This statistic shows the share of ethnic groups in Australia in the total population. 33 percent of the total population of Australia are english. Australia’s population Australia’s ethnic diversity can be attributed to their history and location. The country’s colonization from Europeans is a significant reason for the majority of its population being Caucasian. Additionally, being that Australia is one of the most developed countries closest to Eastern Asia; its Asian population comes as no surprise. Australia is one of the world’s most developed countries, often earning recognition as one of the world’s economical leaders. With a more recent economic boom, Australia has become an attractive country for students and workers alike, who seek an opportunity to improve their lifestyle. Over the past decade, Australia’s population has slowly increased and is expected to continue to do so over the next several years. A beautiful landscape, many work opportunities and a high quality of life helped play a role in the country’s development. In 2011, Australia was considered to have one of the highest life expectancies in the world, with the average Australian living to approximately 82 years of age. From an employment standpoint, Australia has maintained a rather low employment rate compared to many other developed countries. After experiencing a significant jump in unemployment in 2009, primarily due to the world economic crisis, Australia has been able to remain stable and slightly increase employment year-over-year.

Humans have been living on the continent of Australia (name derived from "Terra Australis"; Latin for "the southern land") for approximately 65,000 years, however population growth was relatively slow until the nineteenth century. Europeans had made some contact with Australia as early as 1606, however there was no significant attempt at settlement until the late eighteenth century. By 1800, the population of Australia was approximately 350,000 people, and the majority of these were Indigenous Australians. As colonization progressed the number of ethnic Europeans increased while the Australian Aboriginal population was decimated through conflict, smallpox and other diseases, with some communities being exterminated completely, such as Aboriginal Tasmanians. Mass migration from Britain and China After the loss of its American colonies in the 1780s, the British Empire looked to other parts of the globe to expand its sphere of influence. In Australia, the first colonies were established in Sydney, Tasmania and Western Australia. Many of these were penal colonies which became home to approximately 164,000 British and Irish convicts who were transported to Australia between 1788 and 1868. As the decades progressed, expansion into the interior intensified, and the entire country was claimed by Britain in 1826. Inland colonization led to further conflict between European settlers and indigenous Australians, which cost the lives of thousands of natives. Inward expansion also saw the discovery of many natural resources, and most notably led to the gold rushes of the 1850s, which attracted substantial numbers of Chinese migrants to Australia. This mass migration from non-European countries eventually led to some restrictive policies being introduced, culminating with the White Australia Policy of 1901, which cemented ethnic-European dominance in Australian politics and society. These policies were not retracted until the second half of the 1900s. Independent Australia Australia changed its status to a British dominion in 1901, and eventually became independent in 1931. Despite this, Australia has remained a part of the British Commonwealth, and Australian forces (ANZAC) fought with the British and their Allies in both World Wars, and were instrumental in campaigns such as Gallipoli in WWI, and the South West Pacific Theater in WWII. The aftermath of both wars had a significant impact on the Australian population, with approximately 90 thousand deaths in both world wars combined, as well as 15 thousand deaths as a result of the Spanish flu pandemic following WWI, although Australia experienced a significant baby boom following the Second World War. In the past fifty years, Australia has promoted immigration from all over the world, and now has one of the strongest economies and highest living standards in the world, with a population that has grown to over 25 million people in 2020.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset presents the median household income across different racial categories in Au Sable charter township. It portrays the median household income of the head of household across racial categories (excluding ethnicity) as identified by the Census Bureau. The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into economic disparities and trends and explore the variations in median houshold income for diverse racial categories.

Key observations

Based on our analysis of the distribution of Au Sable charter township population by race & ethnicity, the population is predominantly White. This particular racial category constitutes the majority, accounting for 94.09% of the total residents in Au Sable charter township. Notably, the median household income for White households is $46,614. Interestingly, White is both the largest group and the one with the highest median household income, which stands at $46,614.

https://i.neilsberg.com/ch/au-sable-charter-township-mi-median-household-income-by-race.jpeg" alt="Au Sable charter township median household income diversity across racial categories">

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2017-2021 5-Year Estimates.

Racial categories include:

• White
• Black or African American
• American Indian and Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
• Some other race
• Two or more races (multiracial)

Variables / Data Columns

• Race of the head of household: This column presents the self-identified race of the household head, encompassing all relevant racial categories (excluding ethnicity) applicable in Au Sable charter township.
• Median household income: Median household income, adjusting for inflation, presented in 2022-inflation-adjusted dollars

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Au Sable charter township median household income by race. You can refer the same here

This record provides an overview of the NESP Marine and Coastal Hub project "Updating knowledge of Australian white sharks". For specific data outputs from this project, please see child records associated with this metadata. The white shark is listed as vulnerable and migratory under Australia’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The national White Shark Recovery Plan 2013 sets out research and management actions necessary to support the recovery of the white shark in Australian waters. Previous research funded by the National Environmental Science Program (NESP) provided updated estimates of white shark breeding population size and trend. However, the results were based on modest data sets and were limited by some critical knowledge gaps in relation to pupping and juvenile nursery areas, and uncertainty about how populations are connected between eastern and south-western Australia. Recent unpublished work has raised the prospect of a single Australian population. The White Shark Recovery Plan 2013 has identified a critical need for a quantitative assessment of population trends and evidence of any recovery of the white shark in Australian waters. This project will provide an update and reduce uncertainty regarding the status, trends, and population structure of white sharks in Australian waters. Specifically, it will focus efforts to identify critical habitats and biologically important areas for white sharks and improve the understanding of population status through advancing close-kin mark recapture research. Three project sub-components will involve: • Investigating the feasibility of filling knowledge gaps about juvenile and pupping areas and adult movements; • Investigating population structure to resolve mixing/connectivity questions; and • Updating population estimates based on significant new data. The project approach will comprise of: (1) A pilot study to assess the effectiveness of tagging adult females (>4.5 metres) and juveniles (>2 m) throughout the southern-western white shark range. Genetic samples will be gathered from around Australia and sought from South Africa and New Zealand to conduct a comprehensive update of white shark stock structure. (2) Using an expanded tissue sample set from New South Wales (~1000 samples) to update and refine estimates of adult population size and population trend for the eastern white shark population. Juvenile numbers will be estimated using data from the New South Wales shark management program. Additional samples from South Australia and Western Australia will be combined with previous samples in the southern-western population to refine estimates of population size. (3) Population estimates undertaken using close-kin mark-recapture, a technique that combines advanced genetics and statistical modelling to infer population demographics by identifying close-kin-pairs (parent-offspring or half-siblings) among a collection of sampled animals. Outputs • New genetic samples and sequencing data for white sharks [dataset] • Tracking data derived from 12 PAT tags [dataset] • Final technical report (including recommendations for systematic future research to assist in identifying additional critical habitat for the south-western white shark population) [written]

This record provides an overview of the scope and research output of NESP Marine Biodiversity Hub Project A3 - "A national assessment of population status of White Sharks". For specific data outputs from this project, please see child records associated with this metadata.

White sharks are listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act and the subject of a national recovery plan, yet there is still no effective way to assess their population status and thus no way of determining the efficacy of conservation actions. Recent debate due to various human-shark interactions has highlighted the need for further information. This Project provides a national assessment of white shark population size and status in order to establish the efficacy of existing recovery actions and provide a scientifically sound and rational basis from which to develop policies that balance conservation objectives and public safety. Planed Outputs • Tools to refine and integrate CK-MR, electronic tagging distribution and species demographic data for population assessments of a key threatened species at a national scale (combining knowledge developed under this project combined with similar techniques being applied under NESP to euryhaline sharks and planned for grey nurse sharks). • National estimates of (census) population size and trend for white sharks in Australian waters (western and eastern populations respectively) are established that fulfil the highest priority actions of the National Recovery Plan. • New genetic and statistical tools trialled for the estimation of historical population trend from contemporary tissue samples for key species for which other methods of population assessment are unreliable or unavailable. • Provide information that identifies movement corridors, hotspots and contributes to management strategies for top-order marine predators • Estimate juvenile white shark survival and abundance for input into integrated national population assessment models in order to refine population estimates. • National-level information on habitat use, behaviour and spatial dynamics of white sharks at various scales used to provide the scientific underpinning for government decisions and policies as well as provide for more informed public debate. • Identify national strategies to monitor white shark populations. • The project will provide peer-reviewed additions to the scientific literature that will add to the science-support for the development and implementation of policies to support the ecologically sustainable management of Australia’s marine environment.

Widespread degradation across Australia’s inland wetland network has contributed to severe declines for many waterbird species. In contrast, breeding colonies of the Australian white ibis (Threskiornis molucca) have increased in urbanised areas along the coast, but the level of dispersal and gene flow between inland and coastal areas remain unknown. This study uses single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to ascertain the variables influencing genetic connectivity among several inland and urban colonies of white ibis across south-eastern Australia between 2015 and 2018. The contemporary effective population size was estimated, and this value was used in simulations to evaluate the impact of various management scenarios on future genetic diversity. We found no significant differences in allele frequencies between localities, or robust evidence of site fidelity, therefore suggesting widespread dispersal and gene flow between inland and urban colonies. Furthermore, effective sizes were large enough to maintain genetic diversity into the future under various realistic management scenarios. However, the lack of genetic partitioning found suggests that urban management of the ibis should not be undertaken in isolation of the conservation requirements of inland colonies.

Methods The data were collected as part of a population genetics study investigating gene flow and effective population sizes of Australian white ibis (Threskiornis molucca) across south-east Australia. Feather samples were collected non-invasively from 11 wetlands and extracted DNA was sequenced via genotyping-by-sequencing methods employed by Diversity Arrays Technology, Canberra, Australia. Resulting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were filtered for quality.

Usage Notes Please see the ReadMe file for additional details on the dataset.

This paper describes the analysis of population data typed using the Promega PowerPlex 21 multiplex for the three major sub populations within Australia. Samples from 1427 declared Australian Aboriginal, 546 Pure Aboriginals from the Northern Territory, 990 Asian, and 1707 Caucasian individuals representing were analysed. Departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and linkage equilibrium (LE) were assessed using exact tests. The Aboriginal populations were shown to display significant departures from equilibrium. All four subpopulation databases are of suitable size for the purpose of estimating allele frequencies.

This record provides an overview of the scope and research output of NESP Marine Biodiversity Hub Project A9 - "Grey Nurse Shark CK-MR Population Estimate – East Coast". For specific data outputs from this project, please see child records associated with this metadata.

A review of the 2002 National Recovery Plan for Grey Nurse Shark (DEWHA 2009) concluded it was not possible to determine if the east coast population had shown any signs of recovery (DoE 2014); recommending a new recovery plan be developed for this species. A primary objective of the new recovery plan (DoE 2014) is to improve knowledge of GNS population status. This will require a robust estimate of population size and trend – something that has not been provided to date. This project will use genetic SNP data to inform close kin-mark recapture analysis to estimate population size and trend, and provide guidance on future monitoring strategies for the east coast population of grey nurse shark. Planned Outputs • Tools to refine and integrate CK-MR and species demographic data for population assessments of a key threatened species at a national scale (combining knowledge developed under this project combined with similar techniques being applied under NESP to euryhaline sharks and white sharks). • A national estimate of (census) population size and trend for the eastern Australian population of grey nurse shark will be developed to fulfil the highest priority actions of the National Recovery Plan. • Identify national strategies to guide future monitoring of grey nurse shark populations. • The project will provide peer-reviewed additions to the scientific literature that will add to the science-support for the development and implementation of policies to support the ecologically sustainable management of Australia’s marine environment.

Over the past 20 years, the share of the Australian population that holds a degree at a bachelor level or above has increased by more than six times, reaching 50.8 percent in 2022. Since May of 2023, however, that number has dropped to only 32 percent. In Australia, the tertiary education sector comprises both public and private institutions. The student body is comprised of both domestic and international students. University graduate employment Domestic students make up most of the graduates within Australia. The vast majority of graduates in 2022 found full-time employment after studying, with the fields of medicine, pharmacy and rehabilitation having the highest rates of employment post graduation. Dentistry graduates earned the highest median full-time salary of recent university graduates in the country. International study landscape International students are a rapidly growing segment of Australia’s tertiary education sector. The export income from international student activities amounted to just under 36.5 billion Australian dollars in 2023. Chinese students accounted for the largest share of international student enrollments in the same period. Students completing their studies at Australian universities are attracted to the prestige of obtaining a degree at some of the best universities in the world. Moreover, graduates have the opportunity to enter the Australian labor market and to apply for a permanent visa in the country.

BackgroundThe risk of preterm birth (PTB) and low birthweight (LBW) may change over time the longer that immigrants reside in their adopted countries. We aimed to study the influence of acculturation on the risk of these outcomes in Australia.MethodsA retrospective cohort study using linked health data for all non-Indigenous births from 2005–2013 in Western Australia was undertaken. Acculturation was assessed through age on arrival, length of residence, interpreter use and having an Australian-born partner. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for term-LBW and PTB (all, spontaneous, medically-indicated) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression in migrants from six ethnicities (white, Asian, Indian, African, Māori, and ‘other’) for different levels of acculturation, compared to the Australian-born population as the reference.ResultsThe least acculturated migrant women, those from non-white non-Māori ethnic backgrounds who immigrated at age ≥18 years, had an overseas-born partner, lived in Australia for < 5 years and used a paid interpreter, had 58% (aOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.15–2.18) higher the risk of term-LBW and 40% (aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.45–0.80) lower risk of spontaneous PTB compared to the Australian-born women. The most acculturated migrant women, those from non-white non-Māori ethnic backgrounds who immigrated at age 10 years and did not use an interpreter, had similar risk of term-LBW but 43% (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.14–1.78) higher risk of spontaneous PTB than the Australian-born women.ConclusionAcculturation is an important factor to consider when providing antenatal care to prevent PTB and LBW in migrants. Acculturation may reduce the risk of term-LBW but, conversely, may increase the risk of spontaneous PTB in migrant women residing in Western Australia. However, the effect may vary by ethnicity and warrants further investigation to fully understand the processes involved.

Life expectancy in Australia was just below 35 in the year 1870, and over the course of the next 150 years, it is expected to have increased to 83.2 by the year 2020. Although life expectancy has generally increased throughout Australia's history, there were several times where the rate deviated from its previous trajectory. the most noticeable changes were between 1890 and 1920. This period included Australia's Independence movement, the implementation of the 'White Australia' policy, the First World War and Spanish Flu epidemic, all of which impacted the demographics of Australia.

This dataset lists inmates incarcerated at Cockatoo Island prison in Sydney (Australia) between 1847-1869. It offers insights into how the colonial criminal justice system operated after New South Wales’ transition from a penal colony to a ‘free’ colony when transportation ceased in 1840. It is a useful tool for genealogists tracing the lives of their criminal ancestors and for historians of crime and punishment researching nineteenth-century Australia. The dataset includes prisoners' names and aliases, their ship of arrival, place of origin, details of their colonial conviction(s) (trial place, court, offence, sentence), date(s) admitted to Cockatoo Island, and when and how they were discharged from Cockatoo Island. In some cases, it also includes prisoners' place of origin, occupation, biometric information (height, eye/hair colour, complexion, scars, tattoos), 'condition upon arrival' (convict or free), and (for convicts) details of their original conviction in Britain or Ireland. As a UNESCO World Heritage 'Convict Site' Cockatoo Island is best known as a site of secondary punishment for recidivist convicts, especially those transferred from Norfolk Island. This dataset demonstrates the diversity of the prison population: including nominally free convicts (ticket-of-leave holders), migrants from Britain, China and other Australian colonies drawn in by the gold rush, exiles from Port Phillip, Aboriginal Australians convicted during frontier warfare, colonial-born white Australians (including bushrangers), and black, Indian and American sailors visiting Sydney. Significant attention has been paid to the more than 160,000 British and Irish convicts who were transported Australia as colonists between 1787 and 1868. Much less has been said about those punished within the criminal justice system that arose in the wake of New South Wales' transition from 'penal' to 'free' colony (Finnane, 1997: x-xi). Cockatoo Island prison opened in 1839, a year before convict transportation to New South Wales ceased, and was intended to punish the most recidivist and violent of the transported convicts. This archetype has prevailed in historical discourses, and they have been described as 'criminal lunatics... [and] criminals incapable of reform' (Parker, 1977: 61); 'the most desperate and abandoned characters' (O'Carrigan, 1994: 64); and people of 'doubtful character' (NSW Government Architect's Office, 2009: 29). Yet, this was far from the truth. My analysis of 1666 prisoners arriving between 1839-52 show they were overwhelming non-violent offenders, tried for minor property crimes at lower courts. They were also far more diverse population than commonly recognised, including Indigenous Australian, Chinese and black convicts alongside majority British and Irish men (Harman, 2012). This project will make publicly available extremely detailed records relating to Cockatoo Island's prisoners to show people firsthand exactly who made up the inmate population. The digital version of the original registers will include information on convicts' criminal record, but also their job, whether they were married or had children, and even what they looked like. It will also be a name-searchable database so family historians can search for their ancestors, who may have been incarcerated on the island. As it stands, they will be able find information online about ancestors who were transported as long as they remained in the 'convict system', but they may seem to disappear as soon as they are awarded their ticket-of-leave and become 'free'. However, many former convicts, and free immigrants, to New South Wales were convicted locally, and these records can give us information about their lives within the colony. The type of data included in these registers will also allow researchers to investigate questions including: (1) were convicts more likely to offend again than free immigrants? (2) Were the children of convicts more likely to offend than others? (3) Did the influx of mostly Chinese migrants during the gold rush actually lead to a crime-wave, as reported in the press? (4) Were laws introduced between 1830 and 1853, actually effective at prosecuting bushrangers (highwaymen)? (5) Was the criminal-judicial system in Australia more rehabilitative, despite developing out of a harsher convict transportation system? Alongside the dataset, the website will include 'life-biographies' of individual convicts to show you how this dataset can be used to piece together a life-story. It also to warns against understanding a real-life person only through the records of their conviction. There many of fascinating stories to tell, including those 'John Perry' ('Black Perry') the prizewinning boxer; the love story of the 'Two Fredericks'; and Tan, the Chinese gold-digger who resisted his incarceration. In addition, there will be teaching resources for secondary school children and undergraduate university students who want to engage directly with historical materials, without having to leave their classroom. Overall, this website invites anyone with an interest in the history of crime and punishment, and any visitors to the UNESCO world heritage site 'Cockatoo Island', to try searching for a name in the database or read about a featured convict's life story. It asks them, though, to think about how and why these people's lives intersected with the state, leading to their incarceration, and how history has erased much of their lives outside of it. Data collection involved photographing a Cockatoo Island’s surviving prison registers and returns kept at the State Archives of New South Wales (call numbers: 4/4540, 4/6501, 4/6509, 6571, 4/6572, 4/6573, 4/6574, 4/6575, X819). In these volumes, clerks had listed details of incoming prisoners on the dates they arrived between April 1847 and October 1869. This prison register for the period 1839-46 (call number: 2/8285) had not survived to a good enough quality for accurate transcription and was excluded from data collection. I photographed and then transcribed these records in full into a tabular form, with minor standardisation of abbreviations and irregular spellings. Where multiple records existed for one person I combined information from two separate archival records into one line of the dataset. Where I could not verify that two people with the same name were the same person, I listed them as separate entries. Barring errors in entry at the time of record creation, the studied population represents the entire population of prisoners incarcerated at Cockatoo Island between April 1847 and October 1869 when the prison closed.

Aims To investigate and establish the optimal threshold of rCBF correlates with final infarct volume for Asian populations. Methods/Overaching design This is an observational non-interventional cohort study investigating the optimal ischemic threshold of rCBF comparing Australian and Indonesian ischemic stroke patients. It will be conducted at two main centres, 1) Geelong University Hospital, Australia and (2) National Brain Centre, Jakarta, Indonesia. We believe that the study design will adequately address the overarching aims of my PhD in the elucidation of an optimal relative rCBF threshold for Asian patients. The study in both centres will share the following protocol and will align to the following study design principles and data acquisition as follows: Patient data will be sourced from neuroimaging sequences, including computed tomography perfusion (CTP) rCBF initial ischemic core at presentation, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) within 72 hours to demonstrate the final infarct volume and CT angiography (CTA). Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) will be reviewed only for patients who proceed to endovascular clot retrieval. Ischemic core volumes will be modelled using different rCBF thresholds. These models provide the basis for comparing and matching the appropriate thresholds in both populations. Consent procedures and clinical waiver processes Jakarta: We will obtain patient consent from Jakarta for neuroimaging (CT perfusion, CT angiography (CTA) and MRI with diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Either the Emergency Department doctors or neurologists on site will be responsible for obtaining consent from either the patient or from patient’s family. Geelong Neuroimaging (CT perfusion, CT angiography and MRI (with DWI) constitutes the current standard of care for all stroke patients. On this basis, consent is not required. Patient Participation - Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Inclusion Criteria: 1. Ischemic Stroke up to 24 hours from ictal onset 2. Age >18 years old Exclusion Criteria: 1. intracerebral haemorrhage 2. Pregnant women 3. Asian population in Australia General data collection protocol The preliminary assessment protocol involves collection of patient specific data Standardised per site sourced from a sequence of clinical, observational and imaging Procedures. On arrival at the emergency department, general wards, and stroke unit patients are assessed by the Emergency Department doctors, neurological registrars or designated stroke neurologists: 1). Initial clinical assessment (for all patients including those who proceed to intravenous thrombolysis or endovascular thrombectomy) The following data will be collected in the Clinical Report Form (CRF) as baseline measurement: age, gender, time metrics, vascular risk factors, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Modified Rankin Scale (MRS), relevant medical history, current medications. 2). Stroke imaging sequence protocol The following imaging sequences will be performed for all study patients: non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT), CT angiogram, CT perfusion, MRI and digital subtraction angiography (only for those patients who proceed to ECR). NCCT NCCT is critical in its use in exclusion of intracerebral haemorrhage. It is less sensitive but remains useful in the detection of early ischemic changes which include obscuration of grey-white matter and basal ganglia, cortical sulcal effacement and focal parenchymal hypo attenuation[67]. CT angiogram CT angiogram provides information regarding the presence and location of large vessel occlusion. This allows for classification of patients into different stroke territories. In addition, intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) will be detected[81]. CT perfusion CT perfusion provides information regarding tissue at risk (represented by T Max +6) and predicted ischemic core (represented by rCBF)[75]. Data collected from CT perfusion therefore contributes to the basis of this PhD the characteristics and processing of which will be elaborated in the next section on methodology. MRI Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) MRI (utilizing diffusion weighted imaging sequences, DWI) provides an internationally confirmed standard for quantification of the ischemic core at 24-72 hours[64, 72]. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) DSA provides data on the degree of reperfusion after endovascular clot retrieval (ECR)/thrombectomy. Follow up clinical assessment 1. mRS and NIHSS at discharge will be collected to assess the improvement. 2. mRS at day 90 will be collected by phone call or during clinical visit. Our preliminary participant inclusion and assessment protocol involves collection of patient specific data; standardised per site sourced from a sequence of clinical, observational and imaging procedures The imaging protocol and associated imaging and data analytical sequence is as follows: Initially a non-contrast-enhanced head CT and/or a CT angiogram will be combined with a Perfusion CT scan. CT perfusion scanning parameters and data acquisition General principles Whole-brain perfusion CT is routinely accomplished using CT systems with a purpose designed data acquisition and wide detector array 8-16 cm system (DAS). Time-resolved scans are used to track the flow of iodinated contrast media through the brain with multiple images (20-40) acquired over the same region of interest (ROI) of target anatomy. Patients are required to remain still during the examination in order to avoid motion misregistration. The examination couch may remain stationary during the entire examination or move back and forth to enable acquisition of date in the required imaging planes dictated by underlying engineering principles. Acquisitions are repeated at specified time intervals (e.g. every second to every 2-3 seconds) for a predetermined duration (e.g. 40-90 seconds). Thick image sections are acquired to minimize image noise and optimize the useful signal to noise (SRN) ratio (section widths are generally set at 5-10 mm). Data are used to generate colour maps of hemodynamic significance, for example cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time (MTT) and time to peak (TPP). Dose Management 80 kVp is an international standard that is recognised to increase iodine signal brightness and maintain low radiation dosage per single scan (i.e. one tube rotation). The time interval between scans, and hence the total number of scans over the examination duration, is set carefully, taking into an account the requirements of the analysis algorithm. Dose (tube current) modulation is not generally used, as it interferes with the calculation of the CBV and CBF parameters. Our imaging protocols adopted in Geelong and Jakarta have been designed to align with international standards and guidelines consequently there is technical and clinical standardisation of the imaging techniques performed in both centres. While it is acknowledged that there are differences in the technical design and specifications of commercial imaging systems. We have ensured that our data standardisation and management processes align with (DICOM) standards consequently our pre and post processing of DICOM data in the (RAPID) software is considered compatible between both sites providing the required levels of accuracy and compatibility for comparative analysis. Data acquisition technical specifications per site: Jakarta specific CT perfusion protocol CTP (Model: Phillips ICT 256) 1. Total volume contrast of injection 40 mL Iodine based contrast medium is given with injection rate of bolus at 6mls/sec. 2. The injector and the scanner are started at the same time. 3. Images are acquired every 1.5 seconds for 70 seconds, thus obtaining 35 sets of data. 4. Perfusion coverage is 8cm. 5. Images will be constructed which are 5 mm thick. 6. Total of 640 images will be produced. 7. We use 80kVp and 100mAs for the perfusion. 8. CTP series will be auto sent (by series) to RAPID for post-processing Geelong specific CT perfusion protocol CT Perfusion (Model: Philips ICT Scanner 256) 1. Total volume of 50 mL of Iodine based contrast medium is given as an injection bolus at a rate of 6mL/sec. 2. The injector and the scanner are started at the same time. 3. Images are acquired every 2 seconds for 70 seconds, thus obtaining 35 sets of data. 4. Perfusion coverage is 8cm. 5. Images are 10mm thick and produce 8 images per acquisition. 6. Total of 280 images will be produced. 7. We use 80kVp and 80mAs for the perfusion. 8. CTP series will be auto sent (by series) to RAPID for processing CT Carotid Angiography CTA: (Model: Phillips ICT 256) Jakarta’s Protocol 1. A total volume of 65-75ml of Iodine based contrast is given as an injection bolus at a rate of 5mls/sec. 2. Bolus tracking is used to start the scan. 3. A single image will be taken through the aortic arch and place a ROI in the descending aorta. 4. Wait for 15 seconds after the injection and then take monitoring scans through the arch. When the contrast reaches a predetermined threshold level of 150HU it indicates the beginning of the scan. 5. Generate a thin data set with slice thickness of 0.9 mm. 6. Multiplanar (MPR) images will be created in several planes that are 4mm thickness. 7. 120kVp will be used for angiography. 8. Radiation dose: 31.9 mGy(DLP:801.2 mGycm) Geelong’s Protocol (Model: Philips ICT Scanner 256) 1. A total volume of 65-75ml of Iodine based contrast is given as an injection bolus at a rate of 5mls/sec. 2. Bolus tracking is used to start the scan. 3. A single image will be taken through the aortic arch and place a ROI in the descending aorta. 4. Wait 15 seconds after the injection and then take monitoring scans through the arch. When the contrast reaches a predetermined threshold level of 150HU it indicates the beginning of the scan. 5. Generate a thin data set with slice thickness of 0.8mm. 6.

Whereas the population is expected to decrease somewhat until 2100 in Asia, Europe, and South America, it is predicted to grow significantly in Africa. While there were 1.55 billion inhabitants on the continent at the beginning of 2025, the number of inhabitants is expected to reach 3.81 billion by 2100. In total, the global population is expected to reach nearly 10.18 billion by 2100. Worldwide population In the United States, the total population is expected to steadily increase over the next couple of years. In 2024, Asia held over half of the global population and is expected to have the highest number of people living in urban areas in 2050. Asia is home to the two most populous countries, India and China, both with a population of over one billion people. However, the small country of Monaco had the highest population density worldwide in 2024. Effects of overpopulation Alongside the growing worldwide population, there are negative effects of overpopulation. The increasing population puts a higher pressure on existing resources and contributes to pollution. As the population grows, the demand for food grows, which requires more water, which in turn takes away from the freshwater available. Concurrently, food needs to be transported through different mechanisms, which contributes to air pollution. Not every resource is renewable, meaning the world is using up limited resources that will eventually run out. Furthermore, more species will become extinct which harms the ecosystem and food chain. Overpopulation was considered to be one of the most important environmental issues worldwide in 2020.

In the middle of 2023, about 60 percent of the global population was living in Asia.The total world population amounted to 8.1 billion people on the planet. In other words 4.7 billion people were living in Asia as of 2023. Global populationDue to medical advances, better living conditions and the increase of agricultural productivity, the world population increased rapidly over the past century, and is expected to continue to grow. After reaching eight billion in 2023, the global population is estimated to pass 10 billion by 2060. Africa expected to drive population increase Most of the future population increase is expected to happen in Africa. The countries with the highest population growth rate in 2024 were mostly African countries. While around 1.47 billion people live on the continent as of 2024, this is forecast to grow to 3.9 billion by 2100. This is underlined by the fact that most of the countries wit the highest population growth rate are found in Africa. The growing population, in combination with climate change, puts increasing pressure on the world's resources.

In November 2002, U.S. President George W. Bush, visiting Europe for a NATO summit, declared that "should Iraqi President Saddam Hussein choose not to disarm, the United States will lead a coalition of the willing to disarm him." This dataset is a list of countries included in the "Coalition of the Willing." http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030327-10.html The original list prepared in March 2003 included 49 members. Of those 49, only four besides the U.S. contributed troops to the invasion force (the United Kingdom, Australia, Poland, and Denmark). 33 provided some number of troops to support the occupation after the invasion was complete. At least six members have no military. The war was deeply unpopular amongst the citizens of all the coalition countries except the United States and at least one, Costa Rica (which has no armed forces), requested in September 2004 to no longer be considered a member. Today the official White House list of the coalition shows 48 member states, however, the relevance of placing several of these members on the list has been questioned. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_of_the_willing#.22Coalition_of_the_willing.22 Accessed on 9 October 2007

Domestic coffee consumption in Australia reached around **** million sixty-kilogram bags in the 2025 financial year. Between 2017 and 2019, domestic coffee consumption in the country had steadily increased, followed by a slight decrease in 2020, where the national consumption rate fell to **** million sixty-kilogram bags before recovering in 2021. Individually, Australians had an average at-home coffee consumption of *** kilograms each during 2025. Australia’s deep-rooted love for coffee Coffee is a staple on café menus across Australia, with a strong coffee culture deeply ingrained in the daily lives of the population. From the flat white, whose origin is disputed between Australia and New Zealand, to cappuccinos and lattes, a wide variety of coffee beverages are consumed in the country, with cappuccinos emerging as the favorite. The coffee market in Australia has experienced substantial growth recently, with revenue reaching around **** billion U.S. dollars in 2025 and forecasted to increase by a further approximately *** billion U.S. dollars by 2029. The market’s revenue is primarily driven by roast coffee, with the instant coffee segment comparably smaller. Budding café scene: from international to domestic chains Australia’s extensive coffee shop landscape is reflective of the nation’s affinity for the hot beverage, with over ****** café and restaurant establishments in operation across the country in the 2024 financial year. The majority of these establishments are concentrated in New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland, with Melbourne dubbed the coffee capital of Australia due to its eclectic café and roastery scene. The prevalence of domestic coffee franchises like The Coffee Club, which boasts over *** locations in Queensland alone, alongside international chains, including McCafé, which holds the highest number of locations among popular coffee franchises in Australia, further evidences the country’s flourishing coffee industry. Nevertheless, consumption trends indicate that Australians are not only avid coffee consumers at cafés, but are also increasingly investing in coffee machines for homemade brews due to rising menu prices.

In 2024 a total of ** indigenous Australians died in custody in Australia. The peak number of aboriginal deaths in custody was in 2022, with ** indigenous people having died while being in custody. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are still disproportionately represented in the justice system and have poorer health outcomes than their non-Indigenous counterparts. This disparity has been recognized by contemporary Australian governments, with numerous initiatives and reports being commissioned to tackle these issues. However, to this day, there remains a large gap in equality experienced by Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal incarceration rates The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody report, which was published in 1991, was commissioned by the Australian Government to study the underlying issues leading to deaths of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in custody. The report referred to the disproportionately high incarceration rates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australian prisons and highlighted underlying social issues as well as gaps in health, life expectancy and education outcomes for Indigenous people. Despite the recommendations of the report, the rates of Aboriginal people in custody have since continued to increase and more than *** Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have died in custody since 1991. Closing the Gap In an effort to close the gap in disadvantage for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, the federal, state and territory Governments made a commitment to work together around the Closing the Gap Framework in 2008. The goal of the framework was to improve key outcomes early childhood, schooling, health, economic participation, healthy homes, safe communities, and governance and leadership. Of the ***** targets listed in the framework only the early childhood education enrollment and year ** attainment targets were considered to be on track.