Cost of Living Index by Country, 2024 Mid Year data Data scraped from Numbeo: www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/rankings_by_country.jsp All credits to Numbeo: www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/

An index of 100 reflects the same living cost as in New York City, United States. As of 2024 Mid Year data, in NYC, A family of four estimated monthly costs are $6,074.40 without rent. A single person's estimated monthly costs are $1,640.90 without rent.

European Study Costs 2023: Unveiling Affordability Insights

Introduction:

Welcome to the "European Study Costs 2023" dataset, a treasure trove of information for anyone intrigued by the dynamics of international education expenses across Europe. In this dataset, we delve into the nuanced details of the total yearly living costs, average tuition fees, and yearly student living costs in various European countries.

Key Highlights:

International Student Perspectives: Gain valuable insights into the costs associated with pursuing education as an international student in Europe.

*Regional Contrasts: Explore the distinct variations in study expenses between Eastern and Western European countries, uncovering intriguing trends that could shape future academic landscapes.

Affordability Factors: Understand the factors contributing to the affordability of education, from governmental support to cultural influences and economic conditions.

Outliers and Anomalies: Identify outliers like Luxembourg, offering a unique perspective and prompting further analysis into what sets certain countries apart.

Correlations and Trends: Investigate potential correlations between tuition fees and living costs, unraveling patterns that could influence student decision-making.*

Opportunities for Analysis:

Delve into comparative analyses, ranking countries based on overall affordability. Explore opportunities for feature engineering to enhance predictive models. Consider machine learning tasks such as predicting living costs or clustering countries based on affordability profiles.

Impactful Insights for Students and Analysts:

This dataset goes beyond numbers; it provides a roadmap for prospective international students to make informed decisions about where to pursue their education. Join the exploration, contribute your analyses, and uncover the intricacies of educational affordability in Europe for 2023.

This dataset provides insights into the cost of living and average monthly income across various countries and regions worldwide from 2000 to 2023. It includes critical economic indicators such as housing costs, taxes, healthcare, education, transportation expenses, and savings rates. The data is ideal for analyzing economic trends, regional comparisons, and financial planning.

Column Descriptions: Country: The name of the country where the data was recorded. Region: The geographical region to which the country belongs (e.g., Asia, Europe). Year: The year when the data was recorded. Average_Monthly_Income: The average monthly income of individuals in USD. Cost_of_Living: The average monthly cost of living in USD, including essentials like housing, food, and utilities. Housing_Cost_Percentage: The percentage of income spent on housing expenses. Tax_Rate: The average tax rate applied to individuals' income, expressed as a percentage. Savings_Percentage: The portion of income saved monthly, expressed as a percentage. Healthcare_Cost_Percentage: The percentage of income spent on healthcare services. Education_Cost_Percentage: The percentage of income allocated to educational expenses. Transportation_Cost_Percentage: The percentage of income spent on transportation costs.

We present here a new dataset of per capita disposable income for 42 European countries (and more than 120,000 administrative units at the subnational level), over the 2010-2020 period (with few additional years for some countries). This dataset was created by harmonizing disparate income data (net earnings, gross income, disposable income, etc.) gathered from national statistical institutes across Europe. Disposable income was converted to constant 2015 EU27 PPP€ to adjust for the costs of living and inflation across countries and to allow comparability over time. Total population and a measure of income inequality (Gini index) are also provided for subnational administrative units. Users can download the aggregated dataset covering the whole years (Disposable_Inc_DB.gpkg) or yearly files.

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Background: This study aims to compare the cost-effectiveness of treatment sequences with available biologics, including adalimumab (ADA), biosimilar infliximab (bsIFX), originator infliximab (IFX) and vedolizumab (VEDO) for luminal Crohn’s disease in nine European countries. Methods: A Markov-model was constructed to simulate five-year medical costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Data on clinical efficacy were obtained from randomised controlled trials. Country-specific unit costs, discount rates and a third-party payer perspective were applied. Results: The bsIFX versus conventional therapy resulted in the most favourable incremental cost-utility ratios (ICURs) ranging from €34,580 (Hungary) to €77,062/QALY (Sweden). Compared to bsIFX, the bsIFX-ADA sequence was more cost-effective than the bsIFX-VEDO sequence with ICURs varying between €70,277 (France) and €162,069/QALY (Germany). The ICURs of the bsIFX-ADA-VEDO sequence versus the bsIFX-ADA strategy were between €206,266 (The Netherlands) and €363,232/QALY (Spain). Conclusion: We are the first to compare cost-effectiveness of multiple biological sequences for luminal Crohn’s disease. Based on our findings, bsIFX can be recommended as a first-line treatment in patients unresponsive to conventional treatments. While biological sequences only slightly differ in their associated health gains, their costs vary greatly. The bsIFX-ADA-VEDO seems to be the most cost-effective sequence of the available biologics across Europe.

Soziales Klima. Wahrnehmung von Wissenschaft, Forschung und Innovation. Themen: 1. Soziales Klima: Lebenszufriedenheit; Einschätzung der aktuellen Situation in ausgewählten Bereichen (Wohnraum, Gesundheitsversorgung im Land, Rentensystem, Arbeitslosenunterstützung, Lebenshaltungskosten im Land, die Beziehungen zwischen Menschen unterschiedlicher kultureller oder religiöser Herkunft oder Nationalität, Umgang mit sozialer Benachteiligung und Armut im Land, Bezahlbarkeit von Energie und Wohnen, Funktionieren der öffentlichen Verwaltung, nationale Wirtschaftslage und Beschäftigungslage, persönliche Arbeitssituation und finanzielle Lage des Haushaltes); Erwartungen für die nächsten zwölf Monate auf diesen Gebieten und Vergleich mit der Situation vor fünf Jahren; geschätzte Verbreitung von Armut im Land; vermutete Gründe für Armut; zu große Einkommensunterschiede zwischen Menschen; Personenvertrauen; Bereitstellung von Arbeitsplätzen als Aufgabe der nationalen Regierung oder von privaten Unternehmen und Märkten im Allgemeinen; kostenfreie Bildung trotz eines eventuell qualitativ geringeren Bildungsniveaus versus Studiengebühren für qualitativ hochwertige Bildung; präferierter Weg zur Lösung sozialer und wirtschaftlicher Probleme: garantiertes hohes Niveau von Gesundheitsversorgung, Bildung und Sozialausgaben, auch bei Steuererhöhungen versus Steuersenkungen mit der Folge eines geringeren Niveaus von Gesundheitsversorgung, Bildung und Sozialausgaben; Verantwortung der nationalen Regierung versus Eigenverantwortung des Einzelnen. 2. Wahrnehmung von Wissenschaft, Forschung und Innovation: erwartetes Ausmaß der Auswirkungen menschlichen Handelns und Verhaltens auf ausgewählte Bereiche (Kampf gegen den Klimawandel, Umweltschutz, Sicherheit der Bürger, Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen, Energieversorgung, Gesundheit und medizinische Versorgung, Schutz personenbezogener Daten, Abbau von Ungleichheiten, Anpassung der Gesellschaft an eine alternde Bevölkerung, Verfügbarkeit und Qualität von Lebensmitteln, Transport- und Verkehrsinfrastruktur, Bildung und Qualifikationen, Wohnqualität); erwartetes Ausmaß der Auswirkungen von Wissenschaft und technologischer Innovation auf die vorgenannten Bereiche; priorisierte Bereiche zukünftiger Wissenschaft und technologischer Innovationen; Befragter hat Wissenschaft und Technik in der Schule, an der Universität oder Fachhochschule studiert. Demographie: Nationalität; Familiensituation; Alter bei Ende der Schulbildung; Geschlecht; Alter; Beruf; berufliche Position; Urbanisierungsgrad; Haushaltsgröße und Haushaltszusammensetzung: Anzahl der Personen im Haushalt im Alter von 15 Jahren und älter, Anzahl der Kinder im Haushalt unter 10 Jahren und zwischen 10 und 14 Jahren; Besitz langlebiger Wirtschaftsgüter (Unterhaltungselektronik, Internet-Anschluss, Autobesitz, abbezahltes bzw. noch abzuzahlendes Wohnungs- bzw. Hauseigentum); finanzielle Schwierigkeiten im letzten Jahr; Selbsteinschätzung der sozialen Position (Skalometer); Internetnutzung (zu Hause, am Arbeitsplatz, in der Schule etc.); Selbsteinstufung zur Arbeiterklasse, Mittelklasse oder der höheren Klasse der Gesellschaft; Häufigkeit von Diskussionen über nationale, europäische und lokale politische Angelegenheiten; eigene Stimme zählt, im eigenen Land und in der EU (politischer Einfluss); allgemeine Richtung der Dinge im eigenen Land und in der EU. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Ortsgröße; Region. Social climate. Perceptions of science, research, and innovation. Topics: 1. Social climate: life satisfaction; assessment of the current situation in selected fields (living area, health care provision in the country, the pension system, unemployment benefits, the cost of living in the country, relations in the country between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities, the way inequalities and poverty are addressed in the country, affordability of energy and housing in the country, the way public administration runs, the situation of the national economy, the employment situation in the country, the personal job situation and the financial situation of the household); expectations for the next twelve months in these fields and comparison with the situation five years ago; estimated spread of poverty in the country; reasons for poverty; income differences between people are far too large; trust in people; providing jobs for the unemployed as a task of the national government or of private companies and markets in general; education should be totally free, even if this means lower quality versus tuition fees are necessary for providing high quality education, even if this means that some people won´t be able to afford it; preferred way of solving social and economic problems: guaranteed high level of health care, education and social spending, even if it means that taxes might increase versus taxes should be decreased even if it means a lower level of health care, education and social spending; responsibility of the national government versus people should take more responsibility to provide for themselves. 2. Perceptions of science, research, and innovation: expected extent of impact of people´s actions and behaviour on selected areas (fight against climate change, protection of the environment, security of citizens, job creation, energy supply, health and medical care, protection of personal data, reduction of inequalities, adaption of society to an ageing population, availability and quality of food, transport and transport infrastructure, education and skills, quality of housing); expected extent of impact of science and technological innovation on these aforementioned areas; prioritized fields of future science and technological innovations; respondent has studied science or technology at school, at university, or college. Demography: nationality; family situation; age at end of education; sex; age; occupation; professional position; degree of urbanization; household size and household composition: number of persons in the household aged 15 years and older; number of children in household less 10 years and 10 to 14 years; possession of durable goods (entertainment electronics, Internet connection, possession of a car, a flat/a house have finished paying for or still paying for); financial difficulties during the last year; self-rated social position (scale); Internet use (at home, at work, at school etc.); self-reported belonging to the working class, the middle class or the higher class of society; frequency of discussions about political matters on national, European and local level; own voice counts in the own country and in the EU (political influence); general direction things are going in the own country and in the EU. Additionally coded was: size of locality; region.

BackgroundPatient reported outcomes and costs of illness are useful to capture some of the multiple effects of a disease and its treatments. Our aim was to assess quality of life (QoL) and costs of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Hungary, and to analyze their associations.MethodsA cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in one neurology university clinic. Clinical characteristics, PD related resource utilizations and productivity loss in the past 12 months were recorded; the Hoehn&Yahr (HY) scale, PDQ-39 and EQ-5D questionnaires were applied. Cost calculation was performed from the societal perspective.Results110 patients (34.5% female) were involved with mean age of 63.3 (SD = 11.3) and disease duration of 8.2 (SD = 5.8) years. PDQ-39 summary score was 48.1 (SD = 13.4). The average EQ-5D score was 0.59 (SD = 0.28), and was significantly lower than the population norm in age-groups 45–74. The correlation was significant between EQ-5D and PDQ-39 (−0.47, p = 0.000), the HY scale and EQ-5D (−0.3416, p = 0.0008) and PDQ-39 (0.3419, p = 0.0006) scores. The total mean cost was €6030.2 (SD = 6163.0)/patient/year (direct medical 35.7%, direct non-medical 29.4%, indirect cost 34.9%). A one year increase in disease duration and 0.1 decrease of the EQ-5D utility score increase the yearly costs by 8 to 10%, and 7.8%, respectively. The effect of the PDQ-39 score on total cost was not significant.ConclusionsDisease severity and public health importance of PD are clearly demonstrated by the magnitude of QoL loss. PD-related costs are substantial, but are much lower in Hungary than in Western European countries. Disease duration and EQ-5D score are significant proxy of costs.

The PECUNIA Reference Unit Costs Compendium (PECUNIA RUC Compendium) is a Microsoft Excel®-based multi-sectoral, multi-country database of unit costs comparable across countries and sectors and developed using standardized and scientifically validated methods (so called Reference Unit Costs (RUCs)) by the scientific partners of the PECUNIA Consortium between 2019 and 2021 based on the preliminary conceptual and methodological work conducted in 2018. The RUCs were developed using standardized and validated PECUNIA RUC Templates to introduce a higher degree of methodological harmonization and transparency in unit costs within and across sectors and countries. They are consistent with the harmonised PECUNIA Costing Concept (PECUNIA Care Atom, PECUNIA Service Lists, PECUNIA Coding System) and therefore with other PECUNIA Costing Tools (PECUNIA RUC Templates, PECUNIA RUM Instrument) to achieve comparability by referring to content rather than linguistic equivalence of services and other resource items. In the PECUNIA RUC Compendium, each listed RUC is complemented by multiple meta-data and a summary indicator of the overall level of certainty based on the robustness of the costing approach used and the outcome of the external validation process for fully transparency.

Version 1.0 of the PECUNIA RUC Compendium contains RUC estimates (in Euro, for year 2019) for a core set of service and resource use items commonly occurring in health economic evaluations with a societal perspective

for multiple sectors: health and social care (HSC), education (ED), (criminal) justice (CJ), employment and productivity (EP), and patient, family and informal care (PFI);

for multiple European countries (Austria, Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, England, and Spain).

It is a living document planned to be regularly updated and expanded both in terms of the covered service and resource use items and the number of countries over time.

Dynamic table of schistosomiasis screening cost-analysis.

This dataset provides values for ELECTRICITY PRICE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Potentially intervening factors, probable effects and recommended actions related to the implementation of schistosomiasis screening program in a non-endemic country.

In December 2024, the average monthly cost-per-click (CPC) in Google Ads search advertising in the United Kingdom stood at **** U.S. dollars and was the highest among the ** countries presented in the data set. Among countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Montenegro recorded the highest CPC with ** U.S. cents.

Steel rose to 3,117 CNY/T on December 2, 2025, up 0.23% from the previous day. Over the past month, Steel's price has risen 1.30%, but it is still 7.09% lower than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Steel - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

Estimated population-adjusted prevalence of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan African migrant communities living in Catalonia, Spain, in 2012[19] 1.

This dataset provides values for GOVERNMENT DEBT TO GDP reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Attitudes towards European Union and European Parliament. The accession process. Health. Illegal and harmful content on the Internet. Topics: Current life satisfaction; life satisfaction compared with five years ago; life satisfaction over the next five years; dynamics of change in subjective well-being; expectations for the year; personal situation; economic situation in the country; financial situation of the household; employment situation in the country; personal job situation; trust in institutions; trust in political institutions; satisfaction with how democracy works; trust in other institutions (justice, police, army, religious institutions, trade unions, big companies, EU, United Nations, charitable or voluntary organizations); perceived role the EU plays in major policy domains; problems facing the nations (unemployment, economic situation, health care system, crime, rising prices/inflation, pensions, taxation, housing, educational system, terrorism, protecting the environment, immigration, public transports); perceived role the EU plays in major policy domains (fighting crime, public transportation, economic situation, rising prices / inflation, taxation, fighting unemployment, fighting terrorism, defence, foreign affairs, housing, immigration, health care system, educational system, pensions, protecting the environment); factual and perceived knowledge of EU; knowledge of basic EU-related facts; preferred sources of information on the EU; the EU in the national media; image of EU in the nationality media; European and national pride; support for EU membership; perceived benefits of EU membership; image of the EU; meaning of EU; role expected and desired for the EU in five years’ time; feeling informed about enlargement and the accession process; feeling informed about enlargement and the country’s accession process; fears related to the building of Europe (loss of power for smaller member states; increase in drug trafficking and international organized crime, national language being used less and less, country paying more and more to the EU, loss of social benefits, loss of national identity and culture, economic crisis, transfer of jobs to other member countries that have lower production costs, more difficulties for national farmers, end of national currency); support for key issues (common defence policy; teaching school children about EU, EC commissioners coming from each of the member states, enlargement of the EU in May 2004, common foreign policy, constitution for EU; one single currency, further enlargement of the EU to include other countries, speed of building Europe); economic and political stability in Europe; country’s influence in the EU; perceived current speed and desired speed of building Europe; satisfaction with how national democracy works; satisfaction with how democracy works in the EU; awareness, importance and confidence in EU institutions and bodies; awareness and attitudes towards the European Parliament; role of the European Parliament and the national parliament; importance of the EP elections in the new EU member countries; channels to get information about a member of the European Parliament; participation in EP elections; comparison of participation in EP elections and national election; reasons for participation in EP elections; main issues of the EP campaign (employment, agriculture, issues specific to the county, rights as a EU citizen, crime, education, environment, common defence policy, foreign policy, immigration, enlargement of the EU, the activities of the EP, the reform of EU institutions); increase willingness to vote; reasons for participation in EP elections; institutional reforms in the field of EU budget for employment and social affairs, agriculture, scientific research, regional aid, foreign policy and aid to countries outside the EU, administrative and personnel costs, buildings); Council presidency; opinions about the right of veto; opinion about the system of voting in the Council of Ministers; European Commission is composed of commissioners coming from each of the member states; speed of building Europe in countries; support for a common foreign policy; support for a common defence and security policy; support for the creation of a European rapid military reaction force; support for a European Foreign Minister; elements of common foreign and security policy; decision-making regarding European defence policy; views on globalisation; advantages/disadvantages of globalisation; controlled globalisation; most important issues facing the nation; priorities for extra spending; satisfaction with the health care system and expectations for the next two years; health care reform; frequent use of health care facilities; doctors do not spend enough time with patients; government should provide only essential services; priority should be given to treating young patients rather than old patients; health care financing; satisfaction with own health condition; having health problems; providing care for those in need; extra family responsibilities; age of the person receiving extra service; paying to take care of elderly parents; deciding on long-term care services; deciding on long-term care services; getting by with household’s income; persistence of difficult financial situation; Internet usage among children (at home, at school, at a friend’s home, in someone else´s home, in an Internet café, in a library/other public place); rules for the Internet usage in the household; rules for TV usage in the household; information on safer internet; source of information about safer use of the Internet; preferred way of getting information about safer Internet; report harmful Internet content. Demography: Nationality; marital status; left-right self placement; age; age at termination of school training; educational level; size of household; position in the household; occupational status; employment in the public sector; position in the household; size of community; religion; church attendance; income of the household; party preference in EP elections; gender.

Correlation coefficient values for the analyzed variables.

Long-term schistosomiasis-associated pathologies and associated care procedures.

Beurteilung der wirtschaftlichen Situation des Landes und erwarteteKonjunkturentwicklung. Einstellung zu marktwirtschaftlichen Fragen.Einstellung zur gemeinsamen europäischen Währung. Themen: Wichtigste Probleme in Deutschland; Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht undParteipräferenz (Sonntagsfrage); Beurteilung der aktuellenwirtschaftlichen Lage in Ostdeutschland bzw. Westdeutschland; derzeitigeeigene wirtschaftliche Lage; Beurteilung der wirtschaftlichenEntwicklung Deutschlands; Beurteilung der Wirtschaftslage im Vergleichzu den westeuropäischen Nachbarn; Beurteilung der sozialenMarktwirtschaft in Deutschland und ihrer Zukunft; Wohlstand derGesellschaft; Wohlstand in Gefahr, Wohlstandssicherung und Zukunft desWohlstands; Lohnkosten, Umweltvorschriften oder Absatzmärkte alsHauptgrund für die Produktion deutscher Unternehmen im Ausland;Beurteilung der Höhe der Unternehmensgewinne und der Unternehmenssteuernin Deutschland; Vorteilhaftigkeit der Globalisierung für Deutschland undfür den Befragten persönlich; Grad der Einschränkung des Spielraums fürpolitische Entscheidungen durch die Globalisierung; Notwendigkeitunternehmerischer Zusammenschlüsse; Einstellung zum weltweitenWettbewerb (Skala); deutsche Firmen für den internationalen Wettbewerbgerüstet; lohnendes Investitionsinteresse ausländischer Firmen inDeutschland; Entwicklung der Anziehungskraft Deutschlands fürausländische Investoren in den letzten Jahren; Länder, die die deutscheWirtschaft bedrohen; Beurteilung der Qualität und Preise vonIndustrieprodukten aus Deutschland im Vergleich zu ausländischenProdukten; Vergleich des technischen Fortschritts in Deutschland, Japanund den USA; Beurteilung der Geschwindigkeit des technischenFortschritts inDeutschland; Beurteilung der Zukunftsaussichten der kleinen undmittleren Unternehmen in Deutschland; Unternehmensgröße oderSpezialisierung auf besondere Produkte und Fähigkeiten als Hauptgrundfür den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg eines Unternehmens auf dem Weltmarkt;Bedeutung der deutschen Großunternehmen und der mittelständischenUnternehmen; Verhältnis des Staates zu den mittelständischenUnternehmen; Einstellung zur Selbständigkeit; Einschätzung derInnovationsfreude der Deutschen; Notwendigkeit einer größeren Mobilitätaus beruflichen Gründen; Präferenz für Tarifverträge auf Verbandsebeneoder auf Unternehmensebene; Orientierung der Tariferhöhungen an derInflationsrate; Befürwortung der Rente ab 60 Jahren; Schaffung vonArbeitsplätzen als Aufgabe des Staates oder der Unternehmen; wichtigsteGründe für die Arbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland; Beurteilung des Umfangsder staatlichen Eingriffe in die Wirtschaft; Erwartungen an dieSteuerreform; Kompliziertheit und erwartete Vereinfachung derSteuerreform; Beurteilung des Umfangs der bestehenden Sozialleistungen;Beurteilung der Leistungsfähigkeit des deutschen Ausbildungssystems;Vorteilhaftigkeit der Mitgliedschaft des Landes in der EU; derzeitempfundene Existenz einer europäischen Währung oder erst beiBargeldeinführung; Vorteile oder Nachteile der Einführung des Euros fürden Befragten persönlich, für Deutschland allgemein in kurzfristigersowie in langfristiger Sicht; erwartete Veränderungen derArbeitslosigkeit und der Lebenshaltungskosten in Deutschland;Einschätzung der Geldwertstabilität nach Einführung des Euros;Vorteilhaftigkeit des Kursverlustes des Euros gegenüber dem Dollar fürDeutschland und empfundene Wichtigkeit dieses Themas; Beurteilung derlangfristigen Erfolgsaussichten des Euros; Selbsteinschätzung derInformiertheit über den Euro. Demographie: Bundesland, in dem der Befragte wahlberechtigt ist;Ortsgröße; Alter in Klassen; Schulbildung; höchster Hochschulabschluß;Berufsausbildung; Umfang der Berufstätigkeit; eigeneArbeitsplatzgefährdung; Berufsgruppe; Angestelltenstatus; Beamtenstatus;Haushaltsgröße; Personen im Haushalt im Alter von 18 Jahren und älter;Gewerkschaftsmitglied im Haushalt; nahestehende Personen, die arbeitslossind oder deren Arbeitsplatz gefährdet ist; Geschlecht. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Interviewtag. Judgement on the economic situation of the country and expecteddevelopment of the economic situation. Attitude to market economic questions.Attitude to the common European currency.Topics:most important problems in Germany;intent to participate in the election and party preference (Sunday question);judgement on the current economic situation in Eastern Germany orWestern Germany;current personal economic situation;judgement on the economic development of Germany;judgement on the economic situation in comparison to Western European neighbors;judgement on the socially-oriented market economy in Germany and its future;prosperity of society;prosperity in danger, protection of prosperity and future of prosperity;wage costs, environmental regulations or sales markets asprimary reason for production by German companies abroad;judgement on the level of company profits and business taxes in Germany;advantageousness of globalization for Germany and for respondent himself;degree of restriction of leeway for political decisions from globalization;necessity of business mergers;attitude to world-wide competition (scale);German companies prepared for international competition;rewarding interest of foreign companies in investing in Germany;development of attractiveness of Germany for foreign investorsin the last few years;countries that are a threat to the German economy;judgement on quality and prices of industry products from Germanyin comparison to foreign products;comparison of technical progress in Germany, Japan and the USA;judgement on the speed of technical progress in Germany;judgement on the future prospects of small andmedium-sized companies in Germany;company size or specialization in particular products and capabilitiesas primary reason for economic success of a company on the world market;significance of German large concerns and medium-sized companies;relationship of the government with medium-sized companies;attitude to self-employment;assessment of innovativeness of Germans;necessity of greater mobility for occupational reasons;preference for wage agreements at association level or at company level;orientation of wage increases on the rate of inflation;approval of the pension at 60 years;creation of jobs as task of government or business;most important reasons for unemployment in Germany;judgement on extent of governmental interventions in the economy;expectations of the tax reform;complexity and expected simplification of the tax reform;judgement on the extent of existing social services;judgement on the ability of the German education system;advantageousness of membership of the country in the EU;currently perceived existence of a European currency or not untilcirculation of cash;advantages or disadvantages of the introduction of the Euro forthe respondent personally, for Germany in general in the short as well asin the long view;expected changes of unemployment and the cost of living in Germany;assessment of stability of monetary value after introduction of the Euro;advantageousness of exchange rate loss of the Euro against the Dollar forGermany and perceived importance of this topic;judgement on the long-term chances of success of the Euro;self-assessment of extent to which informed about the Euro.Demography:state in which respondent is eligible to vote;city size;age in classes;school education;highest university degree;occupational training;extent of employment;jeopardy to one's own job;occupation group;status as salaried employee;status as civil servant;household size;persons in household 18 years old and older;union member in household;close persons who are unemployed or whose job is endangered;sex.Also encoded was:day of interview.