As of February 2025, 50.2 percent of social media users in the United States were women, and 49.8 percent of users were men. In 2024, there were an estimated 304 million social media users in the country.

As of July 2025, Instagram was slightly more popular with men than women, with men accounting for **** percent of the platform’s global users. Additionally, the social media app was most popular among younger audiences, with over ** percent of users aged between 25 and 34 years. Instagram’s Global Audience As of February 2025, Instagram was the second most popular social media platform globally, reaching ***** billion monthly active users (MAU). This number is projected to keep growing with no signs of slowing down, which is not a surprise as the global online social penetration rate across all regions is constantly increasing. As of February 2025, the country with the largest Instagram audience was India, with over**** million users, followed by the United States with over *** million users. Who is winning over the generations? Even though Instagram’s audience is considerably larger than TikTok’s on a global scale, TikTok has shown itself to be a fierce competitor, particularly among younger audiences. TikTok was the most downloaded mobile app globally in 2024, generating over**** million downloads. As of 2022, Generation Z in the United States spent more time on TikTok than on Instagram monthly.

A 2022 survey conducted in the United States found that ** percent of male Generation Z online users spent about ** or more hours per week interacting with people on social media. Overall, ** percent of female Gen Z users stated they spent around one to three hours per week interacting with others on social media. One in ** male respondents reported spending around ***** to **** hours talking to people on online networks per week.

According to a survey of social media users in Italy, as of June 2021, approximately ** percent of internet users who reported engaging more with social media platforms compared to before the coronavirus pandemic outbreak were men. By comparison, women who reported using social media networks more represented ** percent of the total. As of March 2022, over ** percent of Instagram users in Italy were women.

As of February 2025, X/Twitter was the social network with the highest share of male users, who accounted for 63.7 percent of global users. Overall, social media platforms had more male users than female users.

Abstract

The Women's Empowerment and Nutrition Survey (WEN) 2024 provides nationally representative data on women's/men's empowerment and women's dietary diversity within agricultural households in Sierra Leone. Implemented by Statistics Sierra Leone (Stats SL) in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS), and with technical support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The survey had four key objectives:

1. Measure women's and men's empowerment and women's dietary diversity at individual level in agricultural households, providing policymakers with evidence for gender-responsive planning.
2. Refine and test the 'Womens Empowerment Metric for National Statistical Systems https://weai.ifpri.info/wemns/ (WEMNS) developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Emory University, Oxford University, and the World Bank.
3. Showcase the feasibility of integrating empowerment and nutrition indicators into existing agricultural survey programs.
4. Build national capacity in the collection and analysis of gender and nutrition statistics.

The survey captured information on empowerment (agency, rights, resources, collective action) and women's dietary diversity (MDD-W), allowing analysis of the intersection between gender inequality, agricultural participation, and nutritional outcomes.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Agricultural households.

Universe

Male and female members living in agricultural households aged between 18 and 64 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The survey targeted adult members aged 18-64 living in agricultural households. Because the MDD-W indicator is validated for women of reproductive age, the nutrition section was administered only to women.

To meet the survey's measurement objectives, three estimation domains were defined: women 18-49, women 18-64, and men 18-64. The two overlapping women's domains ensured adequate precision for MDD-W among women 18-49 while also allowing empowerment estimates for women 18-64. For each domain, the sample was designed to estimate individual empowerment indicators, a summary empowerment metric (WEMNS), the proportion of women consuming at least five MDD-W food groups with an expected sampling error of 5 percent.

The WEN sample was drawn from sample of the national agricultural survey. First a subsample of households was selected within each stratum with simple random selection probability. Within the selected households a fixed number of adults were randomly chosen in the field after listing all household members. The subsampling of individuals within the selected households was performed through a simple random sampling stratified by gender and age and it was performed in the field after having listed all household members. Hence, the sampling of the WEN survey adopted the same stratification criteria as the agricultural survey sample. Acknowledging clustering and intra-household correlation, the sampling design assumed a design effect of 3.5.

For more detailed information on the sampling methodology and calculations of sample size, please check annex 1 of the survey report, attached as an external resource/documentation.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The 2024 Women's Empowerment and Nutrition (WEN) questionnaire encompasses multiple topics: time use and agency; community participation and leadership; financial services and credit; property ownership and tenure security; decision-making and control over income; ICT access and use; women's dietary diversity (MDD-W). The CAPI instrument contained automated quality checks and skip patterns. The questionnaire collected information across the following modules: 1. Module D - Paid and Unpaid Activities. Captures time use in the last seven days: household chores, care work, market activities, paid work, farming (subsistence and commercial), leisure, religious/cultural events, learning. It records decision-making power over how much time respondents dedicate to each activity. 2. Module E - Participation and Leadership in Community. Assesses participation in and leadership of different community groups (government, service, financial, livelihood, and religious/social groups). Gender-specific perception questions: a. For women: perceptions of women's ability to participate and be heard in the community. b. For men: same but framed around men's participation. 3. Module F - Life Transitions and Awareness of Rights (Women only). Measures women's agreement with rights-based statements (education, work, income use, property ownership, marriage/divorce, childbearing decisions). Captures attitudes toward women's autonomy across life transitions. 4. Module G - Financial Services and Credit. Records use of financial services in the past 12 months (mobile money, bank account, ATM, credit card). Assesses access to loans from formal (banks, cooperatives, microfinance) and informal (savings groups, moneylenders, NGOs) institutions. 5. Module H - Property Ownership. Measures ownership and rights to agricultural land and dwellings. Asks about ability to sell, bequeath, or document property rights. Captures security of tenure by asking for the likelihood of involuntary loss. 6. Module I - Decision-Making and Control over Income. Assesses individual influence over use of household money (own and others'), major household purchases, decisions on personal healthcare. 7. Module J - Information Communication Technologies (ICT). Measures frequency of use of mobile phones, internet and social media platforms. 8. Module L - Sexual Harassment (Women only). Captures attitudes on acceptability of different forms of harassment: verbal disrespect, work restrictions, rumor-spreading unwanted romantic/sexual advances and exchange of work benefits for sexual favors. Asked in private, ensuring no one could overhear the questions. 9. Module M - Food and Drinks Consumed in Last 24 Hours (Women only). 24-hour dietary recall to measure Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W). Lists food groups (cereals, roots/tubers, legumes, nuts, dairy, meat/fish, eggs, leafy greens, vegetables, fruits, oils/fats, sweets, beverages, insects). Provides standardized recall for comparability across individuals. 10. Module N - Information on Respondent. Records literacy, schooling history, and highest education level.

Cleaning operations

The data went through the following consistency checks:

1. Rigorous internal and cross-module checks enforced skip logic and consistency.
2. Rule-based imputation was applied where needed to maintain within-module coherence, for example, when a response contradicted a required filter or created a logical inconsistency between related items. In such cases value was recorded to maintain consistency.
3. No statistical/model-based imputation was used to infer substantive values. All edits and imputations followed predefined rules and were fully documented in Stata do-files.

STATISTICAL DISCLOSURE CONTROL (SDC)

Statistical Disclosure Control (SDC) methods have been applied to the microdata files to protect the confidentiality of respondents. Such methods applied includes the recoding of certain variables e.g. age and level of education, as well as suppression of some data points.

Users must therefore be aware that data protection with SDC methods involves some modifications to the data, which can result in certain unwanted consequences such as information loss and bias, which may affect the resulting estimates and their parameters.

Response rate

Out of the 2,525 households originally selected, 19 households were not visited. Further, 172 sampled households could not be interviewed due to one or more of the following reasons: dwelling destroyed; fieldwork window in the EA had closed; no one at home despite repeated visits; household not found or relocated; entire EA deserted; no competent respondent available at the time of visit.

In addition, 16 households refused individual interviews, 28 households had no eligible members, and 71 households could not be interviewed because eligible members were absent during visits and did not return by the end of the day. Thus, a total of 2219 households were interviewed.

As a result, the rate of non-response was very low: 0.6%. Rate of ineligibility was also around 1.1%. In the households one eligible respondent was randomly chosen per stratum (women 18-49, women 50-64, men 18-64). Thus, a household could contribute to one to three individual interviews, but never more than one in the same category.

Achieved interviews: a. Women 18-64: 2,146 (of which 1,793 were women 18-49, i.e., 353 women 50-64) b. Men 18-64: 1,707.

In Sweden, the average time spent per day on media was the highest with traditional television in 2023. Both men and women spent over an hour watching traditional TV during a day. Social media consumption exhibited the largest gender gap at that time, with women spending ** minutes on this medium daily, while men devoted ** minutes to social networks.

Background: Today, cigarettes are used as a consumer product by both men and women. In the past, smoking was often associated with its use by men. Over time, cigarette consumption has shifted culturally, with women becoming consumers of cigarettes with designs that emphasize elegance and a shift in consumer base. The tobacco industry adapted and began to release products aimed specifically at women, such as cigarettes with slimmer filters and more feminine packaging designs. This article discusses the changing role of filter cigarettes, which were originally associated as a symbol of femininity and are now increasingly used by men. Methods: The method used in this research is a literature study that collects, analyzes, and evaluates various relevant literature sources. Findings: This article illustrates how filter cigarettes have changed the representation of femininity and masculinity in tobacco consumption culture. Filter cigarettes were originally designed and promoted as a product that emphasized elegance, grace, and feminine imagery. However, filter cigarette consumption has shifted significantly over time, and more and more men are adopting filter cigarette products. Conclusion: Cigarette use is also influenced by the trend of e-cigarettes and the influence of social media on cigarette marketing which may lead to an increase in the number of female smokers. Novelty/Originality of this Study: This study investigates the symbolic representation of femininity in filter cigarettes, elucidating how the tobacco industry strategically employs gendered marketing to appeal to female consumers. By examining the evolution of these marketing strategies and their effects on gender norms and consumer behavior, the research offers a distinctive perspective on the intersection of gender and tobacco advertising.

As of the third quarter of 2024, female users between 16 and 24 years were the demographic group that spent the most time online, using the internet for around ***** hours and ** minutes daily. Male users, of the same age group, spent ***** hours and ** minutes daily online. Among the less active demographic groups were internet users aged 65 and older, who reported spending, on average, up to **** hours online daily.

For a summary of the case study, please go to "Portfolio Project".

Context

This data analysis was meant to show that men have their own issues in society that are being ignored. The mental health has been declining especially for men. This decline worldwide maybe due to a multitude of other variables that may correlate such as: internet usage/social media usage, social belonging, work hours, dating apps, and physical health. This data analysis was meant to show that men have their own issues in society that are being ignored. This decline worldwide maybe due to a multitude of other variables that may correlate such as: internet usage/social media usage, social belonging, work hours, dating apps, and physical health. These variables may require a separate dataset going into more detail about them.

A space dedicated just for men and another just for women to speak about their problems with help and constructive criticism for growth and for social belonging maybe required to improve the mental health of society (among other variables). This does not mean that the struggles of women are nonexistent. There are already a multitude of datasets and articles dedicated to some of the possible struggles of women from MSNBC, CNN, NBC, BBC, Netflix movies, and even popular secular music like recent songs WAP from Megan Thee Stallion, God is a Women by Arianna Grande, etc. This dataset's objective was not made to continue to light a flame between the already hostile relationships that modern men and women have with each other. Awareness without bias is the goal.

For the results, please read the portfolio project and leave comments.

Content

Where the data were obtained:

1. The first excel file was obtained from https://data.world/vizzup/mental-health-depression-disorder-data/workspace/file?filename=Mental+health+Depression+disorder+Data.xlsx

2. The second excel file was obtained from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/male-vs-female-suicide

3. The third excel file was obtained from https://ourworldindata.org/suicide

4. The fourth excel file was obtained from https://ourworldindata.org/drug-use

Inspiration

I want to be the best data analyst ever, so criticism (regardless of the harshness), it will be greatly appreciated. What would you have added/improved on? Was it easy to understand? What else do you want me to make a dataset on?

TikTok has a significantly larger female user base globally.

Motivation

Makeup is often used by women, and indeed society often expects women to wear makeup whether they want to or not. Men, however, are not usually expected to wear makeup. Because it is unusual, researchers wanted to know if men who wear “subtle cosmetics” would be rated as more attractive by viewers.

The basic experiment was simple, as described in the abstract of the paper:

Twenty men were photographed facing forward, under constant camera and lighting conditions, with neutral expressions, and closed mouths. Each man was photographed twice: once without any cosmetics applied and another time with subtle cosmetics applied by a professional makeup artist. Two hundred participants then rated those 40 images on attractiveness.

Each of the 200 raters rated all 40 images, in random order, so they saw each male participant both with and without makeup. The twenty men were recruited from the area of Franklin and Marshall College through “word-of-mouth, social media, and paper flyers” and paid $10 for their time, while the raters were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and paid $0.80 for their time.

Data

The dataset is provided in two forms.

The first form presents the average rating for each face (of 20) with and without makeup, and can be used for simple analyses of the effect of makeup. The second form presents every rating as a row, producing 200 × 40 = 8,000 observations, each annotated with information about the participant and the rater.

male-makeup-faces.csv - FaceID Number identifying the participant whose face was rated - Age Age of the participant whose face was rated - Race Race of the participant whose face was rated - NoMakeup Average rating, by the 200 raters, of the attractiveness of the participant’s face without makeup. The scale is from 1 to 7, where 1 = ‘Not at all attractive’ and 7 = ‘Very attractive’. - Makeup Average rating, by the 200 raters, of the attractiveness of the participant’s face with makeup. The scale is from 1 to 7, where 1 = ‘Not at all attractive’ and 7 = ‘Very attractive’.

male-makeup-ratings.csv - Rater_Sex Sex of this rater - Rater_Age Age of this rater - Rater_Race Race of this rater - Rater Number identifying the rater - Participant Number identifying the participant whose face was rated - Makeup MM if the participant wore makeup in the photo, NM otherwise rating Rating of the attractiveness of the participant’s face. The scale is from 1 to 7, where 1 = ‘Not at all attractive’ and 7 = ‘Very attractive’. - Participant_Age Age of the participant whose face was rated - Participant_Race Race of the participant whose face was rated

Questions

• Conduct a t test or ANOVA analysis on the face dataset. Is there evidence that makeup increases the attractiveness of male faces? How large is the effect, if any?
• Of course, different raters may have different standards, tending to rate higher or lower than other raters. Using the full ratings data, build a model that allows ratings to depend both on the person being rated and on the rater, as well as on whether the participant was wearing makeup. Summarize your results.
• We could think of raters as merely a sample from the population of possible raters who could rate these faces. Adapt your model into a hierarchical model and summarize your results.

References

Batres C, Robinson H (2022). Makeup increases attractiveness in male faces. PLoS ONE 17(11): e0275662. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275662

Data available from the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/j6zvy/

Acknowledgement

Foto von freestocks auf Unsplash

The platform is male-dominated with 68.1% of all Twitter users being male. Just 31.9% of Twitter users are female.

As of July 2025, around *****percent of global active Instagram users were men between the ages of 25 and 34 years. More than half of the global Instagram population worldwide was aged 34 years or younger. Teens and social media As one of the biggest social networks worldwide, Instagram is especially popular with teenagers. As of fall 2023, the photo-sharing app ranked third in terms of preferred social network among teenagers in the United States, following TikTok and Snapchat. Instagram was one of the most influential advertising channels among female Gen Z users when making purchasing decisions. Teens reported feeling more confident, popular, and better about themselves when using social media and less lonely, depressed, and anxious. However, social media can also have negative effects on teens, which can be much more pronounced on those with low emotional well-being. It was found that ** percent of teenagers with low social-emotional well-being reported having experienced cyberbullying when using social media, while in comparison only **** percent of teenagers with high social-emotional well-being stated the same. As such, social media can have a big impact on already fragile states of mind.

According to a March 2024 survey conducted in the United States, more men than women considered that social media had positive effects on their mental health, with nine percent of male respondents reporting very positive effects, and 16 percent reporting somewhat positive effects. In comparison, only six percent and 15 percent of women reported that social networks affected them very positively or somewhat positively, respectively. A similar share of men and women considered that online networks did not have a negative or positive effect on them.

As of October 2025, 6.04 billion individuals worldwide were internet users, which amounted to 73.2 percent of the global population. Of this total, 5.66 billion, or 68.7 percent of the world's population, were social media users. Global internet usage Connecting billions of people worldwide, the internet is a core pillar of the modern information society. Northern Europe ranked first among worldwide regions by the share of the population using the internet in 2025. In the Netherlands, Norway, and Saudi Arabia, 99 percent of the population used the internet as of February 2025. North Korea was at the opposite end of the spectrum, with virtually no internet usage penetration among the general population, ranking last worldwide. Eastern Asia was home to the largest number of online users worldwide—over 1.34 billion at the latest count. Southern Asia ranked second, with around 1.2 billion internet users. China, India, and the United States rank ahead of other countries worldwide by the number of internet users. Worldwide internet user demographics As of 2024, the share of female internet users worldwide was 65 percent, five percent less than that of men. Gender disparity in internet usage was bigger in African countries, with around a 10-percent difference. Worldwide regions, like the Commonwealth of Independent States and Europe, showed a smaller usage gap between these two genders. As of 2024, global internet usage was higher among individuals between 15 and 24 years old across all regions, with young people in Europe representing the most considerable usage penetration, 98 percent. In comparison, the worldwide average for the age group of 15 to 24 years was 79 percent. The income level of the countries was also an essential factor for internet access, as 93 percent of the population of the countries with high income reportedly used the internet, as opposed to only 27 percent of the low-income markets.

In March 2021, male internet users in Italy spent 20 percent of their online time using entertainment services, while female users spent only 17 percent of their time in the same category. By comparison, female users spent more time on social networks and instant messaging than male users. Time spent on online gaming outlets also saw female users engaging more of their online time than male users.

Gen Z women are more likely than Gen Z men to make purchases via social media in the United States and the United Kingdom. At least ** percent of female respondents in that generation had experienced buying a product on social networks as of January 2022, while the male usage rate stood at ** percent. Discovering new brands via social media or visiting brands' social media stores was also more popular among Gen Z women than their male counterparts.

As of October 2025, **** percent of TikTok's global audience were women between the ages of 18 and 24 years, while male users of the same age formed **** percent of the platform's audience. The online audience of the popular social video platform was further composed of **** percent of female users aged between 25 and 34 years and **** percent of male users in the same age group.

According to a February 2021 survey, 78 percent of adult women in the United States used at least one social media site. The share of adult men who used social networking sites was 66 percent. The United States remains one of the biggest markets worldwide by internet and social media use.