The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 wiped out US$37 trillions across global financial markets, this value is equivalent to the combined GDPs of the United States and the European Union in 2014. The defining moment of this crisis was the failure of Lehman Brothers, which precipitated the October 2008 crash and the Asian Correction (March 2009). Had the Federal Reserve seen these crashes coming, they might have bailed out Lehman Brothers, and prevented the crashes altogether. In this paper, we show that some of these market crashes (like the Asian Correction) can be predicted, if we assume that a large number of adaptive traders employing competing trading strategies. As the number of adherents for some strategies grow, others decline in the constantly changing strategy space. When a strategy group grows into a giant component, trader actions become increasingly correlated and this is reflected in the stock price. The fragmentation of this giant component will leads to a market crash. In this paper, we also derived the mean-field market crash forecast equation based on a model of fusions and fissions in the trading strategy space. By fitting the continuous returns of 20 stocks traded in Singapore Exchange to the market crash forecast equation, we obtain crash predictions ranging from end October 2008 to mid-February 2009, with early warning four to six months prior to the crashes.

The Long Depression was, by a large margin, the longest-lasting recession in U.S. history. It began in the U.S. with the Panic of 1873, and lasted for over five years. This depression was the largest in a series of recessions at the turn of the 20th century, which proved to be a period of overall stagnation as the U.S. financial markets failed to keep pace with industrialization and changes in monetary policy. Great Depression The Great Depression, however, is widely considered to have been the most severe recession in U.S. history. Following the Wall Street Crash in 1929, the country's economy collapsed, wages fell and a quarter of the workforce was unemployed. It would take almost four years for recovery to begin. Additionally, U.S. expansion and integration in international markets allowed the depression to become a global event, which became a major catalyst in the build up to the Second World War. Decreasing severity When comparing recessions before and after the Great Depression, they have generally become shorter and less frequent over time. Only three recessions in the latter period have lasted more than one year. Additionally, while there were 12 recessions between 1880 and 1920, there were only six recessions between 1980 and 2020. The most severe recession in recent years was the financial crisis of 2007 (known as the Great Recession), where irresponsible lending policies and lack of government regulation allowed for a property bubble to develop and become detached from the economy over time, this eventually became untenable and the bubble burst. Although the causes of both the Great Depression and Great Recession were similar in many aspects, economists have been able to use historical evidence to try and predict, prevent, or limit the impact of future recessions.

Comprehensive 27+ years of daily stock market data for Indian indices (SENSEX & NIFTY 50) and all their constituent companies. This dataset includes OHLCV data along with pre-calculated technical indicators, making it perfect for time series analysis, algorithmic trading strategies, and machine learning applications.

Total Records: 400,000+
Companies: 80 stocks (30 SENSEX + 50 NIFTY 50)
Features: 21 columns per record

Use Cases:

Machine Learning & Prediction:

• Stock price forecasting using LSTM, GRU, or Transformers
• Next-day close price prediction
• Multi-stock portfolio prediction
• Market regime detection (bull/bear markets)

Technical Analysis:

• Backtest trading strategies (RSI, MACD, Moving Average crossovers)
• Identify support/resistance levels
• Bollinger Band squeeze patterns
• Golden Cross / Death Cross detection

Statistical Analysis:

-Correlation analysis between stocks - Volatility clustering analysis - Market crash impact studies (2008 financial crisis, 2020 COVID) - Sectoral performance comparison

Portfolio Optimization:

• Modern Portfolio Theory implementation
• Risk-return optimization
• Diversification analysis
• Sharpe ratio calculations

Education:

• Financial markets course projects
• Time series analysis tutorials
• Data science portfolio projects
• Algorithmic trading education

Company List:

SENSEX 30 Companies:

Adani Enterprises, Asian Paints, Axis Bank, Bajaj Finance, Bajaj Finserv, Bharti Airtel, HDFC Bank, HCL Technologies, Hindustan Unilever, ICICI Bank, IndusInd Bank, Infosys, ITC, Kotak Mahindra Bank, Larsen & Toubro, Mahindra & Mahindra, Maruti Suzuki, Nestle India, NTPC, ONGC, Power Grid Corporation, Reliance Industries, State Bank of India, Sun Pharmaceutical, Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Motors, Tata Steel, Tech Mahindra, Titan Company, UltraTech Cement, Wipro

NIFTY 50 Companies:

All SENSEX 30 companies plus: Adani Ports, Apollo Hospitals, Bajaj Auto, Bharat Petroleum, Britannia Industries, Cipla, Coal India, Divi's Laboratories, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Eicher Motors, Grasim Industries, Hero MotoCorp, Hindalco Industries, Hindustan Zinc, JSW Steel, LTIMindtree, Shriram Finance, Tata Consumer Products, Trent

Ticker Conventions: - .BO suffix = Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) - .NS suffix = National Stock Exchange (NSE)

Citation Policy:

If you use this dataset in your research, please cite:

Indian Stock Market Historical Data - SENSEX & NIFTY 50 (1997-2024)
Kaggle Dataset, November 2024
URL: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/rockyt07/stock-market-sensex-nifty-all-time-dataset

Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

The 2020 recession did not follow the trend of previous recessions in the United States because only six months elapsed between the yield curve inversion and the 2020 recession. Over the last five decades, 12 months, on average, has elapsed between the initial yield curve inversion and the beginning of a recession in the United States. For instance, the yield curve inverted initially in January 2006, which was 22 months before the start of the 2008 recession. A yield curve inversion refers to the event where short-term Treasury bonds, such as one or three month bonds, have higher yields than longer term bonds, such as three or five year bonds. This is unusual, because long-term investments typically have higher yields than short-term ones in order to reward investors for taking on the extra risk of longer term investments. Monthly updates on the Treasury yield curve can be seen here.

The gross domestic product (GDP) of Russia reached nearly 2.2 trillion U.S. dollars in 2024, having increased from the previous year. In the period between 2025 and 2030, the country's economy was expected to continue growing. GDP refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. It is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. Russian economy The Russian economy is primarily directed by both the private sector and the state. As a member of the BRIC, Russia is currently experiencing an accelerated growth within the economy with a chance of earning a place in the G7 economies. As of the 1990s, a large amount of the country’s industrial and agricultural sectors were privatized, however energy and military production remained with the state for the most part. Thus, the majority of Russian exports consisted of energy products as well as high-tech military equipment. The effects of the global financial crisis of 2008 took a similar toll on the Russian economy, however only had short-term effects. Russia recovered after two years and has since experienced exponential economic growth and productivity due to aggressive and prompt actions from the government, providing Russia with one of the most profitable economies in the world. Additionally, unemployment reached an all-decade low from the recent Russian economic boom, which furthermore implies that there is a slight growth in wages, however is also accompanied by a large worker shortage.