As of December 2024, Japan held United States treasury securities totaling about 1.06 trillion U.S. dollars. Foreign holders of United States treasury debt According to the Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of the Treasury, foreign countries held a total of 8.5 trillion U.S. dollars in U.S. treasury securities as of December 2024. Of the total held by foreign countries, Japan and Mainland China held the greatest portions, with China holding 759 billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. The U.S. public debt In 2023, the United States had a total public national debt of 33.2 trillion U.S. dollars, an amount that has been rising steadily, particularly since 2008. In 2023, the total interest expense on debt held by the public of the United States reached 678 billion U.S. dollars, while 197 billion U.S. dollars in interest expense were intra governmental debt holdings. Total outlays of the U.S. government were 6.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. By 2029, spending is projected to reach 8.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by Foreign and International Investors (FDHBFIN) from Q1 1970 to Q2 2025 about foreign, debt, federal, and USA.

The national debt of China amounted to 16.65 trillion U.S. dollars in 2024. Following a continuous upward trend, the national debt has risen by 16.46 trillion U.S. dollars since 1995. Between 2024 and 2030, the national debt will rise by 12.97 trillion U.S. dollars, continuing its consistent upward trajectory.

China External Debt: AMT: PS: Private Creditors data was reported at 5.101 USD bn in 2031. This records a decrease from the previous number of 163.110 USD bn for 2030. China External Debt: AMT: PS: Private Creditors data is updated yearly, averaging 5.464 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2031, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 163.110 USD bn in 2030 and a record low of 1.126 USD bn in 1981. China External Debt: AMT: PS: Private Creditors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Amortization: Annual. Public sector debt from private creditors include bonds that are either publicly issued or privately placed; commercial bank loans from private banks and other private financial institutions; and other private credits from manufacturers, exporters, and other suppliers of goods, and bank credits covered by a guarantee of an export credit agency. Principal repayments are actual amounts of principal (amortization) paid by the borrower in currency, goods, or services in the year specified. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

In 2023, China held **** percent of foreign held U.S. securities. Japan held a further **** percent of foreign held securities. The national debt of the United Stated can be found here.

China External Debt: INT: GG: Other Private Creditors data was reported at 0.014 USD mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.056 USD mn for 2022. China External Debt: INT: GG: Other Private Creditors data is updated yearly, averaging 9.221 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.040 USD bn in 1997 and a record low of 0.014 USD mn in 2023. China External Debt: INT: GG: Other Private Creditors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Disbursements and Interest Payment: Annual. General government debt from private creditors include bonds that are either publicly issued or privately placed; commercial bank loans from private banks and other private financial institutions; and other private credits from manufacturers, exporters, and other suppliers of goods, and bank credits covered by a guarantee of an export credit agency. Interest payments are actual amounts of interest paid by the borrower in currency, goods, or services in the year specified. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

China External Debt: INT: PPG: Other Private Creditors data was reported at 8.230 USD mn in 2031. This records a decrease from the previous number of 22.832 USD mn for 2030. China External Debt: INT: PPG: Other Private Creditors data is updated yearly, averaging 358.301 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2031, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.704 USD bn in 1997 and a record low of 8.230 USD mn in 2031. China External Debt: INT: PPG: Other Private Creditors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Disbursements and Interest Payment: Annual. Public and publicly guaranteed other private credits from manufacturers, exporters, and other suppliers of goods, and bank credits covered by a guarantee of an export credit agency. Interest payments are actual amounts of interest paid by the borrower in currency, goods, or services in the year specified. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

The value of U.S. Treasury securities held by residents of Russia amounted to ** million U.S. dollars in March 2025, marking a stark contrast to ***** billion U.S. dollars held in January 2020. The lowest over the period under consideration was recorded in November 2023 at ** million U.S. dollars. Furthermore, in March 2020, the figure plummeted to **** billion U.S. dollars, down from **** billion U.S. dollars one month prior. Russia’s holdings of U.S. treasury securities have decreased since 2014 following the Western sanctions over the annexation of Crimea and have further dropped in 2022 after more restrictions were imposed over the war in Ukraine. What are U.S. treasury holdings? U.S. treasury holdings are government debt instruments that contribute to the funding of various government projects in the country. The U.S. Department of Treasury allows individuals and organizations to invest in treasury notes, bills, and bonds, which are the main three types of securities. Just under half of the outstanding ** trillion U.S. dollars as of May 2024 were in the form of treasury notes. The notes have varying maturities and coupon payment frequencies, which are different from the maturity periods of treasury bills and bonds. Main foreign holders of U.S. treasury securities Foreign holdings of U.S. treasury debt amounted to ***** trillion U.S. dollars as of January 2024. Japan and China held the largest portions, with China possessing ***** billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. Additionally, other significant foreign holders included oil exporting countries and Caribbean banking centers.

The yield on China 10Y Bond Yield held steady at 1.83% on December 2, 2025. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.07 points, though it remains 0.16 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. China 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

Debt-To-Capital-Ratio Time Series for EFORT Intelligent Equipment Co Ltd. EFORT Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd., together with its subsidiaries, designs and manufactures industrial automation equipment in China and internationally. The company provides customers with a range of industrial robot products and robot system integrated solutions. It offers industrial, painting, collaborative, payloads, SCARA, and mini robots. The company's products are used in palletizing, handling, welding, polishing, and spraying functional applications. It serves the food, 3C electronics, home appliance, ceramic, and automobile and component industries. The company was founded in 2007 and is headquartered in Wuhu, China.

China External Debt: DOD: PRVG: Private Creditors data was reported at 19.106 USD bn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 18.504 USD bn for 2022. China External Debt: DOD: PRVG: Private Creditors data is updated yearly, averaging 108.843 USD mn from Dec 1988 (Median) to 2023, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.106 USD bn in 2023 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 1998. China External Debt: DOD: PRVG: Private Creditors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Debt Outstanding, Debt Ratio and Debt Service: Annual. Private sector guaranteed by public sector debt from private creditors include bonds that are either publicly issued or privately placed; commercial bank loans from private banks and other private financial institutions; and other private credits from manufacturers, exporters, and other suppliers of goods, and bank credits covered by a guarantee of an export credit agency. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

The benchmark interest rate in China was last recorded at 3 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - China Interest Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Long-Term-Debt Time Series for Tansun Technology Co Ltd. Tansun Technology Co., Ltd. provides information technology (IT) solutions and services for financial industry customers in China and internationally. It offers system construction services for banks, such as cloud and distributed computing, big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain technology, and mobile applications; financial technology solutions, including testing, IT operation and maintenance monitoring, etc.; and customers with financial technology products, financial IT and consulting services, and cloud computing and operational services. The company's consulting services include IT technology planning, consulting, financial business consulting, digital transformation, and data asset management consulting. It also offers fintech products comprising credit supervision, intelligent channels and general technology, credit card, risk management, customer relationship management, credit management, and business intelligence. In addition, the company provides project management services that includes program management, program planning and progress management, problem and risk management, production drills and online management, supervision reporting guidance, etc.; and professional testing services, such as bank core, bank credit, and insurance core program testing solutions, as well as performance and data testing, and data migration services. Further, it offers cloud solutions for small and medium-sized banks; as well as operational services, such as marketing and customer operation, supply chain financial operation, and credit card business agency and post-loan asset management operation. Tansun Technology Co., Ltd. was founded in 2003 and is based in Beijing, China.

China External Debt: NFL: GG: Private Creditors data was reported at -10.579 USD bn in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 23.837 USD bn for 2021. China External Debt: NFL: GG: Private Creditors data is updated yearly, averaging 541.613 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 45.921 USD bn in 2020 and a record low of -10.579 USD bn in 2022. China External Debt: NFL: GG: Private Creditors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Net Flows and Net Transfers: Annual. General government debt from private creditors include bonds that are either publicly issued or privately placed; commercial bank loans from private banks and other private financial institutions; and other private credits from manufacturers, exporters, and other suppliers of goods, and bank credits covered by a guarantee of an export credit agency. Net flows (or net lending or net disbursements) received by the borrower during the year are disbursements minus principal repayments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Snapshot img

Peer To Peer Lending Market Size 2024-2028

The peer to peer lending market size is forecast to increase by USD 754 billion at a CAGR of 39% between 2023 and 2028.

P2P lending has emerged as a disruptive financing alternative in financial services, offering several advantages over traditional banking methods. The market is driven by factors such as reduced operational costs for P2P lending companies and the increasing adoption of digital loans. 
However, the market also faces challenges, including security and fraud risks. The operational cost savings result from the elimination of intermediaries and automation of processes, leading to faster loan approvals and lower interest rates. The rise in digital adoption is fueled by the convenience and accessibility of P2P platforms, particularly among the millennial population. However, these benefits come with risks, such as the potential for fraudulent activities and data breaches, which require data security to mitigate.

What will be the Size of the Peer To Peer Lending Market During the Forecast Period?

Request Free Sample

The peer-to-peer (P2P) lending market represents a non-traditional financing avenue that enables direct transactions between investors and borrowers, bypassing traditional financial intermediaries. This market's growth is driven by increasing internet penetration, investor appetite for alternative investment opportunities, and consumer demand for quicker and more accessible loan origination. P2P platforms offer consumer loans with flexible repayment terms and competitive interest rates, catering to various needs such as debt consolidation, medical expenses, and education. 

How is this Peer To Peer Lending Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The P2P lending industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Business Segment

  Traditional lending
  Marketplace lending


End-user

  Individual consumer
  Small businesses
  Large businesses
  Real estate


Loan Type

  Secured
  Unsecured


Purpose Type

  Repaying Bank Debt
  Credit Card Recycling
  Education
  Home Renovation
  Buying Car
  Family Celebration
  Others


Geography

  APAC

    China


  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    UK


  South America



  Middle East and Africa

By Business Segment Insights

The traditional lending segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The global Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending market experienced significant growth in 2023, with traditional P2P lending holding a substantial market share. This form of money lending, where platforms facilitate transactions between borrowers and investors, offers advantages such as high transparency, simple investment structures, and efficient debt collection. Increasing consumer and business demand for alternative lending options, driven by the need for funds, propels market expansion. Key sectors In the P2P lending landscape include consumer loans, business loans, inventory purchase, and loan structuring. P2P platforms enable loan transactions for various purposes, including debt consolidation, medical expenses, small businesses, microenterprises, student loans, green lending, and home improvement.

Market growth is influenced by factors like Internet penetration, investor appetite, and regulatory compliance. However, challenges persist, including regulatory uncertainties, platform fraud, and cybersecurity threats. To mitigate risks, platforms employ advanced technologies like machine learning for credit assessment, blockchain for transaction security, and mobile technologies for accessibility and platform efficiency. Innovative fintech solutions, such as artificial intelligence and structured environments, aim to streamline borrowing and provide quicker, more competitive loans. Borrower and lender trust are crucial in this market, with education initiatives and fraud prevention measures playing essential roles. The P2P lending market is poised for exponential growth, contributing to economic development.

Get a glance at the market report of various segments. Request Free Sample

The Traditional lending segment was valued at USD 39.50 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

APAC is estimated to contribute 46% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period. Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

For more insights on the market size of various regions, Request Free Sample

The Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending market In the APAC region held a significant market share in 2023, driven by the increasing adoption of cl

Debt-To-Capital-Ratio Time Series for ORG Packaging Co Ltd. ORG Technology Co.,Ltd. offers packaging solutions in China and internationally. The company provides packaging design, manufacturing, and filling; and brand and marketing planning services, as well as packaging testing services for branches, subsidiaries, and customers. It also researches, designs, develops, produces, and sells metal packaging products. In addition, the company offers food products, such as milk powder, canned food, tonics, condiments, dried fruits, rice, tea, pet food, etc.; and beverages comprising functional drinks, tea drinks, beer, dairy drinks, plant protein drinks, fruit and vegetable juice, coffee drinks, carbonated drinks, alcoholic drinks, etc. It serves food, beverage, and other industries. The company was formerly known as ORG Packaging Co.,Ltd. and changed its name to ORG Technology Co.,Ltd. in April 2018. ORG Technology Co.,Ltd. was founded in 1994 and is headquartered in Beijing, People's Republic of China.

Debt-To-Assets-Ratio Time Series for Surfilter Network Technology Co Ltd. Surfilter Network Technology Co., Ltd. provides network information security solutions in China and internationally. The company offers network security protection product, such as zero trust, data, and border security; security perception; secure access; and security audit. It also provides government regulated product, including critical infrastructure security supervision, important information system security supervision, wireless internet information security system, internet financial fraud prevention and combat, and internet content security supervision, as well as prevent and crack down on the black industry on the internet. In addition, the company offers network security level, network security attack ad defense drills, cloud security, video network security, and security operation management solutions. It serves enterprises, institutions, medical care, education, finance, operators, and other customers. Surfilter Network Technology Co., Ltd. was founded in 2000 and is headquartered in Shenzhen, China.

China External Debt: NTR: GG: Private Creditors data was reported at -11.322 USD bn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of -22.266 USD bn for 2022. China External Debt: NTR: GG: Private Creditors data is updated yearly, averaging 215.076 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 44.840 USD bn in 2020 and a record low of -22.266 USD bn in 2022. China External Debt: NTR: GG: Private Creditors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Net Flows and Net Transfers: Annual. General government debt from private creditors include bonds that are either publicly issued or privately placed; commercial bank loans from private banks and other private financial institutions; and other private credits from manufacturers, exporters, and other suppliers of goods, and bank credits covered by a guarantee of an export credit agency. Net transfers are net flows minus interest payments during the year; negative transfers show net transfers made by the borrower to the creditor during the year. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Debt-To-Equity-Ratio Time Series for Sany Heavy Industry Co Ltd. Sany Heavy Industry Co.,Ltd engages in the research and development, manufacture, and sale of construction machinery in China and internationally. The company offers truck mounted concrete, trailer, and line pump, as well as placing boom, truck mixer, and batching plant; excavator, such as mini, small, medium, large, ling-reach, and wheel excavators. It also provides truck, all-terrain, rough-terrain, truck-mounted, crawler, tower, and loader cranes; roller, motor grader, paver, milling machine, and asphalt batching plant machineries; and dump truck. In addition, the company offers rotary drilling rig, hydraulic grab, and trench cutter; and water tower, foam, aerial platform, and water mist fire trucks. Further, it provides maintenance services; and MySANY, a mobile app for SANY Group customers. Sany Heavy Industry Co.,Ltd was founded in 1994 and is based in Beijing, China.

China External Debt: TDS: PS: Other Private Creditors data was reported at 260.062 USD mn in 2030. This records a decrease from the previous number of 282.059 USD mn for 2029. China External Debt: TDS: PS: Other Private Creditors data is updated yearly, averaging 1.973 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2030, with 50 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.175 USD bn in 1995 and a record low of 260.062 USD mn in 2030. China External Debt: TDS: PS: Other Private Creditors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Debt Outstanding, Debt Ratio and Debt Service: Annual. Public sector other private credits from manufacturers, exporters, and other suppliers of goods, and bank credits covered by a guarantee of an export credit agency. Debt service payments are the sum of principal repayments and interest payments actually made in the year specified. Data are in current U.S. dollars.