Global Surface Summary of the Day is derived from The Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH) dataset. The ISH dataset includes global data obtained from the USAF Climatology Center, located in the Federal Climate Complex with NCDC. The latest daily summary data are normally available 1-2 days after the date-time of the observations used in the daily summaries. The online data files begin with 1929 and are at the time of this writing at the Version 8 software level. Over 9000 stations' data are typically available. The daily elements included in the dataset (as available from each station) are: Mean temperature (.1 Fahrenheit) Mean dew point (.1 Fahrenheit) Mean sea level pressure (.1 mb) Mean station pressure (.1 mb) Mean visibility (.1 miles) Mean wind speed (.1 knots) Maximum sustained wind speed (.1 knots) Maximum wind gust (.1 knots) Maximum temperature (.1 Fahrenheit) Minimum temperature (.1 Fahrenheit) Precipitation amount (.01 inches) Snow depth (.1 inches) Indicator for occurrence of: Fog, Rain or Drizzle, Snow or Ice Pellets, Hail, Thunder, Tornado/Funnel Cloud Global summary of day data for 18 surface meteorological elements are derived from the synoptic/hourly observations contained in USAF DATSAV3 Surface data and Federal Climate Complex Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH). Historical data are generally available for 1929 to the present, with data from 1973 to the present being the most complete. For some periods, one or more countries' data may not be available due to data restrictions or communications problems. In deriving the summary of day data, a minimum of 4 observations for the day must be present (allows for stations which report 4 synoptic observations/day). Since the data are converted to constant units (e.g, knots), slight rounding error from the originally reported values may occur (e.g, 9.9 instead of 10.0). The mean daily values described below are based on the hours of operation for the station. For some stations/countries, the visibility will sometimes 'cluster' around a value (such as 10 miles) due to the practice of not reporting visibilities greater than certain distances. The daily extremes and totals--maximum wind gust, precipitation amount, and snow depth--will only appear if the station reports the data sufficiently to provide a valid value. Therefore, these three elements will appear less frequently than other values. Also, these elements are derived from the stations' reports during the day, and may comprise a 24-hour period which includes a portion of the previous day. The data are reported and summarized based on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT, 0000Z - 2359Z) since the original synoptic/hourly data are reported and based on GMT.

U.S. Enhanced Hourly Wind Station Data is digital data set DSI-6421, archived at the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI; formerly National Climatic Data Center, NCDC). During earlier work at NCDC, it was noted that anemometer elevations at U.S. weather stations (for which metadata related to anemometer height was available) varied widely with time. Between 1931 and 2000, there were up to 12 significant anemometer height changes at some of these stations, and on average there was one change per decade at any station with more than 10 years of record. For example, at Los Angeles International Airport, the anemometer height changed 4 times during the 60 years, varying from 59 ft to 20 ft, while at Edwards Air Force Base, the anemometer height was changed 10 times and varied from 13 ft to 75 ft. Therefore, the elevation homogenization of the near-surface wind time series is a necessary pre-requisite for any climatological assessments. This was done at NCDC, creating the DSI-6421 data set. Stations were included in DSI-6421 on a year-by-year basis, depending upon the availability of anemometer metadata and the number of observations made during a year. The earliest data was from 1931, with very few stations. The number of stations increased during World War II to about 200, decreased briefly after the war, and increased to about 350 during the period 1948-1972 because most first-order (primary) stations qualified for inclusion. After 1972, as the importance of metadata was more widely recognized, the number of qualified stations rose to near 1000 by 1985, and continued at about that number through year 2000. The formulae used were U10g = Ua log[(10-Hsnod)/z0]/log[(Ha - Hsnod)/z0], and U10s = Ua log[10/z0]/log[(Ha - Hsnod)/z0], where z0 is the surface roughness (a function of the presence of snow cover at the site); Hsnod is the snow depth; Ha is the anemometer height above the ground; Ua is the wind speed at the anemometer height; U10g is the speed at 10 m above the ground; and U10s is the speed at 10 m above the surface.

The NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) radars provide vertical profiles of horizontal wind speed and direction from near the surface to above the tropopause. The system also generates data quality related statistics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spectrum width. There are three systems in Alaska (Talkeetna, Anchorage, and Homer), with an additional testbed site in Norman, OK. The location and ICAO ID for the NOAA NPN sites are: Norman, OK - ROCO2/KROC; Homer, AK - HWPA2/KHWP; Talkeetna, AK - TLKA2/KTLK; and Anchorage, AK - AWPA2/KAWP. Each wind profiler unit uses preprogrammed operational modes to determine the speed and direction of the wind at different heights directly above the unmanned radar site. This dataset covers the newly refreshed NPN upper air wind data, beginning with 2020. A previous NPN project covered 1991 - 2006 and is available in BUFR format for winds, moments, RASS, and surface file types.

This map displays the wind forecast over the next 72 hours across the contiguous United States, in 3 hour increments, including wind direction, wind gust, and sustained wind speed.Zoom in on the Map to refine the detail for a desired area. The Wind Gust is the maximum 3-second wind speed (in mph) forecast to occur within a 2-minute interval within a 3 hour period at a height of 10 meters Above Ground Level (AGL). The Wind Speed is the expected sustained wind speed (in mph) for the indicated 3 hour period at a height of 10 meters AGL. Data are updated hourly from the National Digital Forecast Database produced by the National Weather Service.Where is the data coming from?The National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD) was designed to provide access to weather forecasts in digital form from a central location. The NDFD produces gridded forecasts of sensible weather elements. NDFD contains a seamless mosaic of digital forecasts from National Weather Service (NWS) field offices working in collaboration with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). All of these organizations are under the administration of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).Wind Speed Source: https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/SL.us008001/ST.opnl/DF.gr2/DC.ndfd/AR.conus/VP.001-003/ds.wspd.binWind Gust Source: https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/SL.us008001/ST.opnl/DF.gr2/DC.ndfd/AR.conus/VP.001-003/ds.wgust.binWind Direction Source: https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/SL.us008001/ST.opnl/DF.gr2/DC.ndfd/AR.conus/VP.001-003/ds.wdir.binWhere can I find other NDFD data?The Source data is downloaded and parsed using the Aggregated Live Feeds methodology to return information that can be served through ArcGIS Server as a map service or used to update Hosted Feature Services in Online or Enterprise.What can you do with this layer?This map service is suitable for data discovery and visualization. Identify features by clicking on the map to reveal the pre-configured pop-ups. View the time-enabled data using the time slider by Enabling Time Animation.Alternate SymbologyFeature Layer item that uses Vector Marker Symbols to render point arrows, easily altered by user. The color palette uses the Beaufort Scale for Wind Speed. https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=45cd2d4f5b9a4f299182c518ffa15977 This map is provided for informational purposes and is not monitored 24/7 for accuracy and currency.If you would like to be alerted to potential issues or simply see when this Service will update next, please visit our Live Feed Status Page!

This nowCOASTâ„¢ time-offsets map service provides maps depicting the NWS surface wind speed forecasts from the National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD) at 6-hr increments out to 3 days (NDFD has forecasts out to 7 days which are available via the nowCOASTâ„¢ time enabled map service for NDFD elements). Each forecast is valid for the specified forecast projection hour with respect to the latest update cycle time. The forecast is valid at 10 m (33 feet) above ground level. The wind speeds are in units of knots (1 knot = 1.15 miles per hour). The wind speed forecast is indicated on the map by different colors for 5-knot increments up to 60 knots (69 mph) and then at 10-knot increments up to 100 knots (115 mph). The forecasts are updated in the nowCOASTâ„¢ map service four times per day. For more detailed information about layer update frequency and timing, please reference the nowCOASTâ„¢ Dataset Update Schedule.

This data set contains 5 minute resolution surface meteorological data from the NOAA Climate Reference Network in NetCDF format. CRN is a network of over 100 stations located throughout the United States set up to provide long-term observations for climate purposes. These data were quality controlled and provided by NOAA MADIS.

This dataset consists of high resolution sea surface winds data produced from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) on board Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B satellites. The basic archive file is a netCDF-4 file containing SAR wind, land mask, and time and earth location information. Also included are maps of the SAR winds in GeoTIFF format. The product covers the geographic extent of the SAR image frame from which it was derived. These SAR-derived high resolution wind products are calculated from high resolution SAR images of normalized radar cross section (NRCS) of the Earth's surface. Backscattered microwave radar returns from the ocean surface are strongly dependent on wind speed and direction. When no wind is present, the surface of the water is smooth, almost glass-like. Radar energy will largely be reflected away and the radar cross section will be low. As the wind begins to blow, the surface roughens and surface waves begin to develop. As the wind continues to blow more strongly, the amplitude of the wave increases, thus, roughening the surface more. As the surface roughness increases, more energy is backscattered and NRCS increases. Moreover, careful examination of the wind-generated waves reveals that these surface wave crests are generally aligned perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, suggesting a dependence of backscatter on the relative direction between the incident radar energy and the wind direction.

To address the need for regularly updated wind resource data, NREL has processed the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) outputs for use in grid integration modeling. The HRRR is an hourly-updated operational forecast product produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (Dowell et al., 2022).

Several barriers have prevented the HRRR's widespread proliferation in the wind energy industry: missing timesteps (prior to 2019), challenging file format for wind energy analysis, limited vertical height resolution, and negative bias versus legacy WIND Toolkit data (2007-2013). NREL has applied re-gridding, interpolation, and bias-correction to the native HRRR data to overcome these limitations. This results in the now-publicly-available bias corrected and interpolated HRRR (BC-HRRR) dataset for weather years 2015 to 2023.

Bias correction is necessary for wind resource consistency across weather years to be used simultaneously in planning-focused grid integration studies alongside the original WIND Toolkit data. We show that quantile mapping with the WIND Toolkit as a historical baseline is an effective method for bias correcting the interpolated HRRR data: the BC-HRRR has reduced mean bias versus comparable gridded wind resource datasets (+0.12 m/s versus Vortex) and has very low mean bias versus ground measurement stations (+0.01 m/s) (Buster et al., 2024).

BC-HRRR's consistency with the legacy WIND Toolkit allows NREL to extend grid integration analysis to 15+ weather years of wind data with low-overhead extensibility to future years as they are made available by NOAA. As with historical datasets like the WIND Toolkit, BC-HRRR is intended for use in grid integration modeling (e.g., capacity expansion, production cost, and resource adequacy modeling) both independently and alongside the legacy WIND Toolkit.

Local Climatological Data (LCD) are summaries of climatological conditions from airport and other prominent weather stations managed by NWS, FAA, and DOD. The product includes hourly observations and associated remarks, and a record of hourly precipitation for the entire month. Also included are daily summaries summarizing temperature extremes, degree days, precipitation amounts and winds. The tabulated monthly summaries in the product include maximum, minimum, and average temperature, temperature departure from normal, dew point temperature, average station pressure, ceiling, visibility, weather type, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, degree days (heating and cooling), daily precipitation, average wind speed, fastest wind speed/direction, sky cover, and occurrences of sunshine, snowfall and snow depth. The source data is global hourly (DSI 3505) which includes a number of quality control checks.

This dataset contains the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 405 MHZ Wind Profiler Network (NPN) hourly surface data in JOSS Quality Control format from 2 sites within the SGP 1997 area of interest. These data were not quality controlled by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS).

This data set contains rawinsonde profiles from 63 National Weather Service (NWS) upper-air sites archived during the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) for the tier-3 area. During NAME, rawinsondes were released twice daily at 00 and 12 UTC with more released during the IOPs. The data files consist of vertical profiles of temperature, dew point, relative humidity, u and v wind components, total wind speed, wind direction, and altitude. The vertical resolution is six seconds. This data set has been quality controlled by The Joint Office of Science Support (JOSS). Consult the README for more information. NOTE: This data set has been corrected as of 23 March 2010 for a significant dry bias. Only the following 5 stations were corrected: Amarillo, TX (KAMA), El Paso, TX/Santa Teresa, NM (KEPZ), Flagstaff, AZ (KFGZ), Midland, TX (KMAF), and Tucson, AZ (KTUS). See the documentation file for details on the correction(s) applied to this data set. Also see Ciesielski et al 2009 in JTECH.

This dataset consists of high resolution sea surface winds data produced from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) on board the RADARSAT-2 satellite. The basic archive file is a netCDF-4 file containing SAR wind, a land mask, and time and earth location information. Maps of the SAR wind data in GeoTIFF format are also included. The product covers the geographic extent of the SAR image frame from which it was derived. These SAR-derived high resolution wind products are calculated from high resolution SAR images of normalized radar cross section (NRCS) of the Earth's surface. Backscattered microwave radar returns from the ocean surface are strongly dependent on wind speed and direction. When no wind is present, the surface of the water is smooth, almost glass-like. Radar energy will largely be reflected away and the radar cross section will be low. As the wind begins to blow, the surface roughens and surface waves begin to develop. As the wind continues to blow more strongly, the amplitude of the wave increases, thus, roughening the surface more. As the surface roughness increases, more energy is backscattered and NRCS increases. Moreover, careful examination of the wind-generated waves reveals that these surface wave crests are generally aligned perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, suggesting a dependence of backscatter on the relative direction between the incident radar energy and the wind direction.

This dataset includes five-minute reports with elements for wind speed and direction, visibility, present weather, temperature, dew point temperature, station altimeter, pressure and density altitude, and relative humidity for approximately 900 stations in the U.S., Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and some Pacific island territories as part of the Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) network. The ASOS Program is a joint effort of the National Weather Service (NWS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the Department of Defense (DOD). The ASOS network was designed to support weather forecast activities and aviation operations and, at the same time, support the needs of the meteorological, hydrological, and climatological research communities. The ASOS 5-minute data were collected and processed by the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).

*This version has been superseded by a newer version. It is highly recommended for users to access the current version. Users should only access this superseded version for special cases, such as reproducing studies. If necessary, this version can be accessed by contacting NCEI.*The Integrated Surface Dataset (ISD) is composed of worldwide surface weather observations from over 35,000 stations, though the best spatial coverage is evident in North America, Europe, Australia, and parts of Asia. Parameters included are: air quality, atmospheric pressure, atmospheric temperature/dew point, atmospheric winds, clouds, precipitation, ocean waves, tides and more. ISD refers to the data contained within the digital database as well as the format in which the hourly, synoptic (3-hourly), and daily weather observations are stored. The format conforms to Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS). ISD provides hourly data that can be used in a wide range of climatological applications. For some stations, data may go as far back as 1901, though most data show a substantial increase in volume in the 1940s and again in the early 1970s. Currently, there are over 14,000 "active" stations updated daily in the database.

For user convenience, a subset of just the hourly data is available to users for download. It is referred to as Integrated Surface Global Hourly data, see associated download links for access to this subset.

This data set contains NOAA/NCEP GFS model deep layer mean (DLM) wind forecast imagery over the North Pacific region. The forecast products are available every 12 hours out to 120 hours. Products include DLM wind and DLM wind variance.

This data set contains the vertical wind data from the NSF/NCAR C-130 and the NOAA P-3 comparison flight on 29 June 2013 during the Nitrogen, Oxidants, Mercury and Aerosol Distributions, Sources and Sinks (NOMADSS) project, part of the Southeast Atmosphere Study (SAS). Included is the quality controlled netCDF file that has the measured and meteorological derived parameters in it. Pressure Altitude (altPA.d) was selected as the altimeter source for deriving vertical wind. Also included is an ASCII text file that contains the instrumentation selections used for creating the quality controlled netCDF file.

This data set contains vertical profiles of horizontal wind speed and direction and vertical velocity from the Leosphere WINDCUBE 100s Doppler Lidar that NOAA/ATDD deployed at Belle Mina, Alabama during the VORTEX-SE 2016 field campaign. This doppler lidar was deployed on 11 March 2016 after the CLAMPS doppler lidar stopped operations on 9 March. See the companion data set below for the CLAMPS doppler lidar observations from 2-9 March 2016. These data are in NetCDF format.

The Worldwide Airfield Summary contains a selection of climatological data produced by the U.S. Air Force, Air Weather Service. The reports were compiled from dozens of domestic and international sources. It consists of summaries for approximately 4,000 airfield stations worldwide and the climatic areas in which they are located, for various periods ending at or before May 1974. A keyed subset (June 1969) is available digitally upon request.

The data presented are monthly and annual summaries of: 1. Absolute maximum and minimum temperatures (Deg. F), 2. Mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures (Deg. F), 3. Mean number of days with maximum temperature equal to or greater than 90 Deg. F, 4. Mean number of days with minimum temperature equal to or less than 32 or 0 Deg. F, 5. Mean dew-point temperature (Deg. F), 6. Mean relative humidity (%), 7. Mean pressure altitude (feet), 8. Mean precipitation (in.), 9. Mean snowfall (in.), 10. Mean number of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 0.1 inch, 11. Mean number of days with snowfall equal to or greater than 1.5 inch, 12. Mean number of days with an occurrence of visibility less than 0.5 mile, 13. Mean number of days with thunderstorms, 14. Percent frequency surface wind speed equal to or greater than 17 knots, 15. Percent frequency surface wind speed equal to or greater than 28 knots, 16. Percent frequency ceiling less than 5,000 feet and/or visibility less than 5 miles, 17. Percent frequency ceiling less than 1,500 feet and/or visibility less than 3 miles by 3-hourly increments, 18. Percent frequency ceiling less than 300 feet and/or visibility less than 1 mile by 3-hourly increments, 19. Mean number of days with ceiling equal to or greater than 1,000 feet and visibility equal to or greater than 3 miles, 20. Mean number of days with ceiling equal to or greater than 2,500 feet and visibility equal to or greater than 3 miles, 21. Mean number of days with ceiling equal to or greater than 6,000 feet and visibility equal to or greater than 3 miles, 22. Mean number of days with ceiling equal to or greater than 10,000 feet and visibility equal to or greater than 3 miles, 23. Mean number of days ceiling equal to or greater than 2,000 feet and visibility equal to or greater than 3 miles with surface wind speed less than 10 knots, 24. Mean number of days with surface wind speed equal to or greater than 17 knots and no precipitation, 25. Mean number of days with surface wind speed 4 to 10 knots and temperature 33 to 89 Deg. F and no precipitation, 26. Mean number of days with sky cover less than 3/10ths and visibility equal to or greater than 3 miles.

The NBSv2.0 dataset synthesizes observations from multiple satellites (up to 16 satellites since 1987) to create globally gridded, high-resolution 10 m neutral ocean wind speeds and wind stress components. The wind directions come from two sources depending on the products: for the research delayed mode product, the source is the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA5 and for the near-real-time products, the source is the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) GFS. This is an updated version of the existing NOAA NBS v1.0, which is a global gridded 0.25 degree and 6-hourly/daily/monthly sea surface winds product that has wide applications in marine transportation, marine ecosystem and fisheries, offshore winds, weather and ocean forecasts, and other areas. A Climatological mean or WMO 30-year Normals are also generated for this product. This newly developed version 2 shows improvement (over its predecessor version 1.0) in following aspects: Resolving very high winds associated with Cyclones/Hurricanes, A gap-free global spatial coverage, Better improved algorithm and coded with open source Python reducing the computational clock time by 10x, and A near-real time production. The data are available in netCDF format for the period of record, July 1987 to present, with six-hourly, daily, and monthly time resolutions for both the blended Sea Surface Wind (SSW) as well as SSW stress data.

The NOAA Soundings IMPACTS dataset was collected from January 1, 2020, through March 1, 2023, during the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) field campaign. The goal of IMPACTS was to provide observations critical to understanding the mechanisms of snowband formation, organization, and evolution, examine how the microphysical characteristics and likely growth mechanisms of snow particles vary across snowbands, and improve snowfall remote sensing interpretation and modeling to significantly advance prediction capabilities. These radiosonde data files include wind direction, dew point temperature, geopotential height, mixing ratio, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, temperature, potential temperature, equivalent potential temperature, and virtual potential temperature measurements at various levels of the troposphere. The data are available in netCDF-4 format.