This statistic shows the total land and water area of the United States by state and territory. Alabama covers an area of 52,420 square miles.

This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Tree Ring. The data include parameters of tree ring with a geographic location of Massachusetts, United States Of America. The time period coverage is from 455 to 279 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data.

This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Tree Ring. The data include parameters of tree ring with a geographic location of Massachusetts, United States Of America. The time period coverage is from 496 to 267 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data.

These data represent the centerline and measured increments at hundredths, tenths and whole miles, along the centerline of the Colorado River beginning at Glen Canyon Dam near Page, Arizona and terminating near the inflow s of Lake Mead in the Grand Canyon region of Arizona, USA. The centerline was digitized using Color Infra-Red (CIR) orthophotography collected in March 2000 as source information and a LiDAR-derived river shoreline representing 8,000 cubic feet per second (CFS)as the defined extent of the river. Every effort was made to follow the main flow of the river while keeping the line approximately equidistant from both shorelines. The centerline feature class has been created to more accurately map locations along the Colorado River downstream of the Glen Canyon Dam. River miles and river kilometers were developed from measurements along this line. The incremental point feature classes were derived from the centerline of the Colorado River datasets. Specifically, the points were generated from nodes extracted from the centerline endpoints of the tenth mile line feature class. The Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center (GCMRC) river mileage was cross-checked with commercially available river guides and always fell within one mile of the guides, usually corresponding within a half mile. Additionally, these data were subjected to internal review by GCMRC scientists and commercial boatmen with decades of river travel experience on the Colorado River. River Mile 0 was measured from the USGS concrete gage and cableway at Lees Ferry, Arizona -- as per the Colorado River Compact of 1922 -- with negative river mile numbers used in Glen Canyon and positive river mile numbers downstream in Marble and Grand Canyons. These data were updated in March 2015 using newer ortho-rectified imagery collected in May of 2009 and 2013, both at approximately 8,000 CFS. Due to extended drought conditions that have persisted in the U.S. Southwest, lake levels have dropped dramatically, especially at Lake Mead. A stretch of the Colorado River corridor that was part of Lake Mead in year 2000 has returned to a flowing river once again, and with a different channel that has not previously existed. All changes to the original centerline are downstream of River Mile 260 which is just upstream of Quartermaster Canyon in western Grand Canyon. New river miles and river kilometers were developed from this updated centerline.

A digital elevation model (DEM) of a portion of the Mobile-Tensaw Delta region and Three Mile Creek in Alabama was produced from remotely sensed, geographically referenced elevation measurements by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Elevation measurements were collected over the area (bathymetry was irresolvable) using the Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL), a pulsed laser ranging system mounted onboard an aircraft to measure ground elevation, vegetation canopy, and coastal topography. The system uses high-frequency laser beams directed at the Earth's surface through an opening in the bottom of the aircraft's fuselage. The laser system records the time difference between emission of the laser beam and the reception of the reflected laser signal in the aircraft. The plane travels over the target area at approximately 50 meters per second at an elevation of approximately 300 meters, resulting in a laser swath of approximately 240 meters with an average point spacing of 2-3 meters. The EAARL, developed originally by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, measures ground elevation with a vertical resolution of +/-15 centimeters. A sampling rate of 3 kilohertz or higher results in an extremely dense spatial elevation dataset. Over 100 kilometers of coastline can be surveyed easily within a 3- to 4-hour mission. When resultant elevation maps for an area are analyzed, they provide a useful tool to make management decisions regarding land development. For more information on Lidar science and the Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL) system and surveys, see http://ngom.usgs.gov/dsp/overview/index.php and http://ngom.usgs.gov/dsp/tech/eaarl/index.php .

This data set provides a 38-year, 1-km resolution inventory of annual on-road CO2 emissions for the conterminous United States based on roadway-level vehicle traffic data and state-specific emissions factors for multiple vehicle types on urban and rural roads as compiled in the Database of Road Transportation Emissions (DARTE). CO2 emissions from the on-road transportation sector are provided annually for 1980-2017 as a continuous surface at a spatial resolution of 1 km.

NOAA is responsible for depicting on its nautical charts the limits of the 12 nautical mile Territorial Sea, 24 nautical mile Contiguous Zone, and 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The outer limit of each of these zones is measured from the U.S. normal baseline, which coincides with the low water line depicted on NOAA charts and includes closing lines across the entrances of legal bays and rivers, consistent with international law. The U.S. baseline and associated maritime limits are reviewed and approved through the interagency U.S. Baseline Committee, which is chaired by the U.S. Department of State. The Committee serves the function of gaining interagency consensus on the proper location of the baseline using the provisions of the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, to ensure that the seaward extent of U.S. maritime zones do not exceed the breadth that is permitted by international law. In 2002 and in response to mounting requests for digital maritime zones, NOAA launched a project to re-evaluate the U.S. baseline in partnership with other federal agencies via the U.S. Baseline Committee. The focus of the baseline evaluation was NOAA's largest scale, most recent edition nautical charts as well as supplemental source materials for verification of certain charted features. This dataset is a result of the 2002-present initiative and reflects a multi-year iterative project whereby the baseline and associated maritime limits were re-evaluated on a state or regional basis. In addition to the U.S. maritime limits, the U.S. maritime boundaries with opposite or adjacent countries as well as the US/Canada International Boundary (on land and through the Great Lakes) are also included in this dataset.

The Proclamation 5030 by the President of the United States of America (10 March 1983) states that the exclusive economic zone of the United States is a zone contiguous to the territorial sea, including zones contiguous to the territorial sea of the United States, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (to the extent consistent with the Covenant and the United Nations Trusteeship Agreement), and United States overseas Territories and possessions. The exclusive economic zone extends to a distance 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. In cases where the maritime boundary with a neighbouring State remains to be determined, the boundary of the exclusive economic zone shall be determined by the United States and other State concerned in accordance with equitable principles.

Within the exclusive economic zone, the United States has, to the extent permitted by international law, (a) sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving and managing natural resources, both living and non-living, of the sea-bed and subsoil and the superjacent waters and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents and winds; and (b) jurisdiction with regard to the establishment and use of artificial islands, and installations and structures having economic purposes, and the protection and preservation of the marine environment.

https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/USA_1983_Proclamation.pdf

Annual and growing-season weather data and expanded description of methods for flux measurements, chamber volume estimation, and CO2-balance calculations. The appendix also contains nine supplementary figures (pictures and a map of the field site, soil temperature, thaw depth, monthly fluxes, ANPP, NDVI, water table depth) and five tables (statistical results and summaries of warming effects on environmental variables, monthly fluxes, biomass/ANPP/canopy N, and model parameters).

Reach File Version 1.0 (RF1) is a vector database of approximately 700,000 miles of streams and open waters in the conterminous United States. It is used extensively by EPA and States, and has been used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Weather Service for many years. This configuration of RF1 for the geographic information systems community, extends the use of RF1 to ARC/INFO users in the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and others.RF1 was prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) in 1982 from stable base color separates of National Oceanographic and Aeronautical Administration (NOAA) aeronautical charts having a scale of 1:500,000. These charts provided the best nationwide hydrographic coverage available on a single scale at that time. They included all hydrography shown on USGS maps having a scale of 1:250,000 with extensive additions, corrections and improvements in detail made by NOAA from aerial photography and satellite imagery. All hydrographic features on those charts were optically scanned from the color separates using a scanner resolution finer than feature line width. The surface water features selected for inclusion in the RF1database were converted from the scanned raster form to vector form with coordinates expressed as latitude and longitude. Surface water names in RF1 were derived from the source maps and supplemented by names from miscellaneous state maps and maps of the USGS. Many other RF1 attributes are described herein. In the 1980's, RF1 was used by EPA for performing water quality modeling on whole river basins for all of the hydrologic regions in the conterminous United States. In this role, it was used to provide national assessments and overviews of water quality and to provide the foundation for a nationwide stratified sampling frame for performing statistical summaries of modeled and measured water quality on all the surface

This part of DS 781 presents data for the faults for the geologic and geomorphic map of the Offshore of Monterey map area, California. The vector data file is included in "Faults_OffshoreMonterey.zip," which is accessible from http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161110. The shelf north and east of the Monterey Bay Peninsula in the Offshore of Monterey map area is cut by a diffuse zone of northwest striking, steeply dipping to vertical faults comprising the Monterey Bay Fault Zone (MBFZ). This zone, originally mapped by Greene (1977, 1990), extends about 45 km across Monterey Bay (Map E on sheet 9). Fault strands within the MBFZ are mapped with high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles (sheet 8). Seismic-reflection profiles traversing this diffuse zone in the map area cross as many as 5 faults over a width of about 4 to 5 km (see, for example, figs. 3 and 5 on sheet 8). The zone lacks a continuous "master fault," along which deformation is concentrated. Fault length ranges up to about 20 km (based on mapping outside this map area), but most strands are only about 2- to 7-km long. Faults in this diffuse zone cut through Neogene bedrock and locally appear to minimally disrupt overlying inferred Quaternary sediments. The presence of warped reflections along some fault strands suggests that fault offsets may be both vertical and strike-slip. Specific offshore faults within the zone that are continuous with mapped onshore faults include the Navy Fault, Chupines Fault, and Ord Terrace Fault (Clark and others, 1997; Wagner and others, 2002). Carmel Canyon, a relatively straight northwest-trending arm of the Monterey Canyon system, extends through the southwestern part of the Offshore of Monterey map area. Carmel Canyon has three heads (Greene and others, 2002), two of which extend east and northeast into Carmel Bay within the map area; the third head extends southeast along the main canyon trend for about 3 km beyond the confluence with the heads in Carmel Bay. Carmel Canyon is aligned with and structurally controlled by the San Gregorio fault zone (Greene and others, 1991), an important structure in the distributed transform boundary between the North American and Pacific plates (see, for example, Dickinson and others, 2005). This Fault Zone is part of a regional fault system that is present predominantly in the offshore for about 400 km, from Point Conception in the south (where it is known as the Hosgri Fault; Johnson and Watt, 2012) to Bolinas and Point Reyes in the north (Bruns and others, 2002; Ryan and others, 2008). The San Gregorio Fault Zone in the map area is part of a 90-km-long offshore segment that extends northward from Point Sur (about 24 km south of the map area), across outer Monterey Bay to Point Año Nuevo (51 km north of the map area) (see sheet 9; see also, Weber and Lajoie, 1980; Brabb and others, 1998; Wagner and others, 2002). High-resolution seismic-reflection data collected across the canyon do not clearly image the San Gregorio Fault Zone, due largely to significant depth and steep canyon walls. Accordingly, we have mapped the 1,000- 1,300-m-wide fault zone largely on the presence of prominent, lengthy, geomorphic lineaments (sheets 1 and 2) and both geomorphic and lithologic contrasts across the fault. Faults were primarily mapped by interpretation of seismic reflection profile data (see OFR 2013-1071). The seismic reflection profiles were collected between 2007 and 2010. References Cited Bruns, T.R., Cooper, A.K., Carlson, P.R., and McCulloch, D.S., 2002, Structure of the submerged San Andreas and San Gregorio Fault zones in the Gulf of Farallones as inferred from high-resolution seismic-reflection data, in Parsons, T., ed., Crustal structure of the coastal and marine San Francisco Bay region, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1658, p. 77–117, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1658/. Brabb, E.E., 1997, Geologic Map of Santa Cruz County, California: A digital database, US Geological Survey Open-File Report 97–489, 1:62,500. Clark, J.C., Dupre, W.R., and Rosenberg, L.L., 1997, Geologic map of the Monterey and Seaside 7.5–minute quadrangles, Monterey County, California–A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-30, 2 sheets, scale 1:24,000, http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-030/ Dickinson, W.R., Ducea, M., Rosenberg, L.I., Greene, H.G., Graham, S.A., Clark, J.C., Weber, G.E., Kidder, S., Ernst, W.G., and Brabb, E.E., 2005, Net dextral slip, Neogene San Gregorio-Hosgri fault zone, coastal California: Geologic evidence and tectonic implications: Geological Society of America Special Paper 391, 43 p. Greene, H.G., Maher, N.M., and Paull, C.K., 2002, Physiography of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and implications about continental margin development: Marine Geology, v. 181, p. 55–82. Greene, H.G., Clarke, S.H. and Kennedy, M.P., 1991. Tectonic Evolution of Submarine Canyons Along the California Continental Margin. From Shoreline to Abyss, in Osborne, R.H., ed., Society for Sedimentary Geology, Special Publication No. 46, p. 231–248. Greene, H.G., 1990, Regional tectonics and structural evolution of the Monterey Bay region, central California, in Garrison, R.E., Greene, H.G., Hicks, K.R., Weber, G.E., and Wright, T.L., eds., Geology and tectonics of the central California coastal region, San Francisco to Monterey: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, Guidebook GB67, p. 31–56. Greene, H.G., 1977, Geology of the Monterey Bay region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77–718, 347 p. Greene, H.G., 1990, Regional tectonics and structural evolution of the Monterey Bay region, central California, in Garrison, R.E., Greene, H.G., Hicks, K.R., Weber, G.E., and Wright, T.L., eds., Geology and tectonics of the central California coastal region, San Francisco to Monterey, Pacific Section American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Guidebook GB-67, p. 31–56. Johnson, S.Y., and Watt, J.T., 2012, Influence of fault trend, bends, and convergence on shallow structure and geomorphology of the Hosgri strike-slip fault, offshore Central California: Geosphere, v. 8, p. 1,632–1,656, doi:10.1130/GES00830.1. Ryan, H.F., Parsons, T., and Sliter, R.W., 2008. Vertical tectonic deformation associated with the San Andreas fault zone offshore of San Francisco, California: Tectonophysics, v. 429, p. 209–224, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.06.011. Wagner, D.L., Greene, H.G., Saucedo, G.J., and Pridmore, C.L., 2002, Geologic Map of the Monterey 30' x 60' quadrangle and adjacent areas, California: California Geological Survey Regional Geologic Map Series, scale 1:100,000. Weber, G.E., and Lajoie, K.R., 1980, Map of Quaternary faulting along the San Gregorio fault zone, San Mateo and Santa Cruz Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80–907, 3 sheets, scale 1:24,000, available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr80907.

Meteorological data are currently being collected at one location at the Teller Mile 47 (TL_MM47) Research Basin Site, Seward Peninsula (N64 58' 36.918", W166 12' 32.67", 67 meters above sea level). The site was installed and initial measurements started in September 2018 and it has operated continuously since then. The meteorological station is co-located with a continuous snow depth sensor and two soil pits for subsurface temperature and moisture measurements.These data are being collected to better understand the energy dynamics above the active layer and permafrost. They complement in-situ snow and soil measurements also at this location. The data could also be used as supporting measurements for other research and modeling activities.There are 35 comma separated value format (*.csv) files provided, where each file contains the full data for an individual parameter (e.g. air temperature at 1.5 meters above the ground surface (teller_m47_air_temperature_150cm_ags_Avg.csv) or soil temperature 20 centimeters below ground surface (teller_m47_dry_soil_pit_temperature_20cmbgs_Avg.csv)) plus the time in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) and Alaska Standard Time (UTC time minus nine hours).The site was installed and initial measurements started in September 2018. It has been operated continuously since. Primary data gaps are due to battery failure or sensor failure. These data are being collected to better understand the surface energy dynamics above the active layer and permafrost.The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a 10-year research effort (2012-2022) to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy?s Office of Biological and Environmental Research.The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska.Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy?s Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).