Description: This dataset provides a comprehensive overview of monthly inflation rates in Nigeria from March 2003 to June 2024, alongside key economic indicators such as crude oil prices, production levels, and various Consumer Price Index (CPI) components. The data captures important economic trends and is suitable for time series analysis, forecasting, and economic modeling.

The dataset includes the following features:

Inflation Rate: The monthly inflation rate in Nigeria, reflecting the change in consumer prices.

Crude Oil Price: The monthly average price of crude oil, which plays a significant role in Nigeria's economy.

Production and Export: Monthly crude oil production and export figures, representing key components of Nigeria's GDP.

CPI Components: Detailed breakdown of the Consumer Price Index, including food, energy, health, transport, communication, and education.

This dataset is ideal for economists, data scientists, and analysts interested in exploring the dynamics of inflation in a developing economy heavily influenced by oil prices and production. Potential applications include inflation forecasting, economic policy analysis, and studying the impact of global oil prices on domestic inflation.

The 2025 annual OPEC basket price stood at ***** U.S. dollars per barrel as of August. This would be lower than the 2024 average, which amounted to ***** U.S. dollars. The abbreviation OPEC stands for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and includes Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and the United Arab Emirates. The aim of the OPEC is to coordinate the oil policies of its member states. It was founded in 1960 in Baghdad, Iraq. The OPEC Reference Basket The OPEC crude oil price is defined by the price of the so-called OPEC (Reference) basket. This basket is an average of prices of the various petroleum blends that are produced by the OPEC members. Some of these oil blends are, for example: Saharan Blend from Algeria, Basra Light from Iraq, Arab Light from Saudi Arabia, BCF 17 from Venezuela, et cetera. By increasing and decreasing its oil production, OPEC tries to keep the price between a given maxima and minima. Benchmark crude oil The OPEC basket is one of the most important benchmarks for crude oil prices worldwide. Other significant benchmarks are UK Brent, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), and Dubai Crude (Fateh). Because there are many types and grades of oil, such benchmarks are indispensable for referencing them on the global oil market. The 2025 fall in prices was the result of weakened demand outlooks exacerbated by extensive U.S. trade tariffs.

📂 Dataset Overview - Rows (Entries): 110 - Columns (Features): 6

Columns Description 1. Date - Format: MMM-YYYY (e.g., Jul-2025) - Monthly observations 1. Inflation_YoY (Year-on-Year Inflation %) - Inflation rate in percentage (YoY basis) - Range: 0.3% – 38% - Average: 11.6% - Can be treated as the dependent variable

1. Oil_Price_USD_Barrel
2. Global crude oil price (USD per barrel)
3. Range: 15.18 – 113.77

4. Average: 62.75

5. Exchange_Rate_PKR_USD

• Pakistani Rupee per US Dollar exchange rate
• Range: 104.6 – 304.8
• Average: 185.0

1. Interest_Rate

• State Bank of Pakistan policy rate (%)
• Range: 6.8% – 21.46%
• Average: 11.8%

1. Money_Supply_M2_Billion
2. Broad Money Supply (M2) in billion PKR
3. Range: 12,486 – 41,786
4. Average: 23,124

📊 Statistical Insights

Inflation Trends: High volatility observed between 2019–2023 (peaking at 38%), while in 2025 inflation dropped to ~3–4%.

Oil Price Relation: Fluctuations in crude oil prices appear linked with inflation movements.

Exchange Rate Impact: The depreciation of PKR from ~104 to 300+ significantly impacted inflation and interest rates.

Interest Rate Policy: Mostly ranged between 7–15%, but spiked to ~21% during currency crisis.

Money Supply Growth: Broad money consistently increased, adding long-term inflationary pressure.

📈**Possible Analyses for Kaggle**

1. Trend Analysis

2. Monthly inflation, oil price, exchange rate visualization.

3. Correlation Study

4. Inflation vs Oil Prices

5. Inflation vs Exchange Rate

6. Inflation vs Interest Rate

7. Forecasting Models

8. Time-Series forecasting (ARIMA, Prophet)

9. Regression models using oil prices, exchange rate, and money supply as predictors

10. Economic Insights

• Impact of global oil shocks on Pakistan’s inflation
• Role of monetary policy in inflation control
• Currency depreciation vs domestic inflation

Monthly average retail prices for gasoline and fuel oil for Canada, selected provincial cities, Whitehorse and Yellowknife. Prices are presented for the current month and previous four months. Includes fuel type and the price in cents per litre.

Abstract

Energy price inflation is an important metric to inform economic policy but traditional sources of consumer prices are often produced with delay during crises and only at an aggregate level. This may poorly reflect the actual price trends in rural or poverty-stricken areas, where large populations reside in fragile situations. This data set includes energy price estimates and is intended to help gain insight in price developments beyond what can be formally measured by traditional methods. The estimates are generated using a machine-learning approach that imputes ongoing subnational price surveys, often with accuracy similar to direct measurement of prices. The data set provides new opportunities to investigate local price dynamics in areas where populations are sensitive to localized price shocks and where traditional data are not available.

Geographic coverage notes

The data cover the following sub-national areas: Shabelle Hoose, Juba Hoose, Bay, Banadir, Shabelle Dhexe, Gedo, Hiraan, Woqooyi Galbeed, Awdal, Bari, Juba Dhexe, Togdheer, Nugaal, Galgaduud, Bakool, Sanaag, Mudug, Sool, , Market Average

This model will help us in knowing that how Crude oil price, interest rate (repo rate), Indian currency price in dollars, Sensex (BSE), Inflation rate and US Dollar index will follow a relationship with the gold price directly or indirectly.

The regression analysis in which we use one dependent variable and multiple independent variables is called a multivariate regression analysis. The forecasting plays an important role in econometrics and also helps to determine government policies with optimality. The business decision which are dependent on the prices of such commodities can make benefits from a feasible prediction. We will have a brief view over the error mean square values of the regression model which will guide us about the predictive ability of the predictive model . The data is wide spread across the time and is available from dated 1st October 2000 to 1 August 2020.

A prediction model is developed for the gold price in India dependent on 5 variables using the statistical interpretations from these variables. The independent variables taken were crude oil prices, USD to INR, Sensex, CPI and Interest rate. The model passes different aspects such as adjusted R squared, T test and Durbin Watson with high favoring values.

The model is passed as a perfect fit along with the residual analysis which depicts that the model is a good fit and acceptable. The data was taken for a long span of time period and there were no missing values which was favorable for the regression model. We could observe a strong relation between the gold price and USD to INR, CPI and Sensex values. In future, more variables can be a part of this model and the data can be for a longer time span leading to the other heights of optimality.

Forecast for the gold prices is created for the next 10 months ahead using ARIMA Model.

Comprehensive dataset on Russia's energy sector, economy, and socio-economic metrics from post-Soviet era to future projections.

This dataset provides a historical and projected overview of key economic, energy, and social indicators for Russia spanning from 1991 (post-Soviet dissolution) to 2025 (including forecasts). It focuses on the oil and gas sector, which has been a cornerstone of Russia's economy, alongside broader macroeconomic and demographic metrics. The data is useful for analyzing trends in energy production, exports, fiscal dependencies, inflation, and social inequality during periods of economic transformation, crises (e.g., 1998 ruble crisis, 2014 sanctions), and recent geopolitical events. Key Features:

Time Coverage: Annual data from 1991 to 2025 (with projections for 2024-2025 based on estimates). Rows: 35 (one per year). Columns: 29, covering energy production, prices, exports, fiscal indicators, demographics, and more. File Format: CSV (UTF-8 encoded for compatibility with special characters like en-dash in tax rates). Data Sources: Compiled from public sources including Rosstat, World Bank, IMF, EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration), and Russian Central Bank reports. Projections for 2024-2025 are estimates based on trends and may require updates. Missing Values: Some fields (e.g., early years for FDI or import volumes) are blank due to data unavailability; handle with imputation if needed.

Column Descriptions

Column Name	Description	Unit	Notes
Year	Calendar year	-	From 1991 to 2025
oil_prices(barrel/USD)	Average annual price of crude oil	USD per barrel	Brent or Urals benchmark
gas_prices(MMBtu/USD)	Average annual price of natural gas	USD per million BTU	Henry Hub or European hub prices
Oil_production_volume(million_b/y)	Annual oil production	Million barrels per year	Russian Federation total
Gas_production_volume(billion_c_m/y)	Annual gas production	Billion cubic meters per year	Includes Gazprom and independents
Oil_export_volume(million tons)	Annual oil exports	Million tons	Crude and products
Gas_export_volume(billion_c_m)	Annual gas exports	Billion cubic meters	Pipeline and LNG
Share_of_oil_and_gas_revenues(%)	Oil & gas revenues as share of federal budget	%	Dependency on energy sector
TB(billion USD)	Trade balance	Billion USD	Exports minus imports
FDI(billion USD)	Foreign direct investment inflows	Billion USD	Net inflows
Import_volume(billion USD)	Total import volume	Billion USD	Goods and services
Key_rate(%)	Central Bank key interest rate	%	Average or end-of-year
level_of_public_debt(% of GDP)	Public debt as percentage of GDP	% of GDP	General government
tock_Market_Index(MOEX Index)	MOEX Russia Index value	Index points	Year-end or average
inflation_rate(%)	Annual inflation rate (CPI-based)	%	Consumer price index change
exchange_rates(RUB/USD)	Average RUB to USD exchange rate	RUB per USD	Annual average
GNP(milliard USD)	Gross National Product	Milliard USD (billion)	Nominal
ISI(0-10)	The index of sanctions pressure	Scale 0-10	Pressure on the economy through sanctions
Migration_rate(net_migration th/p)	Net migration rate	Thousands of people	Inflows minus outflows
Gini_coefficient(%)	Gini coefficient for income inequality	%	0 = perfect equality, 100 = perfect inequality
population_size(p)	Total population	People	Mid-year estimate
unemployment_rate(%)	Unemployment rate	%	Labor force survey
per_c_i(thousands USD)	Per capita income	Thousands USD	Nominal, PPP-adjusted in some years
Non_oil_GDP(%)	Non-oil GDP share	%	GDP excluding oil/gas extraction
CPI	Consumer Price Index	Index (base year varies)	Cumulative inflation measure
Military_expenditures(% of GDP)	Military spending as % of GDP	% of GDP	SIPRI or official data
tax_rates(VAT%)	Value-Added Tax rate	%	Standard rate
tax_rates(PIT%)	Personal Income Tax rate	% or range	Flat rate or progressive brackets (e.g., "13-15")
tax_receipts(billion USD)	Total tax receipts	Billion USD	Federal budget collections

Githab rep https://github.com/AsDo001/Forecasting-of-revenues-to-the-budget-of-the-Russian-Federation

Gold dataset is created by calling API from Fred and Yahoo Finance. It contains 4517 rows x 11 columns: 1.Unnamed: 0 →

Likely represents the Date of observation.

Format: MM/DD/YYYY.

2.Gold →

The gold price in U.S. dollars per troy ounce.

Gold is a safe-haven asset often used to hedge against inflation and currency risk.

3.USD_Index →

The U.S. Dollar Index (DXY).

Measures the value of the U.S. dollar against a basket of six major currencies (EUR, JPY, GBP, CAD, SEK, CHF).

Used to gauge dollar strength globally.

4.Oil →

The crude oil price in U.S. dollars per barrel.

Likely West Texas Intermediate (WTI) benchmark.

Important for global energy markets and inflation.

5.Silver →

The silver price in U.S. dollars per troy ounce.

Like gold, silver is a precious metal used both as an investment and in industry.

6.SP500 →

The S&P 500 Index.

A stock market index that tracks the performance of 500 of the largest publicly traded companies in the U.S.

A key indicator of overall U.S. stock market performance.

7.Bitcoin →

The Bitcoin price in U.S. dollars.

First decentralized cryptocurrency, highly volatile.

Note: Missing data before 2011 since Bitcoin did not exist in markets before then.

8.Interest_Rate →

The U.S. Federal Funds Effective Rate (%).

The short-term interest rate at which banks lend to each other overnight.

Set by the Federal Reserve as a key monetary policy tool.

9.10Y_Treasury_Yield →

The yield (%) on U.S. Treasury Bonds with a 10-year maturity.

Reflects government borrowing costs and investor expectations for inflation and growth.

Often seen as the “risk-free rate” benchmark.

10.Inflation_CPI →

The Consumer Price Index (CPI).

Measures the average change in prices paid by consumers for goods and services (inflation indicator).

Higher CPI → higher inflation.

11.Unemployment →

The U.S. unemployment rate (%).

Measures the percentage of the labor force that is jobless but actively seeking work.

Key economic health indicator.

Graph and download economic data for US Regular All Formulations Gas Price (GASREGW) from 1990-08-20 to 2025-12-01 about gas, commodities, and USA.

Contains average monthly gas prices across different Canadian cities from 1979 - 2022. Contains three kinds of fuels: gasoline, diesel, and household heating fuel. For gasoline and diesel, contains prices for different services at the gas station (self-service or full-service). For gasoline only, contains prices for both regular and premium octane.

Note: Gas prices are unadjusted for inflation and reported in Canadian cents per litre

Gasoline Prices in Philippines remained unchanged at 0.96 USD/Liter in November. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Philippines Gasoline Prices - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.