The World Bank and the Center for International Business, Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College Global Preferential Trade Agreements Database provide information on preferential trade agreements (PTAs) around the world, including agreements that have not yet been notified to the World Trade Organization. This resource helps trade policy makers, research analysts, the academia, trade professionals and other individuals better understand and navigate the world of PTAs.

The WTO's Integrated Data Base (IDB) contains imports by commodity and partner countries and Most Favored Nation (MFN) applied and, where available, data on preferential tariffs at the most detailed commodity level of the national tariffs.

The WTO's Consolidated Tariff Schedule Data Base (CTS) contains WTO-bound tariffs, Initial Negotiating Rights and other indicators. The CTS reflects the concessions made by countries during goods negotiations (e.g., the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations). The IDB and CTS are practical working tools and there are no implications as to the legal status of the information contained therein.

Global Value Chains (GVC's) data from World Bank's WDR 2020 data

The World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), developed by the World Bank, provides data on bilateral trade between countries based on various product classifications, product details, years, and trade flows. Additionally, it covers tariffs and non-tariff measures.

The World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), developed by the World Bank, provides data on bilateral trade between countries based on various product classifications, product details, years, and trade flows. Additionally, it covers tariffs and non-tariff measures.

Germany DE: Tariff Rate: Applied: Simple Mean: Manufactured Products data was reported at 1.440 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.670 % for 2021. Germany DE: Tariff Rate: Applied: Simple Mean: Manufactured Products data is updated yearly, averaging 1.750 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.040 % in 2001 and a record low of 1.440 % in 2022. Germany DE: Tariff Rate: Applied: Simple Mean: Manufactured Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Trade Tariffs. Simple mean applied tariff is the unweighted average of effectively applied rates for all products subject to tariffs calculated for all traded goods. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of simple mean tariffs. Manufactured products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 5-8 excluding division 68.;World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database.;;The tariff data for the European Union (EU) apply to EU Member States in alignment with the EU membership for the respective countries/economies and years. In the context of the tariff data, the EU membership for a given country/economy and year is defined for the entire year during which the country/economy was a member of the EU (irrespective of the date of accession to or withdrawal from the EU within a given year). The tariff data for the EU are, thus, applicable to Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (EU Member State(s) since 1958), Denmark and Ireland (EU Member State(s) since 1973), the United Kingdom (EU Member State(s) from 1973 until 2020), Greece (EU Member State(s) since 1981), Spain and Portugal (EU Member State(s) since 1986), Austria, Finland, and Sweden (EU Member State(s) since 1995), Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia (EU Member State(s) since 2004), Romania and Bulgaria (EU Member State(s) since 2007), Croatia (EU Member State(s) since 2013). For more information, please revisit the technical note on bilateral applied tariff (https://wits.worldbank.org/Bilateral-Tariff-Technical-Note.html).

Annual percentage growth rate of the world’s trade value (export or import), by sector, at market prices in current U.S. dollars. Please refer to: https://wits.worldbank.org/methodology.html.

Germany DE: Tariff Rate: Most Favored Nation: Weighted Mean: Primary Products data was reported at 1.870 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.840 % for 2021. Germany DE: Tariff Rate: Most Favored Nation: Weighted Mean: Primary Products data is updated yearly, averaging 2.840 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.340 % in 2001 and a record low of 1.870 % in 2022. Germany DE: Tariff Rate: Most Favored Nation: Weighted Mean: Primary Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Trade Tariffs. Weighted mean most favored nations tariff is the average of most favored nation rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. Import weights were calculated using the United Nations Statistics Division's Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database. Primary products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 0-4 plus division 68 (nonferrous metals).;World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on tariff data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database and global imports data from the United Nations Statistics Division's Comtrade database.;;The tariff data for the European Union (EU) apply to EU Member States in alignment with the EU membership for the respective countries/economies and years. In the context of the tariff data, the EU membership for a given country/economy and year is defined for the entire year during which the country/economy was a member of the EU (irrespective of the date of accession to or withdrawal from the EU within a given year). The tariff data for the EU are, thus, applicable to Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (EU Member State(s) since 1958), Denmark and Ireland (EU Member State(s) since 1973), the United Kingdom (EU Member State(s) from 1973 until 2020), Greece (EU Member State(s) since 1981), Spain and Portugal (EU Member State(s) since 1986), Austria, Finland, and Sweden (EU Member State(s) since 1995), Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia (EU Member State(s) since 2004), Romania and Bulgaria (EU Member State(s) since 2007), Croatia (EU Member State(s) since 2013). For more information, please revisit the technical note on bilateral applied tariff (https://wits.worldbank.org/Bilateral-Tariff-Technical-Note.html).

The dataset ( Excel files ) was generated for the article of Reshaping China's Trade Pattern through the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP): A Combined Perspective of WITS-SMART Model and Input-Output Analysis. Original dataset was downloaded from Wold Bank (https://wits.worldbank.org/), and processed under two different scenarios by the author based on nations / association, namely Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Korea and ASEAN.

(i) Imports of goods and services comprise all transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world involving a change of ownership from nonresidents to residents of general merchandise, nonmonetary gold, and services. Data are in current U.S. dollars. (ii) Trade value total Import/Export Value in thousands of US Dollars current value. Imports is gross imports. Quantity (kg) (iii) world (iv) https://wits.worldbank.org/methodology.html

WITS is a trade software tool giving access to bilateral trade between countries based on various product classifications, product details, years, and trade flows. It also contains tariff and non-tariff measures data, as well as analysis tool to calculate effects of tariff reductions. In addition, users have access to many visualization tools. - Periodicity: Quarter - Number of Economies: 219 - Trade imports, exports, re-imports, re-exports, gross exports, gross imports, MFN tariff rates, bound tariff raters, preferential tariffs. Non-Tariff Measure data with new UNCTAD classification now available. - Update Frequency: Quarterly - Access Option: API, Bulk download, Query tool

Brazil BR: Tariff Rate: Applied: Simple Mean: All Products data was reported at 13.290 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 13.200 % for 2021. Brazil BR: Tariff Rate: Applied: Simple Mean: All Products data is updated yearly, averaging 13.700 % from Dec 1989 (Median) to 2022, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 42.920 % in 1989 and a record low of 12.100 % in 2006. Brazil BR: Tariff Rate: Applied: Simple Mean: All Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.World Bank.WDI: Trade Tariffs. Simple mean applied tariff is the unweighted average of effectively applied rates for all products subject to tariffs calculated for all traded goods. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of simple mean tariffs.;World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database.;;The tariff data for the European Union (EU) apply to EU Member States in alignment with the EU membership for the respective countries/economies and years. In the context of the tariff data, the EU membership for a given country/economy and year is defined for the entire year during which the country/economy was a member of the EU (irrespective of the date of accession to or withdrawal from the EU within a given year). The tariff data for the EU are, thus, applicable to Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (EU Member State(s) since 1958), Denmark and Ireland (EU Member State(s) since 1973), the United Kingdom (EU Member State(s) from 1973 until 2020), Greece (EU Member State(s) since 1981), Spain and Portugal (EU Member State(s) since 1986), Austria, Finland, and Sweden (EU Member State(s) since 1995), Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia (EU Member State(s) since 2004), Romania and Bulgaria (EU Member State(s) since 2007), Croatia (EU Member State(s) since 2013). For more information, please revisit the technical note on bilateral applied tariff (https://wits.worldbank.org/Bilateral-Tariff-Technical-Note.html).

It is calculated as the number of countries to which the reporter exports a particular product divided by the number of countries that report importing the product that year. Please refer to: https://wits.worldbank.org/methodology.html.

Botswana BW: Tariff Rate: Applied: Weighted Mean: Manufactured Products data was reported at 2.160 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.700 % for 2021. Botswana BW: Tariff Rate: Applied: Weighted Mean: Manufactured Products data is updated yearly, averaging 1.120 % from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.260 % in 2012 and a record low of 0.240 % in 2018. Botswana BW: Tariff Rate: Applied: Weighted Mean: Manufactured Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Botswana – Table BW.World Bank.WDI: Trade Tariffs. Weighted mean applied tariff is the average of effectively applied rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of weighted mean tariffs. Import weights were calculated using the United Nations Statistics Division's Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead. Manufactured products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 5-8 excluding division 68.;World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on tariff data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database and global imports data from the United Nations Statistics Division's Comtrade database.;;The tariff data for the European Union (EU) apply to EU Member States in alignment with the EU membership for the respective countries/economies and years. In the context of the tariff data, the EU membership for a given country/economy and year is defined for the entire year during which the country/economy was a member of the EU (irrespective of the date of accession to or withdrawal from the EU within a given year). The tariff data for the EU are, thus, applicable to Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (EU Member State(s) since 1958), Denmark and Ireland (EU Member State(s) since 1973), the United Kingdom (EU Member State(s) from 1973 until 2020), Greece (EU Member State(s) since 1981), Spain and Portugal (EU Member State(s) since 1986), Austria, Finland, and Sweden (EU Member State(s) since 1995), Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia (EU Member State(s) since 2004), Romania and Bulgaria (EU Member State(s) since 2007), Croatia (EU Member State(s) since 2013). For more information, please revisit the technical note on bilateral applied tariff (https://wits.worldbank.org/Bilateral-Tariff-Technical-Note.html).

(i) Exports of goods and services comprise all transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world involving a change of ownership from residents to nonresidents of general merchandise, net exports of goods under merchanting, nonmonetary gold, and services. Data are in current U.S. dollars. (ii) Trade value total Import/Export Value in thousands of US Dollars current value. Exports is gross exports. Quantity (kg) (iii) world (iv) https://wits.worldbank.org/methodology.html

DE: Share of Tariff Lines with Specific Rates: Primary Products data was reported at 2.623 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.284 % for 2021. DE: Share of Tariff Lines with Specific Rates: Primary Products data is updated yearly, averaging 3.299 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 26.653 % in 2020 and a record low of 2.135 % in 2016. DE: Share of Tariff Lines with Specific Rates: Primary Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Trade Tariffs. Share of tariff lines with specific rates is the share of lines in the tariff schedule that are set on a per unit basis or that combine ad valorem and per unit rates. It shows the extent to which countries use tariffs based on physical quantities or other, non-ad valorem measures. Primary products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 0-4 plus division 68 (nonferrous metals).;World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database.;;The tariff data for the European Union (EU) apply to EU Member States in alignment with the EU membership for the respective countries/economies and years. In the context of the tariff data, the EU membership for a given country/economy and year is defined for the entire year during which the country/economy was a member of the EU (irrespective of the date of accession to or withdrawal from the EU within a given year). The tariff data for the EU are, thus, applicable to Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (EU Member State(s) since 1958), Denmark and Ireland (EU Member State(s) since 1973), the United Kingdom (EU Member State(s) from 1973 until 2020), Greece (EU Member State(s) since 1981), Spain and Portugal (EU Member State(s) since 1986), Austria, Finland, and Sweden (EU Member State(s) since 1995), Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia (EU Member State(s) since 2004), Romania and Bulgaria (EU Member State(s) since 2007), Croatia (EU Member State(s) since 2013). For more information, please revisit the technical note on bilateral applied tariff (https://wits.worldbank.org/Bilateral-Tariff-Technical-Note.html).

AU: Tariff Rate: Most Favored Nation: Weighted Mean: All Products data was reported at 2.840 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.860 % for 2021. AU: Tariff Rate: Most Favored Nation: Weighted Mean: All Products data is updated yearly, averaging 3.880 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.870 % in 1991 and a record low of 2.470 % in 2011. AU: Tariff Rate: Most Favored Nation: Weighted Mean: All Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Trade Tariffs. Weighted mean most favored nations tariff is the average of most favored nation rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. Import weights were calculated using the United Nations Statistics Division's Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database.;World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on tariff data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database and global imports data from the United Nations Statistics Division's Comtrade database.;;The tariff data for the European Union (EU) apply to EU Member States in alignment with the EU membership for the respective countries/economies and years. In the context of the tariff data, the EU membership for a given country/economy and year is defined for the entire year during which the country/economy was a member of the EU (irrespective of the date of accession to or withdrawal from the EU within a given year). The tariff data for the EU are, thus, applicable to Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (EU Member State(s) since 1958), Denmark and Ireland (EU Member State(s) since 1973), the United Kingdom (EU Member State(s) from 1973 until 2020), Greece (EU Member State(s) since 1981), Spain and Portugal (EU Member State(s) since 1986), Austria, Finland, and Sweden (EU Member State(s) since 1995), Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia (EU Member State(s) since 2004), Romania and Bulgaria (EU Member State(s) since 2007), Croatia (EU Member State(s) since 2013). For more information, please revisit the technical note on bilateral applied tariff (https://wits.worldbank.org/Bilateral-Tariff-Technical-Note.html).

Chad TD: Share of Tariff Lines with International Peaks: Primary Products data was reported at 74.071 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 49.604 % for 2016. Chad TD: Share of Tariff Lines with International Peaks: Primary Products data is updated yearly, averaging 54.195 % from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2022, with 17 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 74.071 % in 2022 and a record low of 36.816 % in 2015. Chad TD: Share of Tariff Lines with International Peaks: Primary Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Chad – Table TD.World Bank.WDI: Trade Tariffs. Share of tariff lines with international peaks is the share of lines in the tariff schedule with tariff rates that exceed 15 percent. It provides an indication of how selectively tariffs are applied. Primary products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 0-4 plus division 68 (nonferrous metals).;World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database.;;The tariff data for the European Union (EU) apply to EU Member States in alignment with the EU membership for the respective countries/economies and years. In the context of the tariff data, the EU membership for a given country/economy and year is defined for the entire year during which the country/economy was a member of the EU (irrespective of the date of accession to or withdrawal from the EU within a given year). The tariff data for the EU are, thus, applicable to Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (EU Member State(s) since 1958), Denmark and Ireland (EU Member State(s) since 1973), the United Kingdom (EU Member State(s) from 1973 until 2020), Greece (EU Member State(s) since 1981), Spain and Portugal (EU Member State(s) since 1986), Austria, Finland, and Sweden (EU Member State(s) since 1995), Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia (EU Member State(s) since 2004), Romania and Bulgaria (EU Member State(s) since 2007), Croatia (EU Member State(s) since 2013). For more information, please revisit the technical note on bilateral applied tariff (https://wits.worldbank.org/Bilateral-Tariff-Technical-Note.html).

Germany DE: Tariff Rate: Most Favored Nation: Simple Mean: All Products data was reported at 5.240 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.630 % for 2021. Germany DE: Tariff Rate: Most Favored Nation: Simple Mean: All Products data is updated yearly, averaging 5.710 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.480 % in 2001 and a record low of 4.320 % in 2020. Germany DE: Tariff Rate: Most Favored Nation: Simple Mean: All Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Trade Tariffs. Simple mean most favored nation tariff rate is the unweighted average of most favored nation rates for all products subject to tariffs calculated for all traded goods. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups.;World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database.;;The tariff data for the European Union (EU) apply to EU Member States in alignment with the EU membership for the respective countries/economies and years. In the context of the tariff data, the EU membership for a given country/economy and year is defined for the entire year during which the country/economy was a member of the EU (irrespective of the date of accession to or withdrawal from the EU within a given year). The tariff data for the EU are, thus, applicable to Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (EU Member State(s) since 1958), Denmark and Ireland (EU Member State(s) since 1973), the United Kingdom (EU Member State(s) from 1973 until 2020), Greece (EU Member State(s) since 1981), Spain and Portugal (EU Member State(s) since 1986), Austria, Finland, and Sweden (EU Member State(s) since 1995), Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia (EU Member State(s) since 2004), Romania and Bulgaria (EU Member State(s) since 2007), Croatia (EU Member State(s) since 2013). For more information, please revisit the technical note on bilateral applied tariff (https://wits.worldbank.org/Bilateral-Tariff-Technical-Note.html).