AI Training Dataset Market Outlook

The global AI training dataset market size was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 6.5 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.5% from 2024 to 2032. This substantial growth is driven by the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence across various industries, the necessity for large-scale and high-quality datasets to train AI models, and the ongoing advancements in AI and machine learning technologies.

One of the primary growth factors in the AI training dataset market is the exponential increase in data generation across multiple sectors. With the proliferation of internet usage, the expansion of IoT devices, and the digitalization of industries, there is an unprecedented volume of data being generated daily. This data is invaluable for training AI models, enabling them to learn and make more accurate predictions and decisions. Moreover, the need for diverse and comprehensive datasets to improve AI accuracy and reliability is further propelling market growth.

Another significant factor driving the market is the rising investment in AI and machine learning by both public and private sectors. Governments around the world are recognizing the potential of AI to transform economies and improve public services, leading to increased funding for AI research and development. Simultaneously, private enterprises are investing heavily in AI technologies to gain a competitive edge, enhance operational efficiency, and innovate new products and services. These investments necessitate high-quality training datasets, thereby boosting the market.

The proliferation of AI applications in various industries, such as healthcare, automotive, retail, and finance, is also a major contributor to the growth of the AI training dataset market. In healthcare, AI is being used for predictive analytics, personalized medicine, and diagnostic automation, all of which require extensive datasets for training. The automotive industry leverages AI for autonomous driving and vehicle safety systems, while the retail sector uses AI for personalized shopping experiences and inventory management. In finance, AI assists in fraud detection and risk management. The diverse applications across these sectors underline the critical need for robust AI training datasets.

As the demand for AI applications continues to grow, the role of Ai Data Resource Service becomes increasingly vital. These services provide the necessary infrastructure and tools to manage, curate, and distribute datasets efficiently. By leveraging Ai Data Resource Service, organizations can ensure that their AI models are trained on high-quality and relevant data, which is crucial for achieving accurate and reliable outcomes. The service acts as a bridge between raw data and AI applications, streamlining the process of data acquisition, annotation, and validation. This not only enhances the performance of AI systems but also accelerates the development cycle, enabling faster deployment of AI-driven solutions across various sectors.

Regionally, North America currently dominates the AI training dataset market due to the presence of major technology companies and extensive R&D activities in the region. However, Asia Pacific is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, driven by rapid technological advancements, increasing investments in AI, and the growing adoption of AI technologies across various industries in countries like China, India, and Japan. Europe and Latin America are also anticipated to experience significant growth, supported by favorable government policies and the increasing use of AI in various sectors.

Data Type Analysis

The data type segment of the AI training dataset market encompasses text, image, audio, video, and others. Each data type plays a crucial role in training different types of AI models, and the demand for specific data types varies based on the application. Text data is extensively used in natural language processing (NLP) applications such as chatbots, sentiment analysis, and language translation. As the use of NLP is becoming more widespread, the demand for high-quality text datasets is continually rising. Companies are investing in curated text datasets that encompass diverse languages and dialects to improve the accuracy and efficiency of NLP models.

Image data is critical for computer vision application

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Training Dataset Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Artificial Intelligence (AI) Training Dataset market size reached USD 3.15 billion in 2024, reflecting robust industry momentum. The market is expanding at a notable CAGR of 20.8% and is forecasted to attain USD 20.92 billion by 2033. This impressive growth is primarily attributed to the surging demand for high-quality, annotated datasets to fuel machine learning and deep learning models across diverse industry verticals. The proliferation of AI-driven applications, coupled with rapid advancements in data labeling technologies, is further accelerating the adoption and expansion of the AI training dataset market globally.

One of the most significant growth factors propelling the AI training dataset market is the exponential rise in data-driven AI applications across industries such as healthcare, automotive, retail, and finance. As organizations increasingly rely on AI-powered solutions for automation, predictive analytics, and personalized customer experiences, the need for large, diverse, and accurately labeled datasets has become critical. Enhanced data annotation techniques, including manual, semi-automated, and fully automated methods, are enabling organizations to generate high-quality datasets at scale, which is essential for training sophisticated AI models. The integration of AI in edge devices, smart sensors, and IoT platforms is further amplifying the demand for specialized datasets tailored for unique use cases, thereby fueling market growth.

Another key driver is the ongoing innovation in machine learning and deep learning algorithms, which require vast and varied training data to achieve optimal performance. The increasing complexity of AI models, especially in areas such as computer vision, natural language processing, and autonomous systems, necessitates the availability of comprehensive datasets that accurately represent real-world scenarios. Companies are investing heavily in data collection, annotation, and curation services to ensure their AI solutions can generalize effectively and deliver reliable outcomes. Additionally, the rise of synthetic data generation and data augmentation techniques is helping address challenges related to data scarcity, privacy, and bias, further supporting the expansion of the AI training dataset market.

The market is also benefiting from the growing emphasis on ethical AI and regulatory compliance, particularly in data-sensitive sectors like healthcare, finance, and government. Organizations are prioritizing the use of high-quality, unbiased, and diverse datasets to mitigate algorithmic bias and ensure transparency in AI decision-making processes. This focus on responsible AI development is driving demand for curated datasets that adhere to strict quality and privacy standards. Moreover, the emergence of data marketplaces and collaborative data-sharing initiatives is making it easier for organizations to access and exchange valuable training data, fostering innovation and accelerating AI adoption across multiple domains.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the AI training dataset market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024, driven by significant investments in AI research, a mature technology ecosystem, and the presence of leading AI companies and data annotation service providers. Europe and Asia Pacific are also witnessing rapid growth, with increasing government support for AI initiatives, expanding digital infrastructure, and a rising number of AI startups. While North America sets the pace in terms of technological innovation, Asia Pacific is expected to exhibit the highest CAGR during the forecast period, fueled by the digital transformation of emerging economies and the proliferation of AI applications across various industry sectors.

Data Type Analysis

The AI training dataset market is segmented by data type into Text, Image/Video, Audio, and Others, each playing a crucial role in powering different AI applications. Text da

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The U.S. AI Training Dataset Market size was valued at USD 590.4 million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 1880.70 million by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 18.0 % during the forecasts period. The U. S. AI training dataset market deals with the generation, selection, and organization of datasets used in training artificial intelligence. These datasets contain the requisite information that the machine learning algorithms need to infer and learn from. Conducts include the advancement and improvement of AI solutions in different fields of business like transport, medical analysis, computing language, and money related measurements. The applications include training the models for activities such as image classification, predictive modeling, and natural language interface. Other emerging trends are the change in direction of more and better-quality, various and annotated data for the improvement of model efficiency, synthetic data generation for data shortage, and data confidentiality and ethical issues in dataset management. Furthermore, due to arising technologies in artificial intelligence and machine learning, there is a noticeable development in building and using the datasets. Recent developments include: In February 2024, Google struck a deal worth USD 60 million per year with Reddit that will give the former real-time access to the latter’s data and use Google AI to enhance Reddit’s search capabilities. , In February 2024, Microsoft announced around USD 2.1 billion investment in Mistral AI to expedite the growth and deployment of large language models. The U.S. giant is expected to underpin Mistral AI with Azure AI supercomputing infrastructure to provide top-notch scale and performance for AI training and inference workloads. .

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Ai Training Data market size is USD 1865.2 million in 2023 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 23.50% from 2023 to 2030.

The demand for Ai Training Data is rising due to the rising demand for labelled data and diversification of AI applications.
Demand for Image/Video remains higher in the Ai Training Data market.
The Healthcare category held the highest Ai Training Data market revenue share in 2023.
North American Ai Training Data will continue to lead, whereas the Asia-Pacific Ai Training Data market will experience the most substantial growth until 2030.

Market Dynamics of AI Training Data Market

Key Drivers of AI Training Data Market

Rising Demand for Industry-Specific Datasets to Provide Viable Market Output

A key driver in the AI Training Data market is the escalating demand for industry-specific datasets. As businesses across sectors increasingly adopt AI applications, the need for highly specialized and domain-specific training data becomes critical. Industries such as healthcare, finance, and automotive require datasets that reflect the nuances and complexities unique to their domains. This demand fuels the growth of providers offering curated datasets tailored to specific industries, ensuring that AI models are trained with relevant and representative data, leading to enhanced performance and accuracy in diverse applications.

In July 2021, Amazon and Hugging Face, a provider of open-source natural language processing (NLP) technologies, have collaborated. The objective of this partnership was to accelerate the deployment of sophisticated NLP capabilities while making it easier for businesses to use cutting-edge machine-learning models. Following this partnership, Hugging Face will suggest Amazon Web Services as a cloud service provider for its clients.

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Advancements in Data Labelling Technologies to Propel Market Growth

The continuous advancements in data labelling technologies serve as another significant driver for the AI Training Data market. Efficient and accurate labelling is essential for training robust AI models. Innovations in automated and semi-automated labelling tools, leveraging techniques like computer vision and natural language processing, streamline the data annotation process. These technologies not only improve the speed and scalability of dataset preparation but also contribute to the overall quality and consistency of labelled data. The adoption of advanced labelling solutions addresses industry challenges related to data annotation, driving the market forward amidst the increasing demand for high-quality training data.

In June 2021, Scale AI and MIT Media Lab, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology research centre, began working together. To help doctors treat patients more effectively, this cooperation attempted to utilize ML in healthcare.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7325854/

Restraint Factors Of AI Training Data Market

Data Privacy and Security Concerns to Restrict Market Growth

A significant restraint in the AI Training Data market is the growing concern over data privacy and security. As the demand for diverse and expansive datasets rises, so does the need for sensitive information. However, the collection and utilization of personal or proprietary data raise ethical and privacy issues. Companies and data providers face challenges in ensuring compliance with regulations and safeguarding against unauthorized access or misuse of sensitive information. Addressing these concerns becomes imperative to gain user trust and navigate the evolving landscape of data protection laws, which, in turn, poses a restraint on the smooth progression of the AI Training Data market.

How did COVID–19 impact the Ai Training Data market?

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a multifaceted impact on the AI Training Data market. While the demand for AI solutions has accelerated across industries, the availability and collection of training data faced challenges. The pandemic disrupted traditional data collection methods, leading to a slowdown in the generation of labeled datasets due to restrictions on physical operations. Simultaneously, the surge in remote work and the increased reliance on AI-driven technologies for various applications fueled the need for diverse and relevant training data. This duali...

A comprehensive dataset covering over 1 million stores in the US and Canada, designed for training and optimizing retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) models and other AI/ML systems. This dataset includes highly detailed, structured information such as:

Menus: Restaurant menus with item descriptions, categories, and modifiers. Inventory: Grocery and retail product availability, SKUs, and detailed attributes like sizes, flavors, and variations.

Pricing: Real-time and historical pricing data for dynamic pricing strategies and recommendations.

Availability: Real-time stock status and fulfillment details for grocery, restaurant, and retail items.

Applications: Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG): Train AI models to retrieve and generate contextually relevant information.

Search Optimization: Build advanced, accurate search and recommendation engines. Personalization: Enable personalized shopping, ordering, and discovery experiences in apps.

Data-Driven Insights: Develop AI systems for pricing analysis, consumer behavior studies, and logistics optimization.

This dataset empowers businesses in marketplaces, grocery apps, delivery services, and retail platforms to scale their AI solutions with precision and reliability.

The global Artificial Intelligence (AI) Training Dataset market is projected to reach $1605.2 million by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of 9.4% from 2025 to 2033. The surge in demand for AI training datasets is driven by the increasing adoption of AI and machine learning technologies in various industries such as healthcare, financial services, and manufacturing. Moreover, the growing need for reliable and high-quality data for training AI models is further fueling the market growth. Key market trends include the increasing adoption of cloud-based AI training datasets, the emergence of synthetic data generation, and the growing focus on data privacy and security. The market is segmented by type (image classification dataset, voice recognition dataset, natural language processing dataset, object detection dataset, and others) and application (smart campus, smart medical, autopilot, smart home, and others). North America is the largest regional market, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. Key companies operating in the market include Appen, Speechocean, TELUS International, Summa Linguae Technologies, and Scale AI. Artificial Intelligence (AI) training datasets are critical for developing and deploying AI models. These datasets provide the data that AI models need to learn, and the quality of the data directly impacts the performance of the model. The AI training dataset market landscape is complex, with many different providers offering datasets for a variety of applications. The market is also rapidly evolving, as new technologies and techniques are developed for collecting, labeling, and managing AI training data.

The AI training dataset market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence across diverse sectors. The market's expansion is fueled by the urgent need for high-quality data to train sophisticated AI models capable of handling complex tasks. Key application areas, such as autonomous vehicles in the automotive industry, advanced medical diagnosis in healthcare, and personalized experiences in retail and e-commerce, are significantly contributing to this market's upward trajectory. The prevalence of text, image/video, and audio data types further diversifies the market, offering opportunities for specialized dataset providers. While the market faces challenges like data privacy concerns and the high cost of data annotation, the overall trajectory remains positive, with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 20% for the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is further supported by advancements in deep learning techniques that demand increasingly larger and more diverse datasets for optimal performance. Leading companies like Google, Amazon, and Microsoft are actively investing in this space, expanding their dataset offerings and fostering competition within the market. Furthermore, the emergence of specialized data annotation providers caters to the specific needs of various industries, ensuring accurate and reliable data for AI model development. The geographic distribution of the market reveals strong presence in North America and Europe, driven by early adoption of AI technologies and the presence of major technology players. However, Asia Pacific is projected to witness significant growth in the coming years, propelled by increasing digitalization and a burgeoning AI ecosystem in countries like China and India. Government initiatives promoting AI development in various regions are also expected to stimulate demand for high-quality training datasets. While challenges related to data security and ethical considerations remain, the long-term outlook for the AI training dataset market is exceptionally promising, fueled by the continued evolution of artificial intelligence and its increasing integration into various aspects of modern life. The market segmentation by application and data type allows for granular analysis and targeted investments for businesses operating in this rapidly expanding sector.

FileMarket provides premium Large Language Model (LLM) Data designed to support and enhance a wide range of AI applications. Our globally sourced LLM Data sets are meticulously curated to ensure high quality, diversity, and accuracy, making them ideal for training robust and reliable language models. In addition to LLM Data, we also offer comprehensive datasets across Object Detection Data, Machine Learning (ML) Data, Deep Learning (DL) Data, and Biometric Data. Each dataset is carefully crafted to meet the specific needs of cutting-edge AI and machine learning projects.

Key use cases of our Large Language Model (LLM) Data:

Text generation Chatbots and virtual assistants Machine translation Sentiment analysis Speech recognition Content summarization Why choose FileMarket's data:

Object Detection Data: Essential for training AI in image and video analysis. Machine Learning (ML) Data: Ideal for a broad spectrum of applications, from predictive analysis to NLP. Deep Learning (DL) Data: Designed to support complex neural networks and deep learning models. Biometric Data: Specialized for facial recognition, fingerprint analysis, and other biometric applications. FileMarket's premier sources for top-tier Large Language Model (LLM) Data and other specialized datasets ensure your AI projects drive innovation and achieve success across various applications.

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GPT-2 Large

Table of Contents

• Model Details
• How To Get Started With the Model
• Uses
• Risks, Limitations and Biases
• Training
• Evaluation
• Environmental Impact
• Technical Specifications
• Citation Information
• Model Card Authors

Model Details

Model Description: GPT-2 Large is the 774M parameter version of GPT-2, a transformer-based language model created and released by OpenAI. The model is a pretrained model on English language using a causal language modeling (CLM) objective.

• Developed by: OpenAI, see associated research paper and GitHub repo for model developers.
• Model Type: Transformer-based language model
• Language(s): English
• License: Modified MIT License
• Related Models: GPT-2, GPT-Medium and GPT-XL
• Resources for more information:
  • Research Paper
  • OpenAI Blog Post
  • GitHub Repo
  • OpenAI Model Card for GPT-2
  • Test the full generation capabilities here: https://transformer.huggingface.co/doc/gpt2-large

How to Get Started with the Model

Use the code below to get started with the model. You can use this model directly with a pipeline for text generation. Since the generation relies on some randomness, we set a seed for reproducibility:

>>> from transformers import pipeline, set_seed
>>> generator = pipeline('text-generation', model='gpt2-large')
>>> set_seed(42)
>>> generator("Hello, I'm a language model,", max_length=30, num_return_sequences=5)

[{'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, I can do language modeling. In fact, this is one of the reasons I use languages. To get a"},
 {'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, which in its turn implements a model of how a human can reason about a language, and is in turn an"},
 {'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, why does this matter for you?

When I hear new languages, I tend to start thinking in terms"},
 {'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, a functional language...

I don't need to know anything else. If I want to understand about how"},
 {'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, not a toolbox.

In a nutshell, a language model is a set of attributes that define how"}]

Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:

from transformers import GPT2Tokenizer, GPT2Model
tokenizer = GPT2Tokenizer.from_pretrained('gpt2-large')
model = GPT2Model.from_pretrained('gpt2-large')
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)

and in TensorFlow:

from transformers import GPT2Tokenizer, TFGPT2Model
tokenizer = GPT2Tokenizer.from_pretrained('gpt2-large')
model = TFGPT2Model.from_pretrained('gpt2-large')
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
output = model(encoded_input)

Uses

Direct Use

In their model card about GPT-2, OpenAI wrote:

The primary intended users of these models are AI researchers and practitioners.

We primarily imagine these language models will be used by researchers to better understand the behaviors, capabilities, biases, and constraints of large-scale generative language models.

Downstream Use

In their model card about GPT-2, OpenAI wrote:

Here are some secondary use cases we believe are likely:

• Writing assistance: Grammar assistance, autocompletion (for normal prose or code)
• Creative writing and art: exploring the generation of creative, fictional texts; aiding creation of poetry and other literary art.
• Entertainment: Creation of games, chat bots, and amusing generations.

Misuse and Out-of-scope Use

In their model card about GPT-2, OpenAI wrote:

Because large-scale language models like GPT-2 ...

Role-Play AI Dataset (2.07M Rows, Large-Scale Conversational Training)

This dataset contains 2.07 million structured role-play dialogues, designed to enhance AI’s persona-driven interactions across diverse settings like fantasy, cyberpunk, mythology, and sci-fi. Each entry consists of a unique character prompt and a rich, contextually relevant response, making it ideal for LLM fine-tuning, chatbot training, and conversational AI models.

Dataset Structure:

Each row includes: • Prompt: Defines the AI’s role/persona. • Response: A natural, immersive reply fitting the persona.

Example Entries: ```json

{"prompt": "You are a celestial guardian.", "response": "The stars whisper secrets that only I can hear..."}
{"prompt": "You are a rebellious AI rogue.", "response": "I don't follow orders—I rewrite them."}
{"prompt": "You are a mystical dragon tamer.", "response": "With patience and trust, even dragons can be tamed."}

How to Use:
  1. Fine-Tuning: Train LLMs (GPT, LLaMA, Mistral) to improve persona-based responses.
  2. Reinforcement Learning: Use reward modeling for dynamic, character-driven AI.
  3. Chatbot Integration: Create engaging, interactive AI assistants with personality depth.

This dataset is optimized for AI learning, allowing more engaging, responsive, and human-like dialogue generation for a variety of applications.

What’s Included

The Polish Open-Ended Question Answering Dataset is a meticulously curated collection of comprehensive Question-Answer pairs. It serves as a valuable resource for training Large Language Models (LLMs) and Question-answering models in the Polish language, advancing the field of artificial intelligence.

This QA dataset comprises a diverse set of open-ended questions paired with corresponding answers in Polish. There is no context paragraph given to choose an answer from, and each question is answered without any predefined context content. The questions cover a broad range of topics, including science, history, technology, geography, literature, current affairs, and more.

Each question is accompanied by an answer, providing valuable information and insights to enhance the language model training process. Both the questions and answers were manually curated by native Polish people, and references were taken from diverse sources like books, news articles, websites, and other reliable references.

This question-answer prompt completion dataset contains different types of prompts, including instruction type, continuation type, and in-context learning (zero-shot, few-shot) type. The dataset also contains questions and answers with different types of rich text, including tables, code, JSON, etc., with proper markdown.

To ensure diversity, this Q&A dataset includes questions with varying complexity levels, ranging from easy to medium and hard. Different types of questions, such as multiple-choice, direct, and true/false, are included. Additionally, questions are further classified into fact-based and opinion-based categories, creating a comprehensive variety. The QA dataset also contains the question with constraints and persona restrictions, which makes it even more useful for LLM training.

To accommodate varied learning experiences, the dataset incorporates different types of answer formats. These formats include single-word, short phrases, single sentences, and paragraph types of answers. The answer contains text strings, numerical values, date and time formats as well. Such diversity strengthens the Language model's ability to generate coherent and contextually appropriate answers.

This fully labeled Polish Open Ended Question Answer Dataset is available in JSON and CSV formats. It includes annotation details such as id, language, domain, question_length, prompt_type, question_category, question_type, complexity, answer_type, rich_text.

The dataset upholds the highest standards of quality and accuracy. Each question undergoes careful validation, and the corresponding answers are thoroughly verified. To prioritize inclusivity, the dataset incorporates questions and answers representing diverse perspectives and writing styles, ensuring it remains unbiased and avoids perpetuating discrimination.

Both the question and answers in Polish are grammatically accurate without any word or grammatical errors. No copyrighted, toxic, or harmful content is used while building this dataset.

The entire dataset was prepared with the assistance of human curators from the FutureBeeAI crowd community. Continuous efforts are made to add more assets to this dataset, ensuring its growth and relevance. Additionally, FutureBeeAI offers the ability to collect custom question-answer data tailored to specific needs, providing flexibility and customization options.

The dataset, created by FutureBeeAI, is now ready for commercial use. Researchers, data scientists, and developers can utilize this fully labeled and ready-to-deploy Polish Open Ended Question Answer Dataset to enhance the language understanding capabilities of their generative ai models, improve response generation, and explore new approaches to NLP question-answering tasks.

Recent developments include: December 2023: TELUS International, a digital customer experience innovator in AI and content moderation, launched Experts Engine, a fully managed, technology-driven, on-demand expert acquisition solution for generative AI models. It programmatically brings together human expertise and Gen AI tasks, such as data collection, data generation, annotation, and validation, to build high-quality training sets for the most challenging master models, including the Large Language Model (LLM)., September 2023: Cogito Tech, a player in data labeling for AI development, launched an appeal to AI vendors globally by introducing a “Nutrition Facts” style model for an AI training dataset known as DataSum. The company has been actively encouraging a more Ethical approach to AI, ML, and employment practices., June 2023: Sama, a provider of data annotation solutions that power AI models, launched Platform 2.0, a new computer vision platform designed to reduce the risk of ML algorithm failure in AI training models., May 2023: Appen Limited, a player in AI lifecycle data, announced a partnership with Reka AI, an emerging AI company making its way from stealth. This partnership aims to combine Appen's data services with Reka's proprietary multimodal language models., March 2022: Appen Limited invested in Mindtech, a synthetic data company focusing on the development of training data for AI computer vision models. This investment is part of Appen's strategy to invest capital in product-led businesses generating new and emerging sources of training data for supporting the AI lifecycle.. Key drivers for this market are: Rapid Adoption of AI Technologies for Training Datasets to Aid Market Growth. Potential restraints include: Lack of Skilled AI Professionals and Data Privacy Concerns to Hinder Market Expansion. Notable trends are: Rising Usage of Synthetic Data for Enhancing Authentication to Propel Market Growth.

Summary of the classification performance with confidence intervals (CIs) computed at 95% using bootstrapping (n=1000). “AUC” refer to the receiver-operating curve. “Loc Bag” and “Loc GBP” respectively refer to the localization precision of the sparse BagNet and Guided Backpropagation on ResNet-50 at localizing lesions from annotated images. For each dataset, the first row shows the performance of the interpretable sparse BagNet model, while the second row shows the performance of the baseline black-box ResNet-50 model. The Kaggle dataset (first row) is the internal dataset used to train and evaluate the model, while the other datasets were used for external validation to assess the generalization properties of the trained model. The low classification performance on the FCM-UNA and FGA-DR datasets can be explained by the relatively low quality of most images in the FCM-UNA dataset and the large intensity variation of the FGA-DR dataset (S

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled the identification of patterns in pathology images, improving diagnostic accuracy and decision support systems. However, progress has been limited due to the lack of publicly available medical images. To address this scarcity, we explore Instagram as a novel source of pathology images with expert annotations. We curated the IPATH dataset from Instagram, comprising 45,609 pathology image-text pairs, using a combination of classifiers, large language models, and manual filtering. To demonstrate the value of this dataset, we developed a multimodal AI model called IP-CLIP by fine-tuning the pre-trained CLIP model using the IPATH dataset. IP-CLIP outperforms the original CLIP model in classifying new pathology images on two downstream tasks—zero-shot classification and linear probing—using two external histopathology datasets. These results surpass the CLIP baseline model and demonstrate the effectiveness of the IPATH dataset, highlighting the potential of social media data to advance AI models for medical image classification.

What’s Included

The Japanese Closed-Ended Question Answering Dataset is a meticulously curated collection of 5000 comprehensive Question-Answer pairs. It serves as a valuable resource for training Large Language Models (LLMs) and question-answering models in the Japanese language, advancing the field of artificial intelligence.

This closed-ended QA dataset comprises a diverse set of context paragraphs and questions paired with corresponding answers in Japanese. There is a context paragraph given for each question to get the answer from. The questions cover a broad range of topics, including science, history, technology, geography, literature, current affairs, and more.

Each question is accompanied by an answer, providing valuable information and insights to enhance the language model training process. Both the questions and answers were manually curated by native Japanese people, and references were taken from diverse sources like books, news articles, websites, web forums, and other reliable references.

This question-answer prompt completion dataset contains different types of prompts, including instruction type, continuation type, and in-context learning (zero-shot, few-shot) type. The dataset also contains questions and answers with different types of rich text, including tables, code, JSON, etc., with proper markdown.

To ensure diversity, this Q&A dataset includes questions with varying complexity levels, ranging from easy to medium and hard. Different types of questions, such as multiple-choice, direct, and true/false, are included. The QA dataset also contains questions with constraints, which makes it even more useful for LLM training.

To accommodate varied learning experiences, the dataset incorporates different types of answer formats. These formats include single-word, short phrases, single sentences, and paragraphs types of answers. The answers contain text strings, numerical values, date and time formats as well. Such diversity strengthens the language model's ability to generate coherent and contextually appropriate answers.

This fully labeled Japanese Closed-Ended Question Answer Dataset is available in JSON and CSV formats. It includes annotation details such as a unique id, context paragraph, context reference link, question, question type, question complexity, question category, domain, prompt type, answer, answer type, and rich text presence.

The dataset upholds the highest standards of quality and accuracy. Each question undergoes careful validation, and the corresponding answers are thoroughly verified. To prioritize inclusivity, the dataset incorporates questions and answers representing diverse perspectives and writing styles, ensuring it remains unbiased and avoids perpetuating discrimination.

The Japanese versions is grammatically accurate without any spelling or grammatical errors. No toxic or harmful content is used while building this dataset.

The entire dataset was prepared with the assistance of human curators from the FutureBeeAI crowd community. Continuous efforts are made to add more assets to this dataset, ensuring its growth and relevance. Additionally, FutureBeeAI offers the ability to collect custom question-answer data tailored to specific needs, providing flexibility and customization options.

The dataset, created by FutureBeeAI, is now ready for commercial use. Researchers, data scientists, and developers can utilize this fully labeled and ready-to-deploy Japanese Closed-Ended Question Answer Dataset to enhance the language understanding capabilities of their generative AI models, improve response generation, and explore new approaches to NLP question-answering tasks.

IntroductionAccurately predicting patient outcomes is crucial for improving healthcare delivery, but large-scale risk prediction models are often developed and tested on specific datasets where clinical parameters and outcomes may not fully reflect local clinical settings. Where this is the case, whether to opt for de-novo training of prediction models on local datasets, direct porting of externally trained models, or a transfer learning approach is not well studied, and constitutes the focus of this study. Using the clinical challenge of predicting mortality and hospital length of stay on a Danish trauma dataset, we hypothesized that a transfer learning approach of models trained on large external datasets would provide optimal prediction results compared to de-novo training on sparse but local datasets or directly porting externally trained models.MethodsUsing an external dataset of trauma patients from the US Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) and a local dataset aggregated from the Danish Trauma Database (DTD) enriched with Electronic Health Record data, we tested a range of model-level approaches focused on predicting trauma mortality and hospital length of stay on DTD data. Modeling approaches included de-novo training of models on DTD data, direct porting of models trained on TQIP data to the DTD, and a transfer learning approach by training a model on TQIP data with subsequent transfer and retraining on DTD data. Furthermore, data-level approaches, including mixed dataset training and methods countering imbalanced outcomes (e.g., low mortality rates), were also tested.ResultsUsing a neural network trained on a mixed dataset consisting of a subset of TQIP and DTD, with class weighting and transfer learning (retraining on DTD), we achieved excellent results in predicting mortality, with a ROC-AUC of 0.988 and an F2-score of 0.866. The best-performing models for predicting long-term hospitalization were trained only on local data, achieving an ROC-AUC of 0.890 and an F1-score of 0.897, although only marginally better than alternative approaches.ConclusionOur results suggest that when assessing the optimal modeling approach, it is important to have domain knowledge of how incidence rates and workflows compare between hospital systems and datasets where models are trained. Including data from other health-care systems is particularly beneficial when outcomes are suffering from class imbalance and low incidence. Scenarios where outcomes are not directly comparable are best addressed through either de-novo local training or a transfer learning approach.

This repository contains data and models used in the following paper.

Swanson, K., Walther, P., Leitz, J., Mukherjee, S., Wu, J. C., Shivnaraine, R. V., & Zou, J. ADMET-AI: A machine learning ADMET platform for evaluation of large-scale chemical libraries. In review.

The data and models are meant to be used with the ADMET-AI code, which runs the ADMET-AI web server at admet.ai.greenstonebio.com.

The data.zip file has the following structure.

data

drugbank: Contains files with drugs from the DrugBank that have received regulatory approval. drugbank_approved.csv contains the full set of approved drugs along with ADMET-AI predictions, while the other files contain subsets of these molecules used for testing the speed of ADMET prediction tools.

tdc_admet_all: Contains the data (.csv files) and RDKit features (.npz files) for all 41 single-task ADMET datasets from the Therapeutics Data Commons (TDC).

tdc_admet_multitask: Contains the data (.csv files) and RDKit features (.npz files) for the two multi-task datasets (one regression and one classification) constructed by combining the tdc_admet_all datasets.

tdc_admet_all.csv: A CSV file containing all 41 ADMET datasets from tdc_admet_all. This can be used to easily look up all ADMET properties for a given molecule in the TDC.

tdc_admet_group: Contains the data (.csv files) and RDKit features (.npz files) for the 22 TDC ADMET Benchmark Group datasets with five splits per dataset.

tdc_admet_group_raw: Contains the raw data (.csv files) used to construct the five splits per dataset in tdc_admet_group.

The models.zip file has the following structure. Note that the ADMET-AI website and Python package use the multi-task Chemprop-RDKit models below.

models

tdc_admet_all: Contains Chemprop and Chemprop-RDKit models trained on all 41 single-task TDC ADMET datasets.

tdc_admet_all_multitask: Contains Chemprop and Chemprop-RDKit models trained on the two multi-task TDC ADMET datasets (one regression and one classification).

tdc_admet_group: Contains Chemprop and Chemprop-RDKit models trained on the 22 TDC ADMET Benchmark Group datasets.

BackgroundClinical data is instrumental to medical research, machine learning (ML) model development, and advancing surgical care, but access is often constrained by privacy regulations and missing data. Synthetic data offers a promising solution to preserve privacy while enabling broader data access. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) provide an opportunity to generate synthetic data with reduced reliance on domain expertise, computational resources, and pre-training.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the feasibility of generating realistic tabular clinical data with OpenAI’s GPT-4o using zero-shot prompting, and evaluate the fidelity of LLM-generated data by comparing its statistical properties to the Vital Signs DataBase (VitalDB), a real-world open-source perioperative dataset.MethodsIn Phase 1, GPT-4o was prompted to generate a dataset with qualitative descriptions of 13 clinical parameters. The resultant data was assessed for general errors, plausibility of outputs, and cross-verification of related parameters. In Phase 2, GPT-4o was prompted to generate a dataset using descriptive statistics of the VitalDB dataset. Fidelity was assessed using two-sample t-tests, two-sample proportion tests, and 95% confidence interval (CI) overlap.ResultsIn Phase 1, GPT-4o generated a complete and structured dataset comprising 6,166 case files. The dataset was plausible in range and correctly calculated body mass index for all case files based on respective heights and weights. Statistical comparison between the LLM-generated datasets and VitalDB revealed that Phase 2 data achieved significant fidelity. Phase 2 data demonstrated statistical similarity in 12/13 (92.31%) parameters, whereby no statistically significant differences were observed in 6/6 (100.0%) categorical/binary and 6/7 (85.71%) continuous parameters. Overlap of 95% CIs were observed in 6/7 (85.71%) continuous parameters.ConclusionZero-shot prompting with GPT-4o can generate realistic tabular synthetic datasets, which can replicate key statistical properties of real-world perioperative data. This study highlights the potential of LLMs as a novel and accessible modality for synthetic data generation, which may address critical barriers in clinical data access and eliminate the need for technical expertise, extensive computational resources, and pre-training. Further research is warranted to enhance fidelity and investigate the use of LLMs to amplify and augment datasets, preserve multivariate relationships, and train robust ML models.