According to a 2020 UN Women survey, approximately half of the respondents in India concurred that most women would be safe in public space, at 51 percent of female and 47 percent of male respondents. On the other hand, respectively 11 and 23 percent of female and male respondents believed that most Indian women would likely suffer from physical, mental, or emotional harm in public.

Haryana had the highest rates of crime against women in India in 2022 with about 118 crimes reported for every 100,000 women. Among the union territories, Delhi had a crime rate against women of 144 that year.

According to a 2020 survey, the majority of the respondents in India concurred that most women would be safe in their own homes, with 67 percent of female and 72 percent of male respondents. On the other hand, respectively six percent of female and male respondents believed that most Indian women would likely suffer from physical, mental, or emotional harm at home.

This Power BI dashboard provides an in-depth analysis of crimes against women across various states in India from 2001 to 2021. The dashboard features interactive visualizations that highlight trends over time, compare crime rates between states, and break down the distribution of different crime types such as domestic violence, dowry deaths, rape, and kidnapping. This project aims to offer insights into the evolving landscape of women's safety in India, helping stakeholders identify areas that require attention and resources.

The results of a survey regarding the public opinion on the government being able to bring down the rate of crime against women and children seemed positive. As of February 2019, 55 percent of respondents stated that they believed that the central government has succeeded in lowering the crime rates. This was a significant increase compared to 2017.

Women Safety Software Market size was valued at USD 1.9 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 3.9 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 9% during the forecasted period 2024 to 2031.

The Women Safety Software market is driven by growing awareness about women's safety and the increasing prevalence of gender-based violence, prompting demand for technological solutions that enhance personal security. The widespread adoption of smartphones and advancements in mobile applications have made safety software more accessible and user-friendly. Government initiatives and regulations promoting women’s safety, along with collaborations between NGOs and tech companies, further support market growth. Features like real-time tracking, SOS alerts, and integration with wearable devices are gaining traction, driven by advancements in GPS and communication technologies. Additionally, the rising emphasis on workplace safety for women and the adoption of these solutions by educational institutions and corporates are significant market drivers.

In 2022, over 66 out of every 100 thousand women in India were victims of a crime. In comparison to the last year's figures, a rise in the crime rate was observed. Several psychological and patriarchal factors can result in an escalation of crime against women.

We are releasing one of the datasets from a research project conducted jointly by the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS), India and The Bachchao Project (TBP) in 2016-17.

This dataset that logs all the different permissions sought by selected “safety applications” available on the Google Play store in India was compiled as a part of the “Evaluating Safety Buttons on Mobile Devices” project in November 2016. A preliminary report on the findings was released at RightsCon in Brussels in 2017: https://github.com/cis-india/website/raw/master/docs/CIS-TBP_SafetyButtonsMobileDevices_Preview_201703.pdf [PDF]

Blog post corresponding to the release of the report: https://cis-india.org/raw/evaluating-safety-buttons-on-mobile-devices-preview.

The dataset has been released under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. All uses of the accompanying data or parts thereof must contain the following attribution: “Data provided by Rohini Lakshané and Chinmayi S K (2018)”. To request a waiver, email rohini [at] cis-india [dot] org. Data are provided AS-IS, without warranty as to accuracy or completeness.

This dataset was first uploaded on the website of the The Bachchao Project on June 18, 2018: http://thebachchaoproject.org/evaluating-safety-buttons-on-mobile-devices

India IN: Women Business and the Law Index Score: scale 1-100 data was reported at 74.375 NA in 2023. This stayed constant from the previous number of 74.375 NA for 2022. India IN: Women Business and the Law Index Score: scale 1-100 data is updated yearly, averaging 57.500 NA from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2023, with 54 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 74.375 NA in 2023 and a record low of 49.375 NA in 1987. India IN: Women Business and the Law Index Score: scale 1-100 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s India – Table IN.World Bank.WDI: Governance: Policy and Institutions. The index measures how laws and regulations affect women’s economic opportunity. Overall scores are calculated by taking the average score of each index (Mobility, Workplace, Pay, Marriage, Parenthood, Entrepreneurship, Assets and Pension), with 100 representing the highest possible score.;World Bank: Women, Business and the Law. https://wbl.worldbank.org/;;1. For the reference period, WDI and Gender Databases take the data coverage years instead of reporting years used in WBL (https://wbl.worldbank.org/). For example, the data for YR2020 in WBL (report year) corresponds to data for YR2019 in WDI and Gender Databases. 2. The 2024 Women, Business and the Law (WBL) report has introduced two distinct datasets, labeled as 1.0 and 2.0. The WBL data in the Gender database is based on the dataset 1.0. This dataset maintains consistency with the indicators used in previous WBL reports from 2020 to 2023. In contrast, the WBL 2.0 dataset includes new areas of childcare and safety. For those interested in exploring the WBL 2.0 dataset, it is available on the WBL website at https://wbl.worldbank.org.

This dataset contains the details about the strength of Female Police Officers in India under different police organisations such as Assam Rifles, Border Security Force, Central Armed Police Force, Central Industrial Security Force, District Police, Central Reserve Police Force among others.

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market For Women Size 2025-2029

The personal protective equipment (ppe) market for women size is forecast to increase by USD 14.29 billion, at a CAGR of 11.1% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing incidence and prevalence of infectious biological hazards. This trend is further fueled by the expanding distribution channels, including retail and online platforms, making it more accessible to women across various industries and sectors. However, the market faces challenges in addressing the specific needs of women, particularly in combining different types of PPE that cater to their unique physiological requirements. Additionally, the market is subject to quality-cost trade-offs, as women seek effective and affordable solutions without compromising safety. Companies seeking to capitalize on this market's opportunities must focus on developing innovative and gender-specific PPE designs, while ensuring affordability and maintaining high-quality standards. Effective collaboration with retailers and online marketplaces can also help expand reach and accessibility to a wider consumer base. Navigating these challenges requires a deep understanding of the market dynamics and the ability to address the unique needs of women in the workplace and beyond.

What will be the Size of the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Market For Women during the forecast period?

Request Free SampleThe personal protective equipment (PPE) market continues to evolve, with dynamics unfolding across various sectors. PPE distribution plays a crucial role in ensuring the availability of necessary safety gear. Industrial safety remains a primary focus, with ongoing awareness programs emphasizing the importance of PPE usage. Women's fit considerations have gained significant attention, leading to the development of women's specific PPE. Head protection, adhering to ASTM standards, is essential for manufacturing safety. Body armor, known for its durability and functionality, is a vital component in protective clothing. PPE maintenance and cleaning are integral to maintaining optimal performance and ensuring compliance with OSHA regulations. Eye protection and respiratory protection are essential for workplace safety, with hearing protection and hand protection completing the comprehensive safety solution. High visibility apparel, reflective materials, and safety footwear contribute to enhancing safety in various industries. First aid kits and PPE inspection are essential components of emergency response preparedness. PPE design continues to evolve, with an emphasis on comfort features, cut resistant gloves, and inclusivity in PPE. Diversity in PPE offerings, including gender-neutral and women's performance requirements, is a growing trend. Fall protection, chemical resistant suits, and flame resistant clothing are vital in ensuring safety in construction and laboratory settings. PPE training materials and safety training are essential for proper usage and fit testing. PPE compliance and CE marking are crucial for ensuring regulatory adherence. The ongoing evolution of PPE market dynamics underscores the importance of a strong PPE safety culture, with continuous improvements in PPE design, functionality, and inclusivity.

How is this Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) For Women Industry segmented?

The personal protective equipment (ppe) for women industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments. End-userHealthcareManufacturingConstructionOil and gasOthersProductProtective clothingHand and arm protectionProtective footwearRespiratory protectionOthersGeographyNorth AmericaUSCanadaEuropeFranceGermanyItalyThe NetherlandsUKAPACChinaIndiaJapanRest of World (ROW)

By End-user Insights

The healthcare segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.In the realm of personal protective equipment (PPE), the healthcare industry holds a substantial market share for women's safety solutions. This sector comprises various entities such as hospitals, clinics, ambulatory surgical centers, diagnostic laboratories, and academic and research institutions. Each setting demands specialized PPE to ensure the safety of healthcare professionals and optimal performance. A key focus lies in creating gender-specific PPE, addressing essential factors like fit, comfort, and functionality. Traditional PPE often overlooks anatomical differences, resulting in compromised protection and decreased efficiency. Head protection, body armor, hearing protection, hand protection, high visibility apparel, and women's safety gear are essential components of this market. ASTM standards, CE marking, ANSI standards, and EN

This statistic displays the results of a survey regarding the public opinion on whether the safety of women and children has increased following the 2014 general elections across India as of May 2018. During the measured time period, around 58 percent of respondents stated that they did not believe crimes against women and children had reduced as of the fourth year of the Modi ministry being in power.

The global Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) market, currently valued at $1458 million (2025), is experiencing robust growth, projected at a CAGR of 6.7% from 2025 to 2033. While comprehensive data on the female-focused segment is unavailable, a reasonable estimation can be derived by considering the overall market's growth and the increasing awareness of gender-specific needs in occupational safety. Considering the underrepresentation of women in traditionally male-dominated industries, and the subsequent lack of properly fitting and designed PPE, a conservative estimate places the female-focused PPE market at approximately 15% of the overall market in 2025, representing a value of around $219 million. This segment is driven by rising female participation in various sectors like construction, manufacturing, and healthcare, demanding PPE that better fits their body types and addresses specific needs related to comfort, mobility, and protection. Key trends include increasing demand for lightweight, breathable, and ergonomically designed PPE, alongside growing adoption of technologically advanced materials and smart PPE solutions. However, challenges remain, including the higher cost of specialized female PPE and limited availability in certain regions. The lack of comprehensive size ranges and design variations for women continues to restrain market growth. The growth trajectory of the female-focused PPE market is projected to outpace the overall market CAGR, driven by increased regulatory focus on inclusivity and worker safety. As awareness surrounding gender-specific PPE grows, coupled with manufacturers actively designing and producing solutions specifically tailored to women, the market share of this segment is likely to expand. North America and Europe are anticipated to dominate the market initially, given established safety regulations and higher female participation rates in various industries. However, rapid industrialization and urbanization in Asia-Pacific, particularly in countries like India and China, present significant opportunities for future growth in the female-focused PPE segment. The increasing focus on enhancing workplace safety and comfort, combined with technological advancements in PPE materials and design, further positions this market for substantial expansion in the coming years.

Personal Alarm for Women Market Outlook

In 2023, the global market size for personal alarms for women was valued at approximately USD 320 million, with a forecasted growth reaching USD 620 million by 2032, driven by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8%. This robust growth can be attributed to increasing awareness about personal safety, advancements in technology, and supportive government regulations.

Growing concerns around personal safety, especially among women, have been a significant driver of market growth. Rising crime rates and increasing awareness of personal security solutions are pushing consumers towards adopting personal alarms. These devices are becoming crucial for women worldwide to feel secure while commuting, traveling, or even within their neighborhoods. As societies become more urbanized, the need for such safety measures is becoming ever more apparent, fostering a growing market for personal alarms tailored to women.

Technological advancements have significantly contributed to the growth of the personal alarm market. Innovations such as GPS tracking, real-time alerts, and integration with smartphones have enhanced the functionality and appeal of these devices. Modern personal alarms are not just noise-making devices but comprehensive security solutions that can send alerts to predefined contacts or emergency services. This integration with smart technology is a strong growth catalyst, making these devices more effective and appealing to a broader audience.

Government initiatives and policies supporting women's safety are also fueling market expansion. Many governments and non-governmental organizations are advocating for the use of personal safety devices, leading to increased adoption. Campaigns aimed at raising awareness about personal safety and the availability of grants or subsidies for purchasing such devices are significant contributors. These initiatives are not only promoting the use of personal alarms but also ensuring they are accessible to a larger segment of the population.

Regionally, the market is witnessing varied growth patterns. North America and Europe are currently the largest markets due to higher awareness levels and technological adoption. However, Asia Pacific is anticipated to exhibit the highest growth rate over the forecast period. The increasing urban population, rising crime rates, and growing awareness about personal safety are propelling the market in this region. Countries such as India and China are emerging as significant markets due to the large population base and increasing disposable incomes, which are enhancing the affordability and adoption of personal alarms.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment in the personal alarm for women market is diverse, including keychain alarms, wearable alarms, whistle alarms, and other variants. Keychain alarms are among the most popular due to their convenience and ease of use. Easily attachable to bags or keychains, these alarms are readily accessible and can be triggered quickly in case of an emergency. Their compact size and affordable price point make them a favorite among consumers, especially younger women and students.

Wearable alarms have gained significant traction in recent years. These devices can be worn as jewelry or incorporated into clothing, making them discreet and fashionable. The integration of advanced technologies such as GPS and mobile connectivity has added substantial value to wearable alarms. They are designed to not only emit a loud alarm but also send real-time location data to emergency contacts or services. This dual functionality enhances their appeal, making them a preferred choice for tech-savvy consumers.

Whistle alarms, while more traditional, still hold a significant market share. These devices are simple yet effective, relying on manual operation to produce a loud, attention-grabbing noise. They are particularly popular in regions where technological adoption is slower, or among demographics less inclined towards electronic devices. Their low cost and ease of use make them accessible to a broad audience, ensuring they remain relevant in the market.

Other types of personal alarms include a variety of innovative designs and functionalities. These can range from flashlight alarms that combine a bright light with a loud sound to pepper spray alarms that add a layer of physical defense. These multi-functional devices cater to consumers looking for comprehensive safety solutions. The constant evolution in designs and functions within this

Additional file 2: Raw Dietary Diversity Data Collected. Raw Dietary Diversity Data Collected. Excel sheet of food consumption data collected from participants by enumerators.

The northern state of Rajasthan reported the highest number of rape cases across India in 2022, at over 5.3 thousand. Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state, ranked second that year, while the union territory of Lakshadweep recorded the lowest number.

Crime against women in India: a grim reality  

2012’s gang rape and murder of a 22-year-old physiotherapy intern shook the country in what is now known as the Nirbhaya case. Literally translated from Hindi, Nirbhaya means fearless. Outcry in the form of protests and marches seized the country in the weeks following the incident. This took place in the country’s capital Delhi, ranking first among metropolitans for rape cases.

Arguably, this was a turning point in conversations about crime and the status and treatment of women in India, forcing it to the forefront. Even so, Nirbhaya continues to be one of the many names given to refer to the other rape cases in the country since.

Women’s safety in India  

Despite public and private initiatives to ensure safety measures are being implemented, being a girl or woman is often seen as a disadvantage. From banning prenatal sex determination to encouraging girls to go to school and inclusion in the workforce, attempts are consistently being made to better how women are treated. Despite this, Indians live in a society that has deeply normalized all levels of crime against women, giving the responsibility of safety to the individual rather than the community.

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Self Defense Products Market Size 2025-2029

The self defense products market size is forecast to increase by USD 937.2 million at a CAGR of 6.8% between 2024 and 2029.

The market experiences robust growth, fueled by escalating personal safety concerns and increasing government initiatives aimed at safeguarding citizens. These factors create a significant demand for self defense solutions, particularly in regions with high crime rates. However, market expansion encounters challenges, including regulatory hurdles that impact adoption and the proliferation of fraudulent and counterfeit self defense products. Manufacturers must navigate these obstacles by adhering to stringent regulatory guidelines and implementing robust quality control measures to ensure product authenticity. Additionally, innovation and technological advancements in self defense solutions, such as smart personal safety devices and non-lethal weapons, offer lucrative opportunities for companies to differentiate themselves and cater to evolving consumer needs. Plastic components are increasingly being used for various self-defense tools, such as lightweight, durable handles and holsters, contributing to product accessibility and affordability.
By staying informed of these trends and addressing challenges effectively, businesses can capitalize on the market's growth potential and maintain a competitive edge.

What will be the Size of the Self Defense Products Market during the forecast period?

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The self-defense industry in the US continues to evolve, with a focus on portability and technological advancements to address safety concerns in various sectors. The market encompasses weapons such as projectile-based self-defense tools like pepper spray, which induces temporary blindness, and tactical gloves, as well as home security devices like smart safety alarms. Stalking and violence, including robbery, remain significant concerns for women and the disabled. Online channels have become essential, offering personalized shopping experiences for the best self-defense products.
Technological innovations, such as AI-enabled devices, are increasingly popular. Martial arts instruction and techniques remain crucial for self-defense education. Awareness initiatives and empowerment are key drivers, with solutions extending to the workplace. Offline channels, including tactile products like folding knives and stun guns, continue to hold relevance. Cybersecurity is a growing concern, with online retailers implementing

How is this Self Defense Products Industry segmented?

The self defense products industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Distribution Channel

  Offline
  Online


Product

  Folding knives
  Tactical gloves
  Pepper sprays
  Stun guns
  Others


Material

  Metal
  Polymer and plastic
  Chemical-based


End-user

  Law enforcement
  Civilians
  Security personnel
  Military and defense


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    The Netherlands
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Distribution Channel Insights

The offline segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

In the market, offline distribution channels continue to hold significant weight. Consumers prioritize personal safety and often prefer the tactile experience and immediate access to products offered by physical stores. Brick-and-mortar businesses, such as specialized self defense shops and sporting goods outlets, provide expert advice and product demonstrations, bolstering customer confidence. These establishments also adhere to local regulations and age restrictions, ensuring responsible sales of self defense equipment. Products like pepper sprays, stun guns, and personal alarms are commonly found in offline retailers. They cater to various safety needs, including women's self-defense, safety for children and the elderly, workplace safety, and emergency preparedness.

Neighborhood watch programs and self-defense classes are also often organized through local community centers and offline channels. Offline distribution channels continue to evolve, with personalized shopping experiences and home security devices becoming increasingly popular. Product variety caters to beginners and advanced users alike, addressing threats in everyday life, such as bullying, harassment, assault, and stalking. Companies continue to invest in offline channels, recognizing the importance of face-to-face interactions and the trust they build with customers. Moreover, offline self-defense training and techniques remain essential for seniors and individuals with disabilitie

The global automobile crash test female model market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing safety regulations, advancements in automotive technology, and a growing awareness of gender-specific differences in crash biomechanics. The market size in 2025 is estimated at $150 million, reflecting a significant rise from previous years. This growth is projected to continue at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033, indicating a substantial market expansion over the forecast period. Key market drivers include the rising demand for accurate crash simulation data to improve vehicle safety for female occupants, stringent government regulations mandating the use of female crash test dummies, and the increasing adoption of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). The market is segmented by crash test type (frontal and side) and vehicle application (passenger cars and commercial vehicles), with passenger cars currently dominating due to higher production volumes. Leading players like Humanetics, Kistler Group, and JASTI Co., Ltd. are actively engaged in research and development to enhance the accuracy and sophistication of female crash test models, contributing to market growth. The regional market is diverse, with North America and Europe holding significant market share due to established automotive industries and stringent safety standards. However, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to witness considerable growth in the coming years, fueled by rising vehicle production and increasing adoption of safety regulations in developing economies like China and India. Despite the positive outlook, the market faces certain challenges, such as the high cost of advanced crash test models and the need for ongoing research to refine their accuracy. Nevertheless, the market is poised for continued growth, driven by a combination of technological advancements, regulatory pressure, and a commitment to improving overall road safety for all occupants.

Personal Safety Tracking Devices Market Outlook

The global market size for personal safety tracking devices was valued at approximately USD 1.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 4.2 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.0% during the forecast period. This substantial growth can be attributed to several factors, including increasing concerns about personal safety, technological advancements, and the rising adoption of smart and interconnected devices.

One of the primary growth factors driving the personal safety tracking devices market is the increasing awareness and concern for personal security. With the rise in crime rates and the increasing emphasis on safety, there is a growing demand for devices that can ensure the safety of individuals, especially children, women, and the elderly. Parents, in particular, are becoming more vigilant and are investing in tracking devices to ensure the safety of their children, whether they are at school, playing outdoors, or traveling. The elderly population, which is more susceptible to accidents and health issues, also benefits significantly from these devices, as they can provide real-time location tracking and emergency alerts.

Advancements in technology have played a crucial role in the growth of the personal safety tracking devices market. The integration of GPS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and other advanced technologies into tracking devices has enhanced their functionality and reliability. These technologies enable accurate real-time tracking, geo-fencing, and emergency communication features, making the devices more versatile and efficient. Moreover, the proliferation of smartphones and the development of user-friendly applications have made it easier for consumers to monitor and manage these devices, further driving their adoption.

The increasing penetration of the Internet of Things (IoT) is another significant factor contributing to market growth. IoT-enabled personal safety tracking devices can connect with other smart devices and systems, creating a comprehensive safety ecosystem. For example, these devices can be integrated with home security systems, smartwatches, and healthcare monitoring devices, offering a holistic approach to personal safety and well-being. The ability to connect and communicate with multiple devices enhances the overall effectiveness and appeal of personal safety tracking solutions.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the personal safety tracking devices market, driven by the high adoption rate of advanced technology and the presence of key market players. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, owing to the increasing urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and growing awareness about personal safety in countries like China, India, and Japan.

Product Type Analysis

The personal safety tracking devices market is segmented by product type into wearable devices, handheld devices, and others. Wearable devices are among the most popular in this segment, mainly due to their convenience and ease of use. These devices, which include smartwatches, fitness trackers, and specialized safety bands, can be worn on the wrist or other parts of the body, allowing users to carry them effortlessly throughout the day. The versatility and continuous improvements in wearable technology, such as the incorporation of SOS alerts and geofencing capabilities, have made these devices increasingly attractive to consumers concerned about personal security.

Handheld devices, while less popular than wearables, offer unique advantages that cater to specific needs. These devices are often equipped with more powerful batteries and can provide more accurate tracking over longer periods. They are particularly useful for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and traveling in remote areas where personal safety concerns are heightened. Handheld devices also generally come with robust features like two-way communication, making them a reliable choice for emergency situations. The demand for these devices is growing among adventure enthusiasts and professionals who require reliable safety solutions.

Other types of personal safety tracking devices encompass a variety of innovative solutions, including keychain trackers, pet collars, and vehicle tracking systems. These devices add an extra layer of security for users by ensuring that not only individuals but also their belongings and pets are safe. As technology continues to evolve, the "others" ca

A survey conducted among global experts about the factors that make a country unsafe found India the most dangerous country for women in 2018, based on rankings. India ranked number one in the culture and religion, sexual violence and human trafficking categories. The country was perceived as most dangerous for women in terms of cultural, tribal and religious traditions or customary practices, in addition to the sexual violence. The latter included rape and forced labor, marriage and/or sexual slavery.

Violence against women The majority of women in India, regardless of age group, do not feel safe being alone. Be it on the streets, in the markets or supermarkets or even at work or home. Going out alone after dark is usually ridden with fear of being sexually harassed or raped. In 2018, over 33 thousand rape cases were reported in India, while approximately one-third of all women in India claim to have experienced some form of sexual crime.

Marriage and women’s empowerment

The third millennium development goal, set to be fulfilled by 2015, was to ensure gender equality and empower women. Figures show, however, that this was far from fulfilled. The position of a woman in Indian society is determined by her marital status. If she is married, she is considered secure, settled and complete in society. For this reason, marriage below the legal in many social groups is not uncommon.

Studies suggest that the general perception relative to equal rights for women in India is considered to be an issue that has been overstated, or considered unreasonable due to cultural biases and myopic views. Empowerment studies indicate that the only weapon to counter sexual and gender discrimination is education.