This table contains figures on the supply and consumption of energy broken down by sector and by energy commodity. The energy supply is equal to the indigenous production of energy plus the receipts minus the deliveries of energy plus the stock changes. Consumption of energy is equal to the sum of own use, distribution losses, final energy consumption, non-energy use and the total net energy transformation. For each sector, the supply of energy is equal to the consumption of energy.

For some energy commodities, the total of the observed domestic deliveries is not exactly equal to the sum of the observed domestic receipts. For these energy commodities, a statistical difference arises that can not be attributed to a sector.

The breakdown into sectors follows mainly the classification as is customary in international energy statistics. This classification is based on functions of various sectors in the energy system and for several break downs on the international Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). There are two main sectors: the energy sector (companies with main activity indigenous production or transformation of energy) and energy consumers (other companies, vehicles and dwellings). In addition to a breakdown by sector, there is also a breakdown by energy commodity, such as coal, various petroleum products, natural gas, renewable energy, electricity and heat and other energy commodities like non renewable waste.

The definitions used in this table are exactly in line with the definitions in the Energy Balance table; supply, transformation and consumption. That table does not contain a breakdown by sector (excluding final energy consumption), but it does provide information about imports, exports and bunkering and also provides more detail about the energy commodities.

Data available: From: 1990.

Status of the figures: Figures up to and including 2022 are definite. Figures for 2023 and 2024 are revised provisional.

Changes as of July 2025: Compiling figures on solar electricity took more time than scheduled. Consequently, not all StatLine tables on energy contain the most recent 2024 data on production for solar electricity. This table contains the outdated data from June 2025. The most recent figures are 5 percent higher for 2024 solar electricity production. These figures are in these two tables (in Dutch): - StatLine - Zonnestroom; vermogen en vermogensklasse, bedrijven en woningen, regio - StatLine - Hernieuwbare energie; zonnestroom, windenergie, RES-regio Next update is scheduled in November 2025. From that moment all figures will be fully consistent again. We apologize for the inconvenience.

Changes as of June 2025: Figures for 2024 have been updated.

Changes as of March 17th 2025: For all reporting years the underlying code for 'Total crudes, fossil fraction' and 'Total kerosene, fossiel fraction' is adjusted. Figures have not been changed.

Changes as of November 15th 2024: The structure of the table has been adjusted. The adjustment concerns the division into sectors, with the aluminum industry now being distinguished separately within the non-ferrous metal sector. This table has also been revised for 2015 to 2021 as a result of new methods that have also been applied for 2022 and 2023. This concerns the following components: final energy consumption of LPG, distribution of final energy consumption of motor gasoline, sector classification of gas oil/diesel within the services and transfer of energy consumption of the nuclear industry from industry to the energy sector. The natural gas consumption of the wood and wood products industry has also been improved so that it is more comparable over time. This concerns changes of a maximum of a few PJ.

Changes as of June 7th 2024: Revised provisional figures of 2023 have been added.

Changes as of April 26th of 2024 The energy balance has been revised for 2015 and later on a limited number of points. The most important is the following: 1. For solid biomass and municipal waste, the most recent data have been included. Furthermore data were affected by integration with figures for a new, yet to be published StatLine table on the supply of solid biomass. As a result, there are some changes in receipts of energy, deliveries of energy and indigenous production of biomass of a maximum of a few PJ. 2. In the case of natural gas, an improvement has been made in the processing of data for stored LNG, which causes a shift between stock changes, receipts of energy and deliveries of energy of a maximum of a few PJ.

Changes as of March 25th of 2024: The energy balance has been revised and restructured. This concerns mainly the following: 1. Different way of dealing with biofuels that have been mixed with fossil fuels 2. A breakdown of the natural gas balance of agriculture into greenhouse horticulture and other agriculture. 3. Final consumption of electricity in services

1. Blended biofuels Previously, biofuels mixed with fossil fuels were counted as petroleum crude and products. In the new energy balance, blended biofuels count for renewable energy and petroleum crude and products and the underlying products (such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene) only count the fossil part of mixtures of fossil and biogenic fuels. To make this clear, the names of the energy commodities have been changed. The consequence of this adjustment is that part of the energy has been moved from petroleum to renewable. The energy balance remains the same for total energy commodities. The aim of this adjustment is to make the increasing role of blended biofuels in the Energy Balance visible and to better align with the Energy Balances published by Eurostat and the International Energy Agency. Within renewable energy, biomass, liquid biomass is now a separate energy commodity. This concerns both pure and blended biofuels.

2. Greenhouse horticulture separately The energy consumption of agriculture in the Netherlands largely takes place in greenhouse horticulture. There is therefore a lot of attention for this sector and the need for separate data on energy consumption in greenhouse horticulture. To meet this need, the agriculture sector has been divided into two subsectors: Greenhouse horticulture and other agriculture. For the time being, we only publish separate natural gas figures for greenhouse horticulture.

3. Higher final consumption of electricity in services in 2021 and 2022. The way in which electric road transport is treated has improved, resulting in an increase in the supply and final consumption of electricity in services by more than 2 PJ in 2021 and 2022. This also works through the supply of electricity in sector H (Transport and storage).

Changes as of November 14th 2023: Figures for 2021 and 2022 haven been adjusted. Figures for the Energy Balance for 2015 to 2020 have been revised regarding the following items: - For 2109 and 2020 final consumption of heat in agriculture is a few PJ lower and for services a few PJ higher. This is the result of improved interpretation of available data in supply of heat to agriculture. - During the production of geothermal heat by agriculture natural gas is produced as by-product. Now this is included in the energy balance. The amount increased from 0,2 PJ in 2015 to 0,7 PJ in 2020. - There are some improvements in the data for heat in industry with a magnitude of about 1 PJ or smaller. - There some other improvements, also about 1 PJ or smaller.

Changes as of June 15th 2023: Revised provisional figures of 2022 have been added.

Changes as of December 15th 2022: Figures for 1990 up to and including 2019 have been revised. The revision mainly concerns the consumption of gas- and diesel oil and energy commodities higher in the classification (total petroleum products, total crude and petroleum produtcs and total energy commodities). The revision is twofold: - New data for the consumption of diesel oil in mobile machine have been incorporated. Consequently, the final energy consumption of gas- and diesel oil in construction, services and agriculture increases. The biggest change is in construction (+10 PJ from 1990-2015, decreasing to 1 PJ in 2019. In agriculture the change is about 0.5-1.5 PJ from 2010 onwards and for services the change is between 0 and 3 PJ for the whole period. - The method for dealing with the statistical difference has been adapted. Earlier from 2013 onwards a difference of about 3 percent was assumed, matching old data (up to and including 2012) on final consumption of diesel for road transport based on the dedicated tax specifically for road that existed until 2012. In the new method the statistical difference is eliminated from 2015 onwards. Final consumption of road transport is calculated as the remainder of total supply to the market of diesel minus deliveries to users other than road transport. The first and second item affect both final consumption of road transport that decreases consequently about 5 percent from 2015 onwards. Before the adaption of the tax system for gas- and diesel oil in 2013 the statistical difference was positive (more supply than consumption). With the new data for mobile machines total consumption has been increased and the statistical difference has been reduced and is even negative for a few years.

Changes as of 1 March 2022: Figures for 1990 up to and including 2020 have been revised. The most important change is a different way of presenting own use of electricity of power-generating installations. Previously, this was regarded as electricity and CHP transformation input. From now on, this is seen as own use, as is customary in international energy statistics. As a result, the input and net energy transformation decrease and own use increases, on average about 15 PJ per year. Final consumers also have power generating installations. That's why final consumers now also have own use, previously this was not so. In the previous revision of 2021, the new sector blast

This table shows the supply, transformation and the consumption of energy in a balance sheet. Energy is released - among other things - during the combustion of for example natural gas, petroleum, hard coal and biofuels. Energy can also be obtained from electricity or heat, or extracted from natural resources, e.g. wind or solar energy. In energy statistics all these sources of energy are known as energy commodities.

The supply side of the balance sheet includes indigenous production of energy, net imports and exports and net stock changes. This is mentioned primary energy supply, because this is the amount of energy available for transformation or consumption in the country.

For energy transformation, the table gives figures on the transformation input (amount of energy used to make other energy commodities), the transformation output (amount of energy made from other energy commodities) and net energy transformation. The latter is the amount of energy lost during the transformation of energy commodities.

Then the energy balance sheet shows the final consumption of energy. First, it refers to the own use and distribution losses. After deduction of these amounts remains the final consumption of energy customers. This comprises the final energy consumption and non-energy use. The final energy consumption is the energy consumers utilize for energy purposes. It is specified for successively industry, transport and other customers, broken down into various sub-sectors. The last form of energy is the non-energy use. This is the use of an energy commodity for a product that is not energy.

Data available: From 1946.

Status of the figures: All figures up to and including 2023 are definite. Figures for 2024 are revised provisional.

Changes as of November 2025: Three types of changes have been made: - The energy balance has been expanded to include hydrogen as an energy commodity and the topic of own use of hydrogen production installations, starting in reporting year 2024. - The energy balance has been revised from 1990 through 2022. - The energy balance has been updated for the years 2023 and 2024.

The expansion is a result of a change in the European agreements on compiling energy statistics. This change results in a break in time series, which is further explained in section 4. Sources and Methods. The revision primarily concerns improved data on gas/diesel oil consumption by mobile equipment in the construction and services sectors. These changes amount to a few PJ. Since 2015, this revision has also affected road transport diesel consumption, which from that year onwards is determined as total taxable supply of gas/diesel oil minus supply of taxable gas/diesel oil to other sectors. Similar adjustments have been made for road transport gasoline.

Changes as of July 2025: Compiling figures on solar electricity took more time than scheduled. Consequently, not all StatLine tables on energy contain the most recent 2024 data on production for solar electricity. This table contains the outdated data from June 2025. The most recent figures are 5 percent higher for 2024 solar electricity production. These figures are in these two tables (in Dutch): - StatLine - Zonnestroom; vermogen en vermogensklasse, bedrijven en woningen, regio - StatLine - Hernieuwbare energie; zonnestroom, windenergie, RES-regio Next update is scheduled in November 2025. From that moment all figures will be fully consistent again. We apologize for the inconvenience.

Changes as of June 2025: Figures for 2024 have been updated.

Changes as of March 19th 2025: For all reporting years the underlying code for 'Total crudes, fossil fraction' is adjusted. Figures have not been changed.

Changes as of March 17th 2025: Provisional figures of 2024 have been added.

Changes as of November 15th 2024: The structure of the table has been adjusted. This concerns the classification into energy commodities, section 'other energy commodities'. The new classification ensures that it is now exactly in line with the classification used by Eurostat when publishing the Energy Balance Sheet. This table has also been revised for 2015 to 2021 as a result of new methods that have also been applied for 2022 and 2023. This concerns the following components: final energy consumption of LPG, distribution of final energy consumption of motor gasoline and transfer of energy consumption of the nuclear industry from industry to the energy sector. The natural gas consumption of the wood and wood products industry has also been improved so that it is more comparable over time. This concerns changes of a maximum of a few PJ.

Changes as of June 7th 2024: Revised provisional figures of 2023 have been added.

Changes as of April 26th 2024:

• Provisional figures of 2023 have been added.

The energy balance has been revised for 2015 and later on a limited number of points. The most important is the following: 1. For solid biomass and municipal waste, the most recent data have been included. Furthermore data were affected by integration with figures for a new, yet to be published StatLine table on the supply of solid biomass. As a result, there are some changes in imports, exports and indigenous production of biomass of a maximum of a few PJ. 2. In the case of natural gas, an improvement has been made in the processing of data for stored LNG, which causes a shift between stock changes, imports and exports of a maximum of a few PJ. 3. Data for final energy consumption of blended biofuels per subsector in transport were incorrectly excluded. These have now been made visible.

Changes as of March 25th 2024: The energy balance has been revised and restructured. It concerns mainly a different way of dealing with biofuels that are mixed with fossil fuels.

Previously, biofuels mixed with fossil fuels were counted as petroleum crude and products. In the new energy balance, blended biofuels count for renewable energy and petroleum crude and products and the underlying products (such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene) only count the fossil part of mixtures of fossil and biogenic fuels. To make this clear, the names of the energy commodities have been adjusted. The consequence of this adjustment is that part of the energy has been moved from petroleum to renewable. The energy balance remains the same for total energy commodities. The aim of this adjustment is to make the increasing role of blended biofuels in the Energy Balance visible and to better align with the Energy Balances published by Eurostat and the International Energy Agency. Within renewable energy and biomass, pure and blended biofuels are now visible as separate energy commodities.

In addition, the way in which electric road transport is treated has been improved, resulting in an increase in the supply and final consumption of electricity in services by more than 2 PJ in 2021 and 2022.

Changes as of November 14th 2023: Figures for 2021 and 2022 haven been adjusted. Figures for the Energy Balance for 2015 to 2020 have been revised regarding the following items: - For 2109 and 2020 final consumption of heat in agriculture is a few PJ lower and for services a few PJ higher. This is the result of improved interpretation of available data in supply of heat to agriculture. - During the production of geothermal heat by agriculture natural gas is produced as by-product. Now this is included in the energy balance. The amount increased from 0,2 PJ in 2015 to 0,7 PJ in 2020. - There are some improvements in the data for heat in industry with a magnitude of about 1 PJ or smaller. - There some other improvements, also about 1 PJ or smaller.

Changes as of October 10th 2023: Energy commodity gas works cokes has been added. Revised figures for period 1946-1989 have been added.

Changes as of June 15th 2023: Revised provisional figures of 2022 have been added.

When will new figures be published? Provisional figures: April of the following year. Revised provisional figures: June/July of the following year. Definite figures: December of the second following year.

Dataset Description Title: Electricity Market Dataset for Long-Term Forecasting (2018–2024)

Overview: This dataset provides a comprehensive collection of electricity market data, focusing on long-term forecasting and strategic planning in the energy sector. The data is derived from real-world electricity market records and policy reports from Germany, specifically the Frankfurt region, a major European energy hub. It includes hourly observations spanning from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2024, covering key economic, environmental, and operational factors that influence electricity market dynamics. This dataset is ideal for predictive modeling tasks such as electricity price forecasting, renewable energy integration planning, and market risk assessment.

Features Description Feature Name Description Type Timestamp The timestamp for each hourly observation. Datetime Historical_Electricity_Prices Hourly historical electricity prices in the Frankfurt market. Continuous (Float) Projected_Electricity_Prices Forecasted electricity prices (short, medium, long term). Continuous (Float) Inflation_Rates Hourly inflation rate trends impacting energy markets. Continuous (Float) GDP_Growth_Rate Hourly GDP growth rate trends for Germany. Continuous (Float) Energy_Market_Demand Hourly electricity demand across all sectors. Continuous (Float) Renewable_Investment_Costs Investment costs (capital and operational) for renewable energy projects. Continuous (Float) Fossil_Fuel_Costs Costs for fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. Continuous (Float) Electricity_Export_Prices Prices for electricity exports from Germany to neighboring regions. Continuous (Float) Market_Elasticity Sensitivity of electricity demand to price changes. Continuous (Float) Energy_Production_By_Solar Hourly solar energy production. Continuous (Float) Energy_Production_By_Wind Hourly wind energy production. Continuous (Float) Energy_Production_By_Coal Hourly coal-based energy production. Continuous (Float) Energy_Storage_Capacity Available storage capacity (e.g., batteries, pumped hydro). Continuous (Float) GHG_Emissions Hourly greenhouse gas emissions from energy production. Continuous (Float) Renewable_Penetration_Rate Percentage of renewable energy in total energy production. Continuous (Float) Regulatory_Policies Categorical representation of regulatory impact on electricity markets (e.g., Low, Medium, High). Categorical Energy_Access_Data Categorization of energy accessibility (Urban or Rural). Categorical LCOE Levelized Cost of Energy by source. Continuous (Float) ROI Return on investment for energy projects. Continuous (Float) Net_Present_Value Net present value of proposed energy projects. Continuous (Float) Population_Growth Population growth rate trends impacting energy demand. Continuous (Float) Optimal_Energy_Mix Suggested optimal mix of renewable, non-renewable, and nuclear energy. Continuous (Float) Electricity_Price_Forecast Predicted electricity prices based on various factors. Continuous (Float) Project_Risk_Analysis Categorical analysis of project risks (Low, Medium, High). Categorical Investment_Feasibility Indicator of the feasibility of energy investments. Continuous (Float) Use Cases Electricity Price Forecasting: Utilize historical and projected price trends to predict future electricity prices. Project Risk Classification: Categorize projects into risk levels for better decision-making. Optimal Energy Mix Analysis: Analyze the balance between renewable, non-renewable, and nuclear energy sources. Policy Impact Assessment: Study the effect of regulatory and market policies on energy planning. Long-Term Strategic Planning: Provide insights into investment feasibility, GHG emission reduction, and energy market dynamics. Acknowledgment This dataset is based on publicly available records and market data specific to the Frankfurt region, Germany. The dataset is designed for research and educational purposes in energy informatics, computational intelligence, and long-term forecasting.

Energy Consumption and Mix Dataset by Our World in Data

Dataset Description

This dataset is a comprehensive collection of key metrics related to energy consumption and energy mix, maintained by Our World in Data. It includes global, regional, and country-level data on primary energy consumption, energy mix, electricity mix, fossil fuel production, and related energy metrics.

Key Metrics

The dataset contains several important metrics related to global energy:

• Energy Consumption (primary energy, per capita consumption, growth rates)
• Energy Mix (share of renewables, fossil fuels, etc.)
• Electricity Mix (sources of electricity generation such as coal, hydro, wind, solar)
• Fossil Fuel Production
• Primary Energy Consumption
• Per Capita and Per GDP Energy Indicators
• Yearly data by country and global aggregates

Possible Analyses

The "Energy Consumption and Mix" dataset offers a wide range of opportunities for analysis. Here are some examples of what can be done with this dataset:

1. Global Energy Consumption Trends

• Objective: Examine how global primary energy consumption has evolved over time.
• Approach:
  • Plot global energy consumption year by year, broken down by energy source (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas, renewables).
  • Analyze growth rates in total energy consumption.
  • Investigate how the share of renewables has changed in the global energy mix.
• Potential Insights: This analysis can provide insight into which energy sources are becoming more dominant globally and how the energy landscape has shifted.

2. Energy Mix by Country

• Objective: Compare the energy mix of different countries.
• Approach:
  • For each country, visualize the breakdown of energy sources (e.g., renewables, fossil fuels) over time.
  • Analyze which countries have transitioned towards cleaner energy sources.
  • Compare the energy mix of developed vs. developing countries.
• Potential Insights: This could show which countries are leading in the transition to renewable energy and which are still reliant on fossil fuels.

3. Electricity Generation Sources by Region

• Objective: Explore regional differences in electricity generation.
• Approach:
  • Compare regions based on the percentage of electricity generated from different sources (e.g., coal, hydro, wind, solar).
  • Analyze trends in renewable electricity generation by region.
• Potential Insights: This analysis can identify regions that have made the most progress in transitioning to cleaner electricity sources.

4. Energy Consumption Per Capita

• Objective: Investigate energy consumption on a per capita basis.
• Approach:
  • Calculate the per capita energy consumption for different countries and regions.
  • Compare energy consumption per capita over time.
  • Identify which countries have the highest and lowest per capita energy consumption.
• Potential Insights: This can help uncover disparities in energy access and usage between different countries or regions.

5. Energy Consumption and Economic Growth

• Objective: Analyze the relationship between energy consumption and GDP.
• Approach:
  • Plot energy consumption per capita vs. GDP per capita for different countries and regions.
  • Look for correlations between energy consumption growth and economic growth.
  • Explore how energy consumption patterns differ between high-income and low-income countries.
• Potential Insights: This analysis can highlight the role of energy in driving economic development and the efficiency of energy usage across income levels.

6. Carbon Emissions from Energy Sources

• Objective: Assess the impact of different energy sources on carbon emissions.
• Approach:
  • Calculate emissions based on the share of fossil fuels in the energy mix.
  • Analyze trends in carbon emissions as countries transition to cleaner energy sources.
  • Compare countries or regions with high fossil fuel dependency to those with higher renewable energy shares.
• Potential Insights: This analysis could highlight the environmental impact of different energy sources and track progress towards emissions reductions.

Citation

Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Rosado and Max Roser (2023) - “Energy” Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/energy [Online Resource]

World Energy Yearbook 1990 - 2020.

Abbreviations:

Mtoe million tons of oil equivalent (103 toe)
toe tons of oil equivalent
koe kilo of oil equivalent (10-3 toe)
Mt million tons
bcm billion cubic meters (109 cubic meters)
TWh terawatt hour
tCO2 tons of carbon dioxide
kCO2 kilogramme of carbon dioxide (10-3 tCO2)

Glossary

• Balance of trade: The trade balance is the difference between imports and exports. The balance of a net exporter appears as a negative value (-). The balance of geographic and geopolitical zones is simply the sum of the trade balance of all countries.

• CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: CO2 emissions cover only the emissions from fossil fuel combustion (coal, oil and gas). They are calculated according to the UNFCCC methodology. Here the reference approach is presented, ie the sum of CO2 emissions of each energy.

• CO2 intensity: CO2 intensity is the ratio of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion over Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measured in constant US $ at purchasing power parities. It measures the CO2 emitted to generate one unit of GDP. GDP is expressed at constant exchange rate and purchasing power parity to remove the impact of inflation and reflect differences in general price levels and relate energy consumption to the real level of economic activity. Using purchasing power parity rates for GDP instead of exchange rates increases the value of GDP in regions with a low cost of living, and therefore decreases their energy intensities.

• Crude oil: Crude oil includes all liquid hydrocarbons to be refined: crude oil, liquids from natural gas (NGL), and semi-refined products.

• Crude oil, coal and lignite production : corresponds to gross production.

• Electricity production: Electricity production corresponds to gross production. It includes public production (production of private and public electricity utilities) and industrial producers for their own uses, by any type of power plant (including cogeneration).

• Energy intensity of GDP at constant purchasing power parities: The energy intensity is the ratio of primary energy consumption over Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measured in constant US $ at purchasing power parities. It measures the total amount of energy necessary to generate one unit of GDP. GDP is expressed at constant exchange rate and purchasing power parity to remove the impact of inflation and reflect differences in general price levels and relate energy consumption to the real level of economic activity. Using purchasing power parity rates for GDP instead of exchange rates increases the value of GDP in regions with a low cost of living, and therefore decreases their energy intensities.

• Natural gas production: Natural gas production corresponds to the marketed production (i.e. excluding quantities flared or reinjected).

• NGL : Natural Gas Liquids

• Oil products: Oil products are all liquid hydrocarbons, obtained by the refining of crude oil and NGL and by treatment of natural gas, in particular, LPG production (Liquid Petroleum Gas) includes LPG from natural gas separation plants. Ethanol used as motor fuel in Brazil as well as fuels derived from coal in South Africa are not included in oil products.

• Share of renewables in electricity production: Ratio between the electricity production from renewables (hydro, wind, geothermal and solar) and the total electricity production.

• Share of wind and solar in electricity production: Electricity produced from wind and solar energy divided by the total electricity production.

• Share of electricity in total final energy consumption: Final electricity demand divided by the total final energy consumption.

• Total primary production: Primary production evaluates the quantity of natural energy resources ("primary energy sources") extracted or produced. For natural gas, the quantities flared or reinjected are excluded. Production of hydro, geothermal, nuclear and wind electricity is considered as primary production.

• Total energy consumption: The total energy consumption is the balance of primary production, external trade, marine bunkers and stock changes. The total energy consumption includes biomass.For the world, marine bunkers are included. This induces a gap with the sum of regions.

• Average CO2 emission factor: The average CO2 emission factor (carbon factor) is calculated doing the ratio between emissions over primary energy consumption.

Ireland IE: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 85.363 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 84.585 % for 2014. Ireland IE: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 85.032 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2015, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 93.277 % in 2004 and a record low of 67.242 % in 1960. Ireland IE: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

Preventing energy consumption in emergencies such as the last COVID-19 pandemic can ensure the continued operation of hospitals and food supply centres. In addition, considering the relationship of energy consumption with various factors generates points of attention. This work is focused on presenting the prediction of energy consumption in Mexico using data related to environmental, economic and energy aspects recorded from 1965 to 2021. The input variables were: year, carbon dioxide emissions, Gross Domestic Product per capita, number of power plants, increase in temperature in the world and oil production. The models of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN’s) based on a single layer and hidden multilayer obtained a good correlation between the real values and the simulated ones with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9999 and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 0.37%. For prediction, the Recurrent Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory (RNN-LSTM) model generated a correlation with an R2 of 0.8910 between the real and forecast data. The data demonstrated that ANN-based models are a tool capable of predicting energy consumption to support decision-making on the distribution and consumption of energy resources in the face of future emergencies.

Crude Oil fell to 59.17 USD/Bbl on December 2, 2025, down 0.25% from the previous day. Over the past month, Crude Oil's price has fallen 3.08%, and is down 15.40% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Crude Oil - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

Introduction

In this project I visualise the latest World Energy Investment (WEI) data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), highlighting current investment trends.

Within the shifting landscape of energy production, exportation and security. I explore the exciting possibilities, using Morocco as a case study.

What is World Energy Investment?

The World Energy Investment is a yearly report published by the International Energy Agency. It serves as the primary source for understanding global trends in energy sector investments. The report offers a comprehensive analysis of: - Investment Flows: WEI tracks the amount of money being invested across various sectors of the energy industry. This includes investments in oil, gas, coal, renewable energy sources like solar and wind, energy efficiency, and research & development. - Investor Decisions: The report examines the factors that influence investment decisions. This involves analysing how risks and opportunities are perceived by investors in different areas of the energy sector. - Geographical Landscape: WEI provides insights into how energy investments are distributed around the world. It highlights which regions are attracting the most investment and in what sectors. - Policy and Security: The report explores how government policies and global energy security concerns impact investment trends.

The 2024 Edition and Recent Trends

The latest edition (2024) focuses on providing a complete picture of energy investments in 2023 with preliminary data for 2024. Some key trends highlighted in recent reports include: - Rise of Clean Energy: There's a significant increase in investments directed towards renewable energy sources like solar and wind. This is driven by factors like climate change concerns, falling renewable energy costs, and government policies promoting clean energy transition. - Energy Security Concerns: The recent global energy crisis (2022) has emphasised the importance of energy security. This has led to increased investments in sources that ensure a reliable and independent energy supply for countries. link - Flux in Traditional Fuels: Investments in fossil fuels like oil and gas have shown a complex pattern. While high fuel prices have boosted revenue for traditional energy companies, there's also uncertainty due to the shift towards clean energy.

The 2024 WEI delves deeper with these interesting additions:

• Investment Sources: It analyses the origin of funding for energy projects, including the role of development finance institutions in emerging economies.
• Clean vs Fossil Fuels: The report provides a clear comparison of investment trends between clean energy and fossil fuels.
• Regional Analysis: There's a new section dedicated to exploring investment patterns in ten key global economies and regions.

The Importance of World Energy Investment

The WEI report is crucial for understanding the future of the global energy landscape. By analysing investment trends, the report sheds light on: - Energy Security: It helps assess how well-equipped countries are to meet their future energy demands. - Climate Change Mitigation: The report indicates the pace of progress towards a low-carbon energy future. - Economic Growth: Investment trends provide insights into potential job creation and economic development in the energy sector.

WEI report - 2024:link

GB Fuel type power generation production (live): link

Visualisation: W_E_I_World.csv

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2Fc1ca92d8ac240beb37a9dc95483d196d%2FScreenshot%202024-07-26%2010.43.56.png?generation=1721987197755137&alt=media" alt="">

A document with the R code for the above visualisation. link

Energy Aspirations: A Global Overview and Morocco as a case study

The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by factors such as climate change, energy security, and technological advancements. Key aspirations include: - Decarbonisation: Transitioning from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources to mitigate climate change. - Energy Security: Reducing reliance on imported energy and ensuring domestic supply stability. - Affordability: Making energy accessible and affordable for all. - Innovation: Driving technological advancements to improve efficiency and develop new energy sources.

Energy Generation: A Focus on Renewables

Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal, are at the forefront of energy generation aspirations...

Dataset and details can be found at the US Energy Information Admininstration (EIA)'s RBECs website

Context

EIA administers the Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) to a nationally representative sample of housing units. Traditionally, specially trained interviewers collect energy characteristics on the housing unit, usage patterns, and household demographics. For the 2015 survey cycle, EIA used Web and mail forms, in addition to in-person interviews, to collect detailed information on household energy characteristics. This information is combined with data from energy suppliers to these homes to estimate energy costs and usage for heating, cooling, appliances and other end uses — information critical to meeting future energy demand and improving efficiency and building design.

First conducted in 1978, the fourteenth RECS collected data from more than 5,600 households in housing units statistically selected to represent the 118.2 million housing units that are occupied as a primary residence. Data from the 2015 RECS are tabulated by geography and for particularly characteristics, such as housing unit type and income, that are of particular interest to energy analysis.

The results of each RECS include data tables, a microdata file, and a series of reports. Data tables are generally organized across two headings; "Household Characteristics" and "Consumption & Expenditures." See RECS data tables.

The RECS and many of the EIA supplier surveys are integral ingredients for some of EIA's more comprehensive data products and reports, such as the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) and Monthly Energy Review (MER). These products allow for broader comparisons across sectors, as well as projections of future consumption trends.

Content

The Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) is a periodic study conducted by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) that provides detailed information about energy usage in U.S. homes. RECS is a multi-year effort (Figure 1) consisting of a Household Survey phase, data collection from household energy suppliers, and end-use consumption and expenditures estimation.

The Household Survey collects data on energy-related characteristics and usage patterns of a national representative sample of housing units. The Energy Supplier Survey (ESS) collects data on how much electricity, natural gas, propane/LPG, fuel oil, and kerosene were consumed in the sampled housing units during the reference year. It also collects data on actual dollar amounts spent on these energy sources.

EIA uses models (energy engineering-based models in the 2015 survey and non-linear statistical models in past RECS) to produce consumption and expenditures estimates for heating, cooling, refrigeration, and other end uses in all housing units occupied as a primary residence in the United States. Originally conducted by trained interviewers with paper and pencil, the 2015 study used a combination of computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI), web, and mail modes to collect data for the Household and Energy Supplier Surveys.

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Canada CA: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 74.089 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 73.193 % for 2014. Canada CA: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 75.993 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2015, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 86.215 % in 1965 and a record low of 71.698 % in 1994. Canada CA: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.;IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics), subject to https://www.iea.org/terms/;Weighted average;Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

{"The study concentrates on the relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial output in Parkistan by utilizing the Johansen Method of Cointegration. The results confirm the positive effect of disaggregate energy consumption on industrial output. Furthermore, bidirectional causality is identified in the case of oil consumption, whereas unidirectional causality running from electricity consumption to industrial output is observed. Moreover, unidirectional causality has been noticed from industrial output to coal consumption although there is no causality between gas consumption and industrial output. It is obvious that conservative energy policies could be harmful to the industrial production; therefore, the government has to develop innovative energy policies in order to meet the demand for energy. Additionally, the government has to pay serious attention to alternative energy sources such as solar and wind in order to boost the clean industrial growth."}

This report is one of a series of publications resulting from a study of the feasibility of increasing domestic heavy oil production being conducted for the U.S. Department of Energy. This report summarizes available public information on the potential of heavy oil production in Alaska. Heavy oil (10' to 20' API gravity) exists and is produced on the North Slope of Alaska; but the technical, environmental constraints and high cost of transportation to refineries on the U.S. West Coast make the economics for producing significant volumes of heavy oil unfavorable. Volumes of proprietary data and feasibility studies exist within major companies, but only limited data is available in the public domain. Alaskan North Slope crude oil is marketed under the legislative constraints of having to be sold in the U.S., thus, it has to compete in the world market with a delivery constraint. California is the recipient and refines most of Alaska's current 1.7 million barrels per day oil production. Transportation, refining, and competition in the market limit development of Alaska's heavy oil resources. A number of enhanced oil recovery technologies for production of Alaska's heavy oil have been reported in the literature including gas, CO2, in situ combustion, and steam. Thermal production of heavy oil has been attempted but requires close spacing. Several light oil reservoirs, with reserves of >50 million barrels each, have been discovered and deemed non-commercial. Constraints on producing heavy oil in Alaska indicate that without significant economic incentives, very little of the heavy oil in Alaska will be produced and even then the cost may be prohibitively expensive leaving most of Alaska's heavy oil unproduced.

The global Oil and Crude Oil Marine Transportation Service market exhibits robust growth, driven by increasing global energy demand and the continued reliance on seaborne transportation for crude oil and petroleum products. Let's assume, for illustrative purposes, a 2025 market size of $250 billion (this is an estimation based on typical market sizes for related industries and is not presented as factual data), with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4% projected from 2025 to 2033. This sustained growth reflects the expansion of the global economy, particularly in developing nations with burgeoning energy needs. Key drivers include rising oil production in various regions, expanding global trade, and limited pipeline infrastructure in certain areas. Emerging trends such as the adoption of larger, more efficient vessels, the implementation of advanced technologies for fuel optimization, and increased focus on environmental regulations are shaping market dynamics. However, factors such as price volatility in the oil market, geopolitical uncertainties impacting global trade, and the ongoing transition toward renewable energy sources act as potential restraints. The market is segmented based on vessel type (VLCCs, Suezmaxes, Aframaxes, etc.), cargo type (crude oil, refined products), and geographic region. Major players like NYK Line, "K" LINE, KYOEI TANKER CO.,LTD., SK Shipping, COSCO SHIPPING Energy Transportation, CMES Shipping, and MOL compete based on fleet size, operational efficiency, and strategic partnerships. The regional distribution of the market is likely skewed toward regions with significant oil production and consumption, with Asia, North America, and Europe holding substantial market shares. While precise figures are not available without the complete dataset, future growth will heavily depend on sustained global energy demand and strategic investments in the shipping infrastructure to meet evolving market needs. The forecast period of 2025-2033 presents significant opportunities for market participants who adapt to technological advancements, environmental regulations, and geopolitical complexities.

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Nigeria NG: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 19.036 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 18.625 % for 2013. Nigeria NG: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 18.952 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2014, with 44 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.845 % in 1992 and a record low of 5.968 % in 1971. Nigeria NG: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nigeria – Table NG.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

France FR: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 46.629 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 46.209 % for 2014. France FR: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 59.909 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2015, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 96.694 % in 1964 and a record low of 46.209 % in 2014. France FR: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

Saudi Arabia SA: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 99.997 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 99.996 % for 2013. Saudi Arabia SA: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 99.991 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2014, with 44 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 99.997 % in 2014 and a record low of 99.976 % in 1972. Saudi Arabia SA: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Saudi Arabia – Table SA.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

Bangladesh BD: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 73.769 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 72.862 % for 2013. Bangladesh BD: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 48.092 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2014, with 44 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 73.769 % in 2014 and a record low of 20.706 % in 1972. Bangladesh BD: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Bangladesh – Table BD.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.;IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics), subject to https://www.iea.org/terms/;Weighted average;Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.