As the central bank of the United States, the Federal Reserve supports the effective operation of the US economy, acting in the public interest to promote the stability of the financial system.

Among the ** Federal Reserve Banks of the Federal Reserve System in the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held by far the highest value of assets in 2024. With approximately ****trillion U.S. dollars on its balance sheet, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held over ** percent of the Fed's total assets. It was followed by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by Federal Reserve Banks (FDHBFRBN) from Q1 1970 to Q2 2025 about debt, federal, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Reserves of Depository Institutions: Total (TOTRESNS) from Jan 1959 to Oct 2025 about adjusted, reserves, and USA.

The Federal Reserve Banks provide the Fedwire Funds Service, a real-time gross settlement system that enables participants to initiate funds transfer that are immediate, final, and irrevocable once processed. Depository institutions and certain other financial institutions that hold an account with a Federal Reserve Bank are eligible to participate in the Fedwire Funds Services. In 2008, approximately 7,300 participants made Fedwire funds transfers. The Fedwire Funds Service is generally used to make large-value, time-critical payments.The Fedwire Funds Service is a credit transfer service. Participants originate funds transfers by instructing a Federal Reserve Bank to debit funds from its own account and credit funds to the account of another participant. Participants may originate funds transfers online, by initiating a secure electronic message, or off line, via telephone procedures.

In 2023, the Federal Reserve System stood as the world's largest central bank, with total assets surpassing *** trillion U.S. dollars. Comprising 12 Federal Reserve Banks, the system's largest component, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, held a significantly higher asset value than its counterparts. The People's Bank of China secured the second position globally, managing assets valued at approximately *** trillion U.S. dollars. Following closely, the Bank of Japan ranked third with assets totaling *** trillion U.S. dollars on its balance sheet.

Content

This dataset has no description from FRED.

Context

This is a dataset hosted by the Federal Reserve Economic Database (FRED). The organization has a data platform found here and they update their information according the amount of data that is brought in. Explore FRED using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the FRED organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

• Observation Start: 2002-12-18

• Observation End : 2018-08-08

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using FRED's APIs and Kaggle's API.

Cover photo by Jongsun Lee on Unsplash
Unsplash Images are distributed under a unique Unsplash License.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by October 29, 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic—both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S.—showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by August 2025, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2024, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

The Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) is normally a triennial cross-sectional survey of U.S. families. The survey data include information on families' balance sheets, pensions, income, and demographic characteristics.

A central bank is the term used to describe the authority responsible for policies that affect a country’s supply of money and credit. More specifically, a central bank uses its tools of monetary policy—open market operations, discount window lending, changes in reserve requirements—to affect short-term interest rates and the monetary base (currency held by the public plus bank reserves) and to achieve important policy goals.

Uncover historical ownership history and changes over time by performing a reverse Whois lookup for the company Federal-Reserve-Bank-of-New-York.

Loretta J. Mester-President and Chief Executive Officer-Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland- Summer Institute 2023 Macro, Money, and Financial Frictions - National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, July 12, 2023, 4:00 PM EDT

Beth M. Hammack—President and Chief Executive Officer-Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland- Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs and The Bank Policy Institute, 9th Annual SIPA/BPI Bank Regulation Research Conference, New York, New York, February 27, 2025, 1:15 PM EST

Content

The FOMC has authorized temporary reciprocal currency arrangements (central bank liquidity swaps) with certain foreign central banks to help provide liquidity in U.S. dollars to overseas markets.

These swaps involve two transactions. First, when the foreign central bank draws on the swap line, it sells a specified amount of its currency to the Federal Reserve in exchange for dollars at the prevailing market exchange rate. The foreign currency that the Federal Reserve acquires is placed in an account for the Federal Reserve at the foreign central bank. This line in the statistical release reports the dollar value of the foreign currency held under these swaps.

Second, the dollars that the Federal Reserve provides are deposited in an account for the foreign central bank at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. At the same time as the draw on the swap line, the Federal Reserve and the foreign central bank enter into a binding agreement for a second transaction in which the foreign central bank is obligated to repurchase the foreign currency at a specified future date at the same exchange rate. At the conclusion of the second transaction, the foreign central bank pays a market-based rate of interest to the Federal Reserve. Central bank liquidity swaps are of various maturities, ranging from overnight to three months.

Context

This is a dataset from the Federal Reserve hosted by the Federal Reserve Economic Database (FRED). FRED has a data platform found here and they update their information according to the frequency that the data updates. Explore the Federal Reserve using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the Federal Reserve organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

• Observation Start: 2002-12-18

• Observation End : 2019-12-18

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using FRED's API and Kaggle's API.

Cover photo by Hillie Chan on Unsplash
Unsplash Images are distributed under a unique Unsplash License.

View the total value of the assets of all Federal Reserve Banks as reported in the weekly balance sheet.

The government isn’t the only entity allowed to issue money. Private citizens and businesses can too, and throughout U.S. history, they often have. But private money—as such money is called—isn’t issued much these days. What lessons have our experiences with private money taught us, and what do they imply for our money today and in the future?

Content

Reserve Bank credit is the sum of securities held outright, repurchase agreements, term auction credit, other loans, net portfolio holdings of Commercial Paper Funding Facility LLC, net portfolio holdings of LLCs funded through the Money Market Investor Funding Facility, net portfolio holdings of Maiden Lane LLC, net portfolio holdings of Maiden Lane II LLC, net portfolio holdings of Maiden Lane III LLC, float, central bank liquidity swaps, and other Federal Reserve assets.

Context

This is a dataset from the Federal Reserve hosted by the Federal Reserve Economic Database (FRED). FRED has a data platform found here and they update their information according to the frequency that the data updates. Explore the Federal Reserve using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the Federal Reserve organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

• Observation Start: 1988-11-30

• Observation End : 2019-12-18

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using FRED's API and Kaggle's API.

Cover photo by Casey Horner on Unsplash
Unsplash Images are distributed under a unique Unsplash License.

Speech by Loretta J. Mester, President and Chief Executive Officer, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland - The Federal Reserve and Monetary Policy Communications - The Tangri Lecture - Rutgers University - New Brunswick, NJ - January 17, 2018

The Federal Reserve System is a model of an independent central bank, with the authority to resist political pressure and act in the long-term best economic interest of the country. But this has not always been the case. In the past—and not too distant past at that—US monetary policy has frequently yielded to other governmental requirements. Even for the modern Federal Reserve, independence is a nuanced, mutable and, ultimately, fragile concept, but one that is essential to maintain.

The reserve banks’ check collection service was designed in 1913 to serve as glue, attaching the new central bank to the commercial and financial markets through member banks. Successful creation and operation of the Federal Reserve System was thought to be more likely if the reserve banks could do more for member banks than lend occasionally and administer the reserve requirement tax. Initial drafts of the Federal Reserve Act would have allowed member banks to use required reserve deposits only for making interbank transfers. But correspondent banking relationships already provided interbank payment service, as well as check collection and other services, while offering a modest interest rate on interbank deposits. Nationwide check collection service was added to the bill in the latter days of the legislative process to show potential member banks that deposits maintained at the new regional reserve banks could play an integral part in the banking business.