spaniards as a problem.
• Frequency of violent actions against immigrants. Punishment of citizens who utter racist insults or express opinions in public that incite xenophobia, racism and intolerance.
• Degree of acceptance of a racist party in Spain.
• Origin and perception of comments against immigrants.
• Degree of attention paid in the media to the issue of immigration and assessment conveyed by the media.
• Confidence scale (0-10) in people.
• Scale of racism (0-10).
• Ideological self-location scale (0-10).
• Voter turnout and recall in the 2011 general election.
• Possession of children of non-university school age and type of school in which they study.
• Type of health service, public or private, used.
• Civil status of the person interviewed.
• Situation of cohabitation of unmarried persons.
• Country of birth of the partner/spouse of the person interviewed.
• Year of arrival in Spain of the couple/spouse of the person interviewed.
• Stay at the place of residence of the interviewee.
• Time of residence in the city/town.
• Residence abroad of parents/relatives.
• Religiousness of the person interviewed.
• Assessment of personal economic situation.
• Subjective social class of the person interviewed.
• Retrospective possibility (5 years) of being unemployed.
• Household and personal income.
• Place of birth (country).
• Year since he has Spanish nationality.

Résumé

Le projet de recherche MAFE est une initiative de grande ampleur dont l'objectif est d'étudier les migrations entre l'Afrique subsaharienne et l'Europe. - Attention, la documentation des enquêtes MAFE est en langue anglaise. -

The MAFE project is a major research initiative focused on migration between Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. It brings together ten European and African research centres working on international migration.

In the early XXIth Century, international migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to Europe has generated increasing public and policy attention. The flotilla of boats bringing would-be migrants to the Canary Islands, and attempts to reach Spanish territory in Ceuta and Mellila have drawn a rapid response from Europe in the form of new policy measures. Yet the scope, nature and likely development of Sub-Saharan African migration to Europe remained poorly understood, and, as a result, European polices may be ineffective. A major cause of this lack of understanding was the absence of comprehensive data on the causes of migration and circulation between Africa and Europe.

The MAFE project aimed at overcoming this lack of understanding by collecting unique data on the characteristics and behavior of migrants from Sub-Saharan countries to Europe. The key notion underpinning the project was that migration must not only be seen as a one-way flow from Africa to Europe. The argument was that return migration, circulation and transnational practices are significant and must be understood in order to design better migration policy.

The MAFE project focused on migration flows between Europe (Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK) and Senegal, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ghana, which together accounted for over a quarter of all African migration to the EU at the time of the survey. In each of these "migration systems", the survey was designed to document four key areas: - Patterns of migration : *the socio-demographic characteristics of migrants, *the routes of migration from Africa to Europe, and *the patterns of return migration and circulation. - Determinants of migration: looking at departure, but also return and circulation and taking into account the whole set of possible destinations. - Migration and Development: MAFE documents some of the socio-economic changes driven by international migration, looking as often as possible at both ends of the Afro-European migration system, at the individual level. - Migrations and Families: the data collected by the MAFE project can be used to study all sorts of interactions between family formation and international migration. Although the survey was primarily designed to study international migration, it can also be used to study other phenomena, especially in Africa: domestic mobility, labor market participation, family formation, etc. Comparable data was collected in both 3 sending and 6 destination countries, i.e. in sub-Saharan Africa and in Europe. The data are longitudinal - including retrospective migration, education, work and family histories for individuals - and multi-level - (with data collected at the individual and household levels, in addition of macro-contextual data).

Please consult the official MAFE website for further details : https://mafeproject.site.ined.fr/en/

Geographic coverage

Six European countries and three African countries participated in the MAFE surveys. Data collection was carried out in both sending countries in Africa and destination countries in Europe, in order to constitute transnational samples. For MAFE Senegal, data was collected in Senegal (African part) and France, Italy and Spain (European part).

Analysis unit

Individual Household

Univers

SENEGAL Household: Households selected randomly from the updated list of households in the selected primary sampling units. Two strata were distinguished: the households with migrants and those without migrants. Individual: People aged 25-75 at the time of the survey, born in Senegal and who have/had Senegalese citizenship. This lower age limit was set in order to obtain informative life histories. By not including respondents younger than 25, the resources were used more effectively. The place of birth criterion was used to exclude people who were born out of their country of origin in order to exclude second generation migrants in Europe and to increase the homogeneity of sample. Up to two return migrants and partners of migrants, and one randomly selected other eligible person. Return migrants were eligible if their first departure was above at 18 or over.

EUROPE In all the European countries, the surveys were conducted among males and females who were aged 25 and over at the time of the surveys, and who were 18 or over when they had left Africa for the first time for at least one year. For MAFE Senegal, only migrants from Senegal were interviewed. This was a way to reinforce the homogeneity of the sample by excluding people of the 1.5 generation who are often "passive" migrants.

In theory, surveyed individuals must be representative of the whole population with these characteristics in the departure region and in the destination countries. The sample is composed of males and females. In Europe, in spite of a gender demographic disequilibrium, the objective was to include 50% of males and 50% of females in order to allow gender analyses.

Kind of data

survey data

Frequency of data collection

SENEGAL In Senegal, data collection activities started in November 2007 (selection of survey sites in Dakar and listing of households in the selected sites). They ended in September 2008 (data entry and data cleaning). Overall, 11 months were necessary to carry out all the activities related to data collection, and fieldwork lasted a little less than 6 months. Data collection was organized in two separate stages: the household survey was first conducted, and the biographic survey started after the household survey had been completed. The data collected in the household survey was used to prepare a sampling frame of individuals for the biographic survey; quick data entry of part of the questionnaires of the household survey was thus necessary before starting data collection for the biographic survey. Although this approach had advantages, it also lengthened the data collection process. This approach was not used for surveys in Ghana and DR Congo, where both surveys were conducted simultaneously.

EUROPE In France, Italy and Spain the surveys were conducted in 2008, before the start of the EU funded project. Data collection activities lasted approximately 6 months. Note: A second round was carried in Spain in 2010. About 400 Senegalese migrants were interviewed using exactly the same questionnaire. The data will be released in the future. For more information, contact: pau.baizan@upf.edu

Sampling procedure

Probability: Stratified

  SENEGAL

A three-stage stratified random sample was used. At the first stage, primary sampling units (census district) were selected randomly with varying probabilities. At the second stage, households were selected randomly in each of the selected primary sampling units (PSUs). At the third stage, individuals were selected within the households. a) Selection of primary sampling units (first stage) In the Senegal survey, the sample was designed to be probabilistic and representative of the Dakar region, and at the same time to maximize the chance of reaching households 'affected' by international migration (rare population). The sampling frame used to select the primary sampling units was the 2002 Population Census. The census districts (CD) -which are usually used as the primary sampling units in surveys in Senegal - have an average size of 100 households in urban areas. 60 primary sampling units were randomly selected at the first stage. This number of primary sampling units allows reaching a balance between a large dispersion of households (which decreases sampling errors) and a more concentrated sample (which reduces costs). The region of Dakar was divided into 10 strata of equal size, according to the % of migrant households within each of them (in average, 11.6% of the households were 'migrants'). 6 CD's per stratum were drawn, with a probability proportional to the number of households within each CD. In other words, census districts with a large number of migrants were more likely to be selected than those with low numbers of migrants. This approach increases the number of migrants interviewed in the individual survey, while still having a probabilistic sample representative of the target area. The listing of the households in the 60 selected primary sampling units was updated in order to select the sample of households. This stage was essential because a lot of changing occurred in some large neighbourhoods of Dakar since the previous census (2002), especially in suburban areas. This counting also allowed distinguishing between households with and without migrants. b) Selection of households (second stage) The following approach was used in MAFE-Senegal: - Households were selected randomly (using systematic random sampling) from the updated list of households in the selected PSUs. Two strata were distinguished: the households with migrants and those without migrants. A maximum of 50% of households with migrants were drawn in each district. Selected households that could not be reached (absence, refusals,…) were not replaced during the fieldwork. Replacement would distort the computation of sampling weights, and could also lead to bias the sample. To take account of refusals and absences

According to the source, the number of people that arrived in Spain illegally by sea fluctuated over the period of time under consideration, peaking in 2018 at around 57,500. The number of irregular migrants that arrived in Spain by sea was estimated to be approximately 61,300 in 2024. In the previous years more than half of these migrants arrived at Spanish territory via the Canary Islands.

The term ‘MENA’ refers to ‘Menores Extranjeros No Acompañados’ (‘unaccompanied foreign minors’) who are child immigrants to Spain who entered alone without legal documentation. Over the years, ‘mena’ has become a pejorative term associated with criminality, a view especially promoted by some on the political far right. In this article, we describe an experiment where virtual reality (VR) was used to place people among a group of young adults with a ‘MENA’ background (‘ex-mena’) to explore how their experience might alter their attitudes about the plight of the MENA. In particular, we were interested in the different influence of a 360 3D video or the same video on a 2D large screen, both experienced through the same VR head-mounted display. There were 51 people recruited for the experimental study, 28 of whom experienced the video in the screen condition and 23 in the 360 video condition. In addition to questionnaires, a sentiment analysis was carried out on short essays that participants wrote after their experience. The results show that sentiment was greater for the 360 video condition than the screen. Lower sentiment scores are associated with sadness, media bias, feeling bad about the conditions of the MENA, the difficulty of integration, and the utility of understanding and empathy. Higher sentiment scores are associated with empathy due to being closer to the situation, knowing the story of the migrants better, politicization, prejudging, feeling sorry for the manipulation of the migrants, and failure of action by the authorities. The 360 video approach used could be an important tool for documentary journalism.

The dataset created starts from a preliminary assumption: in general, the first countries of arrival in Europe are Italy, Spain, and Greece. This assumption derives not only from the evident geographical conformations of the Mediterranean and the migratory routes, but also from the scarcity of data regarding the rest of the European nations.

You can see the official GitHub repository here: https://github.com/PoliTO-ADSP-United-Nations-Project/humanitarian_aid_dataset

According to the source, the number of immigrants that arrived in Spain illegally in 2018 amounted to approximately ******, representing the peak of the period under consideration. In 2024, over ****** irregular immigrants arrived at the Mediterranean country.

BackgroundThis study compares the health-related quality of life of Spanish-born and Latin American-born individuals settled in Spain. Socio-demographic and psychosocial factors associated with health-related quality of life are analyzed.MethodsA cross-sectional Primary Health Care multi center-based study of Latin American-born (n = 691) and Spanish-born (n = 903) outpatients from 15 Primary Health Care Centers (Madrid, Spain). The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to assess health-related quality of life. Socio-demographic, psychosocial, and specific migration data were also collected.ResultsCompared to Spanish-born participants, Latin American-born participants reported higher health-related quality of life in the physical functioning and vitality dimensions. Across the entire sample, Latin American-born participants, younger participants, men and those with high social support reported significantly higher levels of physical health. Men with higher social support and a higher income reported significantly higher mental health. When stratified by gender, data show that for men physical health was only positively associated with younger age. For women, in addition to age, social support and marital status were significantly related. Both men and women with higher social support and income had significantly better mental health. Finally, for immigrants, the physical and mental health components of health-related quality of life were not found to be significantly associated with any of the pre-migration factors or conditions of migration. Only the variable “exposure to political violence” was significantly associated with the mental health component (p = 0.014).ConclusionsThe key factors to understanding HRQoL among Latin American-born immigrants settled in Spain are age, sex and social support. Therefore, strategies to maintain optimal health outcomes in these immigrant communities should include public policies on social inclusion in the host society and focus on improving social support networks in order to foster and maintain the health and HRQoL of this group.

This contribution intends to discuss the profile of young people of migrant origin attending vocational training in second chance schools. Data have been taken from a larger study on the population attending second chance schools and the services they provide; and the data portrayed here come mainly from a questionnaire applied in Autumn 2020 to young people enrolled in accredited second chance schools in Spain. Our findings indicate some features which these youngsters share while also showing differences among those whose native language is Spanish and those with a different one. Data also show the particularly hard living conditions many of them have and hence the harder obstacles they have to overcome in order to accredit their training and entering the labour market. These data will be discussed in relation to those obtained with migrant and refugee youngsters attending training programs in other European countries.

This database covers immigration-related demographic data for 7 Western European countries (Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, and United Kingdom) between 1990 and 2009. A number of indicators are included to cover the following aspects: (1) a general overview about the immigrant population in the selected countries (2) information about numbers of immigrants entering and settling in the selected countries (3) information about the backgrounds of immigrants, such as countries of origin, religious backgrounds, gender and education. The data were collected as part of the FP7-funded project Support and Opposition to Migration (http://www.som-project.eu/)