Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by Federal Reserve Banks (FDHBFRBN) from Q1 1970 to Q2 2025 about debt, federal, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

As the central bank of the United States, the Federal Reserve supports the effective operation of the US economy, acting in the public interest to promote the stability of the financial system.

Among the ** Federal Reserve Banks of the Federal Reserve System in the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held by far the highest value of assets in 2024. With approximately ****trillion U.S. dollars on its balance sheet, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held over ** percent of the Fed's total assets. It was followed by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

United States Federal Securities: PD: Federal Reserve Banks: Public Issues data was reported at 2,697.860 USD bn in Sep 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2,702.008 USD bn for Aug 2018. United States Federal Securities: PD: Federal Reserve Banks: Public Issues data is updated monthly, averaging 737.557 USD bn from Jan 1996 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 273 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,867.555 USD bn in Sep 2017 and a record low of 376.519 USD bn in Feb 1996. United States Federal Securities: PD: Federal Reserve Banks: Public Issues data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bureau of the Fiscal Service. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.Z051: Ownership of Federal Securities.

Graph and download economic data for Reserves of Depository Institutions: Total (TOTRESNS) from Jan 1959 to Oct 2025 about adjusted, reserves, and USA.

In 2023, the Federal Reserve System stood as the world's largest central bank, with total assets surpassing *** trillion U.S. dollars. Comprising 12 Federal Reserve Banks, the system's largest component, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, held a significantly higher asset value than its counterparts. The People's Bank of China secured the second position globally, managing assets valued at approximately *** trillion U.S. dollars. Following closely, the Bank of Japan ranked third with assets totaling *** trillion U.S. dollars on its balance sheet.

A central bank is the term used to describe the authority responsible for policies that affect a country’s supply of money and credit. More specifically, a central bank uses its tools of monetary policy—open market operations, discount window lending, changes in reserve requirements—to affect short-term interest rates and the monetary base (currency held by the public plus bank reserves) and to achieve important policy goals.

The Federal Reserve Banks provide the Fedwire Funds Service, a real-time gross settlement system that enables participants to initiate funds transfer that are immediate, final, and irrevocable once processed. Depository institutions and certain other financial institutions that hold an account with a Federal Reserve Bank are eligible to participate in the Fedwire Funds Services. In 2008, approximately 7,300 participants made Fedwire funds transfers. The Fedwire Funds Service is generally used to make large-value, time-critical payments.The Fedwire Funds Service is a credit transfer service. Participants originate funds transfers by instructing a Federal Reserve Bank to debit funds from its own account and credit funds to the account of another participant. Participants may originate funds transfers online, by initiating a secure electronic message, or off line, via telephone procedures.

United States Federal Reserve Banks (FRB): Total Assets data was reported at 4,139.731 USD bn in 31 Oct 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4,173.070 USD bn for 24 Oct 2018. United States Federal Reserve Banks (FRB): Total Assets data is updated weekly, averaging 876.108 USD bn from Jun 1996 (Median) to 31 Oct 2018, with 1167 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,516.077 USD bn in 14 Jan 2015 and a record low of 447.351 USD bn in 24 Jul 1996. United States Federal Reserve Banks (FRB): Total Assets data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.KB028: Balance Sheet: Federal Reserve Banks.

View weekly updates and historical trends for US Total Capital in All Federal Reserve Banks. from United States. Source: Federal Reserve. Track economic d…

The reserve banks’ check collection service was designed in 1913 to serve as glue, attaching the new central bank to the commercial and financial markets through member banks. Successful creation and operation of the Federal Reserve System was thought to be more likely if the reserve banks could do more for member banks than lend occasionally and administer the reserve requirement tax. Initial drafts of the Federal Reserve Act would have allowed member banks to use required reserve deposits only for making interbank transfers. But correspondent banking relationships already provided interbank payment service, as well as check collection and other services, while offering a modest interest rate on interbank deposits. Nationwide check collection service was added to the bill in the latter days of the legislative process to show potential member banks that deposits maintained at the new regional reserve banks could play an integral part in the banking business.

View weekly updates and historical trends for US Total Assets Held by All Federal Reserve Banks. from United States. Source: Federal Reserve. Track econom…

Graph and download economic data for Free Reserves Held at Federal Reserve Banks, All Member Banks for United States (M14189USM144NNBR) from Jan 1929 to Apr 1967 about reserves, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by October 29, 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic—both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S.—showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by August 2025, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2024, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

United States - Federal Debt Held by Federal Reserve Banks was 4532.66400 Bil. of $ in April of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Federal Debt Held by Federal Reserve Banks reached a record high of 6254.96600 in January of 2022 and a record low of 55.80000 in January of 1970. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Federal Debt Held by Federal Reserve Banks - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on December of 2025.

The Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) is normally a triennial cross-sectional survey of U.S. families. The survey data include information on families' balance sheets, pensions, income, and demographic characteristics.

Content

Total reserve balances maintained is the amount of balances institutions hold in accounts at Federal Reserve Banks that are available to satisfy reserve requirements. Historically, this series excluded balances held in a reserve account for contractual clearing purposes (contractual clearing balances program has been discontinued on July 12, 2012).

Context

This is a dataset from the Federal Reserve hosted by the Federal Reserve Economic Database (FRED). FRED has a data platform found here and they update their information according to the frequency that the data updates. Explore the Federal Reserve using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the Federal Reserve organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

• Observation Start: 1950-01-01

• Observation End : 2019-11-01

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using FRED's API and Kaggle's API.

Cover photo by Hudson Hintze on Unsplash
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The government isn’t the only entity allowed to issue money. Private citizens and businesses can too, and throughout U.S. history, they often have. But private money—as such money is called—isn’t issued much these days. What lessons have our experiences with private money taught us, and what do they imply for our money today and in the future?

Graph and download economic data for Bills Bought, Federal Reserve Banks for United States (M14068USM144NNBR) from Feb 1915 to Sep 1939 about bills, purchase, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

Speech by Loretta J. Mester, President and Chief Executive Officer, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland - 2017 Policy Summit on Housing, Human Capital, and Inequality, Sponsored by the Federal Reserve Banks of Cleveland, Philadelphia, and Minneapolis - Cleveland, OH