This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts, tables, and calculations presented in Labor market tightness and inflation before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, PIIE Working Paper 24-23.

If you use the data, please cite as:

Bloesch, Justin. 2024. Labor market tightness and inflation before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. PIIE Working Paper 24-23. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts, tables, and calculations presented in The trinity of COVID era inflation in G7 economies, PIIE Working Paper 24-21.

If you use the data, please cite as:

Gagnon, Joseph E., and Asher Rose. 2024. The trinity of COVID era inflation in G7 economies. PIIE Working Paper 24-21. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts, tables, and calculations presented in Fiscal policy and the pandemic-era surge in US inflation: Lessons for the future, PIIE Working Paper 24-22.

If you use the data, please cite as:

Dynan, Karen, and Douglas Elmendorf. 2024. Fiscal policy and the pandemic-era surge in US inflation: Lessons for the future. PIIE Working Paper 24-22. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

In 2022, a spike of inflation had been recorded worldwide due to several causes, including the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war. When asked about it, in both the third and fourth quarters of 2022, consumers in Canada believed the inflation rate averaged roughly eight percent over the past 12 months. In early 2024, Canadians' idea of what the rate of inflation had been over the last 12 months was closer to five percent.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data and charts presented in The Inflation Surge in Europe by Patrick Honohan, PIIE Policy Brief 24-2.

If you use the data, please cite as: Honohan, Patrick. 2024. The Inflation Surge in Europe. PIIE Policy Brief 24-2. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

As of June 2020, the projected inflation rate in South Africa for the same year was revised to 5.2 percent, after the fallout of the coronavirus outbreak. The projection was done under the assumption of a worst-case scenario, where the pandemic persists to the end of 2020. Before the occurrence of COVID-19, the inflation rate was expected at 4.7 percent.

On the other hand, the inflation rate for 2021 was reviewed to 4.6 percent, in a worst-case scenario, whereas the previous outlook (before the pandemic) was at five percent.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data and charts presented in Did supply chains deliver pandemic-era inflation? by Phil Levy, PIIE Policy Brief 24-10.

If you use the data, please cite as: Levy, Phil. 2024. Did supply chains deliver pandemic-era inflation?, PIIE Policy Brief 24-10. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

In 2020, global gross domestic product declined by 6.7 percent as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. In Latin America, overall GDP loss amounted to 8.5 percent.

2022 and 2023 was characterized by leaping inflation rates. These were caused by a multiple of factors, but post-corona (COVID-19) challenges and the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February that year had a major impact. However, the inflation rates in all countries included were forecast to stabilize through 2022 and 2023. More information about global inflation can be found here.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts, tables, and calculations presented in The role of long histories of “lived experience” in the COVID-era inflationary surge, PIIE Working Paper 25-7.

If you use the data, please cite as:

Gagnon, Joseph E., and Steven Kamin. 2025. The role of long histories of “lived experience” in the COVID-era inflationary surge. PIIE Working Paper 25-7. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

According to one of the scenarios, it is assumed that the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) will cause a deeper recession in Poland. It is estimated that by the end of 2020, GDP will fall to -4 percent, the inflation rate will reach 2.1 percent and unemployment 13 percent. The inflation rate will be significantly affected by global oil prices.

For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

Graph and download economic data for Inflation, consumer prices for the United States (FPCPITOTLZGUSA) from 1960 to 2024 about consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price of a basket of goods. The most common measure being the consumer price index. It is the percentage rate of change in price level over time, and also indicates the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money. The annual rate of inflation for 2023, was 4.1 percent higher in the United States when compared to the previous year. More information on inflation and the consumer price index can be found on our dedicated topic page. Additionally, the monthly rate of inflation in the United States can be accessed here. Inflation and purchasing power Inflation is a key economic indicator, and gives economists and consumers alike a look at changes in prices in the wider economy. For example, if an average pair of socks costs 100 dollars one year and 105 dollars the following year, the inflation rate is five percent. This means the amount of goods an individual can purchase with a unit of currency has decreased. This concept is often referred to as purchasing power. The data presents the average rate of inflation in a year, whereas the monthly measure of inflation measures the change in prices compared with prices one year ago. For example, monthly inflation in the U.S. reached a peak in June 2022 at 9.1 percent. This means that prices were 9.1 percent higher than they were in June of 2021. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. The Big Mac Index has been published by The Economist since 1986 and exemplifies purchasing power on a global scale, allowing us to see note the differences between different countries currencies. Switzerland for example, has the most expensive Big Mac in the world, costing consumers 6.71 U.S. dollars as of July 2022, whereas a Big Mac cost 5.15 dollars in the United States, and 4.77 dollars in the Euro area. One of the most important tools in influencing the rate of inflation is interest rates. The Federal Reserve of the United States has the capacity to make changes to the federal interest rate . Changes to the rate of inflation are thought to be an imbalance between supply and demand. After COVID-19 related lockdowns came to an end there was a sudden increase in demand for goods and services with consumers having more funds than usual thanks to reduced spending during lockdown and government funded economic support. Additionally, supply-chain related bottlenecks also due to lockdowns around the world and the Russian invasion of Ukraine meant that there was a decrease in the supply of goods and services. By increasing the interest rate, the Federal Reserve aims to reduce spending, and thus bring demand back into balance with supply.

Inflation Rate in Russia decreased to 9.90 percent in May from 10.20 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides - Russia Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Global Inflation Devices market was valued at USD 608.42 million in 2022 and will reach USD 892.08 million by 2030, registering a CAGR of 4.9% for the forecast period 2023-2030. Rising demand for minimally invasive procedures: The term "minimally invasive surgery" refers to surgical procedures that minimize the size of incisions required, speeding up wound healing and lowering pain and infection risks. The basic goals of minimally invasive surgery are to reduce bodily harm, reduce post-surgical discomfort, and promote speedy recovery. It is associated with a shorter hospital stay, less discomfort, and very few problems. Minimally invasive procedures can be used for both therapy and diagnostics. Demand for the tools needed to properly complete a minimally invasive surgery is expected to increase as more patients turn to these types of operations. Due to the important role that inflation devices play in minimally invasive cardiac operations, the market is expected to rise in popularity in the future.

Rising growth in the geriatric population: According to WHO 1 in 6 individuals on the globe will be 60 or older by 2030. By this point, there will be 1.4 billion people over the age of 60, up from 1 billion in 2020. The number of individuals in the world who are 60 or older will double (to 2.1 billion) by 2050. Between 2020 and 2050, the number of people 80 or older is projected to treble, reaching 426 million. Aging plays a significant role in the occurrence of urological and cardiovascular disorders. As a result, the need for management tools like angioplasty to treat such conditions grows along with the aging population. As a result, the market will develop due to the rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and the aging population, which will raise the need for disease management strategies.

Restraining factors: High cost and complications associated with the interventional cardiology procedure: The cost of surgical procedures for patients increases due to the high cost of surgical devices and the significant investment needed for installation. This has caused customers to switch to secondhand systems, which negatively affects their bottom lines. Complex surgeries require advanced techniques and skills, and the cost of equipment and surgeries increases due to the maintenance and power supply requirements, which limits inflation device adoption. Radiation damage, myocardial infarction, and hematoma are a few of the complications associated with using interventional cardiology instruments. Coronary perforations and embolism device issues such as coronary implant loss, notably coronary stent dislodgement, lost scaffold, guidewire loss, and balloon fracture limit the use of interventional cardiology devices. All these factors hamper the market growth of inflation devices.

Impact of COVID- 19 pandemic on the inflation devices market: The need for medical equipment has changed because of COVID-19. While the devices used to treat COVID-19 patients in critical care experienced an increase in demand, other devices suffered as a result of delayed or canceled treatments. Few people who have COVID-19 infection, however, have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, angioplasty should be performed to treat cardiovascular disorders such as coronary artery disease, which requires inflating devices. As a result, the market is anticipated to have a favorable effect in the years after COVID-19.

An inflating device is used to inflate angioplasty devices that need to be dilated. It has a luminous analog pressure gauge, an incredibly comfortable grip, and braided high-pressure tubing with a rotating male luer fitting. The market for inflation devices is expanding because of several factors, including rising growth in the geriatric population, rising cardiovascular and urological disease prevalence, rising demand for minimally invasive procedures, and increased medical reimbursement for such procedures in developed regions.

Since 2021, the large economies of Western Europe have been experiencing a surge in inflation, with inflation reaching as high as 11.84 percent in Italy during October 2022. During 2023 the rate of inflation in all these economies has fallen significantly, reaching as low as 0.67 percent in Italy and 3.17 percent in Germany. This inflationary episode is understood by economists to have been caused by several factors, notably the supply chain issues during the COVID-19 pandemic, pent-up consumer demand which was released after lockdowns ended, as well as policies of monetary and fiscal stimulus during the pandemic aimed at boosting economic activity.

Of the major developed and emerging economies, China had the lowest inflation rate at *** percent in December 2024. On the other end of the spectrum, the inflation rate in Russia stood at nearly ** percent. The country's inflation rate increased sharply after the country's President, Vladimir Putin, decided to invade Ukraine, declined somewhat in 2023, before increasing slowly again since. The rate of inflation reflects changes in the cost of a specified basket containing a representative selection of goods and services. It is derived from the consumer price index (CPI).

Given the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on the Romanian economy, it is expected that inflation will also be affected. Inflation is expected to increase from 3.3 percent to 3.5 percent in 2021.

For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

In January 2025, prices had increased by three percent compared to January 2024 according to the 12-month percentage change in the consumer price index — the monthly inflation rate for goods and services in the United States. The data represents U.S. city averages. In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. A projection of the annual U.S. inflation rate can be accessed here and the actual annual inflation rate since 1990 can be accessed here. InflationOne of the most important economic indicators is the development of the Consumer Price Index in a country. The change in this price level of goods and services is defined as the rate of inflation. The inflationary situation in the United States had been relatively severe in 2022 due to global events relating to COVID-19, supply chain restrains, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. More information on U.S. inflation may be found on our dedicated topic page. The annual inflation rate in the United States has increased from 3.2 percent in 2011 to 8.3 percent in 2022. This means that the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar has weakened in recent years. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. According to the data published by the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) was about 258.84 in 2020 and is forecasted to grow up to 325.6 by 2027, compared to the base period from 1982 to 1984. The monthly percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for urban consumers in the United States was 0.1 percent in March 2023 compared to the previous month. In 2022, countries all around the world are experienced high levels of inflation. Although Brazil already had an inflation rate of 8.3 percent in 2021, compared to the previous year, while the inflation rate in China stood at 0.85 percent.