The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) is a trusted reference that measures the commitment of countries to cybersecurity at a global level – to raise awareness of the importance and different dimensions of the issue. As cybersecurity has a broad field of application, cutting across many industries and various sectors, each country's level of development or engagement is assessed along five pillars – (i) Legal Measures, (ii) Technical Measures, (iii) Organizational Measures, (iv) Capacity Development, and (v) Cooperation – and then aggregated into an overall score.​

Abstract

The Global Data Regulation Diagnostic provides a comprehensive assessment of the quality of the data governance environment. Diagnostic results show that countries have put in greater effort in adopting enabler regulatory practices than in safeguard regulatory practices. However, for public intent data, enablers for private intent data, safeguards for personal and nonpersonal data, cybersecurity and cybercrime, as well as cross-border data flows. Across all these dimensions, no income group demonstrates advanced regulatory frameworks across all dimensions, indicating significant room for the regulatory development of both enablers and safeguards remains at an intermediate stage: 47 percent of enabler good practices and 41 percent of good safeguard practices are adopted across countries. Under the enabler and safeguard pillars, the diagnostic covers dimensions of e-commerce/e-transactions, enablers further improvement on data governance environment.

The Global Data Regulation Diagnostic is the first comprehensive assessment of laws and regulations on data governance. It covers enabler and safeguard regulatory practices in 80 countries providing indicators to assess and compare their performance. This Global Data Regulation Diagnostic develops objective and standardized indicators to measure the regulatory environment for the data economy across countries. The indicators aim to serve as a diagnostic tool so countries can assess and compare their performance vis-á-vis other countries. Understanding the gap with global regulatory good practices is a necessary first step for governments when identifying and prioritizing reforms.

Geographic coverage

80 countries

Analysis unit

Country

Kind of data

Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure

The diagnostic is based on a detailed assessment of domestic laws, regulations, and administrative requirements in 80 countries selected to ensure a balanced coverage across income groups, regions, and different levels of digital technology development. Data are further verified through a detailed desk research of legal texts, reflecting the regulatory status of each country as of June 1, 2020.

Mode of data collection

Mail Questionnaire [mail]

Research instrument

The questionnaire comprises 37 questions designed to determine if a country has adopted good regulatory practice on data governance. The responses are then scored and assigned a normative interpretation. Related questions fall into seven clusters so that when the scores are averaged, each cluster provides an overall sense of how it performs in its corresponding regulatory and legal dimensions. These seven dimensions are: (1) E-commerce/e-transaction; (2) Enablers for public intent data; (3) Enablers for private intent data; (4) Safeguards for personal data; (5) Safeguards for nonpersonal data; (6) Cybersecurity and cybercrime; (7) Cross-border data transfers.

Response rate

100%

Abstract

To monitor the socioeconomic impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and inform policy responses and interventions, the COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey (HFPS) of households was designed as part of a World Bank global initiative. For Cambodia, a total of 5 survey rounds are planned, with households being called back every 1 to 2 months. This allows for the impact of the pandemic to be tracked as it unfolds and provides data to the government and development partners in near real-time, supporting an evidence-based response to the crisis.

In June 2020, Cambodia launched a Cash Transfer Program to support poor and vulnerable households during COVID-19. To more closely monitor the impact of COVID-19 among poor and vulnerable households in Cambodia and the impact of the Cambodia's Cash Transfer Program for Poor and Vulnerable Households during COVID-19, a sample of 1,000 IDPoor households was drawn for the phone survey from the beneficiary list of the conditional cash transfer for pregnant women and children under 2.

The questionnaire covers a series of topics, such as knowledge of Covid-19 and social behavior, access to food, food insecurity, impact of the Covid-19 on income sources and coping mechanisms, access to social assistance, and impact of Covid-19 on economic activity. A modular approach is used in the questionnaire design, which allows for modules to be dropped and/or added in different waves/rounds of the survey. The questionnaire is designed to be administered between 20 to 25 minutes.

Data collection for the first round started in June 2020. The survey is implemented using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing.

Geographic coverage

National coverage and 5 geographical regions (Phnom Penh and other urban areas, Plains, Tonle Sap, Coastal, Plateau and Mountains).

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Universe

The survey covered all de jure households (with a phone number) excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The beneficiary list of the conditional cash transfer program for pregnant women and child under 2 was assigned into 5 strata i.e. Phnom Penh and other urban areas, Plain, Tonle Sap, Coastal, Plateau and Mountain. The sample was randomly selected with proportional to the size of the IDPoor households in each strata. The phone survey successfully interviewed 984 households in June (Round 1). In August (Round 2), 784 households have been re-interviewed and 271 replacement households were added. Of these, 841 were successfully reached again in October (Round 3), with 527 interviewed in all three rounds. In December, 1,277 households were successfully interviewed, of which 945 households were re-contacted and 332 households were added as replacement households. In March 2021, 1,309 households were interviewed, of which 991 households were re-interviewed and 318 households were replacement households. In February 2022, 812 households were successfully interviewed while only 801 households were interviewed in April 2022.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

The Cambodia COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Survey of households questionnaire consists of the following sections:

Round 1 - Interview Information - Household Roster - Social Economic Status - Knowledge Regarding the Spread of COVID-19 - Behavior and Social Distancing - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss - FIES - Shocks and Coping - Safety Nets

Round 2 - Interview Information - Household Roster - Migration - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss - FIES - Safety Nets - Relief Transfer

Round 3 - Interview Information - Household Roster - Social Economic Status - Knowledge Regarding the Spread of COVID-19 - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss - FIES - Safety Nets - Relief Transfer

Round 4 - Interview Information - Household Roster - Social Economic Status - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss - FIES - Shocks and Coping - Safety Nets - Relief Transfer - Payment Method

Round 5 - Interview Information - Household Roster - Social Economic Status - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss - FIES - Safety Nets - Relief Transfer

Round 6 - Interview Information - Household Roster - Social Economic Status - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss - FIES - Shocks and Coping - Safety Nets - Relief Transfer - Education - SWIFT

Round 7 - Interview Information - Household Roster - Social Economic Status - Disability - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss - FIES - Shocks and Coping - Safety Nets - Relief Transfer - Education - SWIFT

Cleaning operations

At the end of data collection, the raw dataset was cleaned by the research team. This included formatting, and correcting results based on monitoring issues, enumerator feedback and survey changes.

Only households that consented to being successfully interviewed were kept in the dataset, and all personal information and internal survey variables were dropped from the clean dataset.

Response rate

Replacement sampling approach was applied to reach the target sample.

Abstract

The fourth edition of the Global Findex offers a lens into how people accessed and used financial services during the COVID-19 pandemic, when mobility restrictions and health policies drove increased demand for digital services of all kinds.

The Global Findex is the world's most comprehensive database on financial inclusion. It is also the only global demand-side data source allowing for global and regional cross-country analysis to provide a rigorous and multidimensional picture of how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage financial risks. Global Findex 2021 data were collected from national representative surveys of about 128,000 adults in more than 120 economies. The latest edition follows the 2011, 2014, and 2017 editions, and it includes a number of new series measuring financial health and resilience and contains more granular data on digital payment adoption, including merchant and government payments.

The Global Findex is an indispensable resource for financial service practitioners, policy makers, researchers, and development professionals.

Geographic coverage

The states of Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe were excluded for safety and security reasons. These states represent 7 percent of the total population.

Analysis unit

Individual

Kind of data

Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure

In most developing economies, Global Findex data have traditionally been collected through face-to-face interviews. Surveys are conducted face-to-face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or where in-person surveying is the customary methodology. However, because of ongoing COVID-19 related mobility restrictions, face-to-face interviewing was not possible in some of these economies in 2021. Phone-based surveys were therefore conducted in 67 economies that had been surveyed face-to-face in 2017. These 67 economies were selected for inclusion based on population size, phone penetration rate, COVID-19 infection rates, and the feasibility of executing phone-based methods where Gallup would otherwise conduct face-to-face data collection, while complying with all government-issued guidance throughout the interviewing process. Gallup takes both mobile phone and landline ownership into consideration. According to Gallup World Poll 2019 data, when face-to-face surveys were last carried out in these economies, at least 80 percent of adults in almost all of them reported mobile phone ownership. All samples are probability-based and nationally representative of the resident adult population. Phone surveys were not a viable option in 17 economies that had been part of previous Global Findex surveys, however, because of low mobile phone ownership and surveying restrictions. Data for these economies will be collected in 2022 and released in 2023.

In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used. Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed, and the hand-held survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys, the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender.

In traditionally phone-based economies, respondent selection follows the same procedure as in previous years, using random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers. In most economies where mobile phone and landline penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used.

The same respondent selection procedure is applied to the new phone-based economies. Dual frame (landline and mobile phone) random digital dialing is used where landline presence and use are 20 percent or higher based on historical Gallup estimates. Mobile phone random digital dialing is used in economies with limited to no landline presence (less than 20 percent).

For landline respondents in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is 80 percent or higher, random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration method. For mobile phone respondents in these economies or in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is less than 80 percent, no further selection is performed. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

Sample size for Nigeria is 1000.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Questionnaires are available on the website.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, Saniya Ansar. 2022. The Global Findex Database 2021: Financial Inclusion, Digital Payments, and Resilience in the Age of COVID-19. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Abstract

Beyond causing immediate hardship and triggering a large exodus of displaced people, Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine and the blockade of its Black Sea export routes have also led to sharp increases in grain prices and raised concern about global food security. To provide information to the government for developing policies and programs to support the agricultural sector in Ukraine, the World Bank launched a nationwide survey of post-invasion farmers in cooperation with the Ministry of Agricultural Policy and Food (MAPF), with financial support from the EU, in areas controlled by Ukraine from October to December of 2022. The survey objective is to obtain information on changes in welfare, production, and productivity in the small and medium farm sector between 2021 and 2022 and to identify ways on how farmers could be most effectively supported. Data was collected via phone by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) under the monitoring of World Bank research team.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The frame consisted of 63,374 registered farms. The distribution of farms by size and program participation shows that most of the farms are small (85%) with farm size less than 50 ha (35,264 PSG non-applicants vs. 18,605 PSG applicants) followed by farms with 50-120 ha (7.5% with 1,634 PSG non-applicants and 3,107 PSG applicants) and farms that are not eligible for PSG participation with size greater than 120 ha (7.5% with 2,743 less than 500 ha and 2,021 greater than 500 ha).

The expected sample size for the phone survey was 2,500 farms with 10% each in the small size category from PSG applicants and non-applicants, 20% each in the farm category of 50-120 ha from PSG applicants and non-applicants, 20% from the farm size category of 120-500 ha and 20% from the farm size category of greater than 500 ha. Given the expected high non-response rate of phone interviews, all the farms with size greater than 50 ha were included in the sample and then 1,125 and 1,126 farms were randomly selected from PSG non-participants and participants in the less than 50 ha category. The final response rate was about 20% with the lowest in the greater than 500 ha category (15%) and the highest in the 50-120 ha PSG non-applicant category (28%). The survey initially targets 2, 500 farms, and eventually collected data for 2, 251 farms.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

The survey questionnaire comprised four sections namely: • Screener & Background • Household Roster • Agricultural Production • Property and Finance

Cleaning operations

Data have been collected electronically. Survey logic has been incorporated into the instrument. After data collection, mainly general data completeness and outliers have been checked. Also, all text responses to open-ended questions have been analyzed and coded if necessary.

The final data file contains data from 2,251 interviews. It was provided to the World Bank team in SPSS formats.

Response rate

The overall and cooperation response rates were 21.3% and 37.3% respectively.

Abstract

Although the first case of COVID-19 in Uganda was confirmed on the 22nd of March, the Government of Uganda had undertaken several actions starting on the 18th of March, including travel restrictions, 14-day quarantine for all international arrivals, and cancellation of all international conferences and public gatherings, including, but not limited to, religious services, weddings, and concerts. On the 30th of March, the President declared a nationwide curfew from 7 pm to 6:30 am; banned public transportation; and instituted strict regulations for the movement of government and private vehicles. Vaccination campaigns began in March 2021. Uganda re-entered a partial lockdown starting on June 7th, 2021. The second lockdown was slightly longer than the first one but less strict. A presidential directive banned travel between districts, restricted gatherings, and suspended schools. As governments implement various containment measures, it is important to understand how households in the country are affected and responding to the evolving crises, so that policy responses can be designed well and targeted effectively to reduce the negative impacts on household welfare. The original objective of the UHFPS was to monitor the socio-economic effects of COVID-19 and its related restrictions. The survey has followed the evolving COVID-19 pandemic in real-time and contributed to filling critical gaps in information that could be used by the government and stakeholders to help design policies to mitigate the negative impacts on its population. Lately, the objective of the UHFPS has unfolded to track the socioeconomic effects of global crises. A new phase of the survey was inaugurated to monitor economic sentiments and the socioeconomic impact of other shocks such as the Russia-Ukraine war and extreme weather events. The UHFPS is proposed to have multiple rounds to accommodate the evolving nature of the crisis. Questionnaires are revised before each new round of surveys to adapt to crises develops. The final sample for the first round of the survey is 2,257 households selected from those of the Uganda National Panel Survey (UNPS) wave 8 that had a phone number for at least one household member or one reference individual. All households not explicitly refusing to participate in the survey are reinterviewed in the consequent rounds. The final sample for round 2 is 2199; whereas the final sample for round 3 and round 4 counts 2147 and 2136 households respectively. In Round 5, 2122 households were interviewed. In Round 6, 2100 households and Round 7, 1950 were interviewed. Round 8 has seen 1,881 households being interviewed. Round 9 counts 1871 households, Round 10 - 1668, Round 11 - 1666 , Round 12 - 1783, Round 13 - 1765, Round 14 - 1838, Round 15 - 1729, Round 16 - 1,795 , and Round 17 - 1,761 households. Weights are adjusted to be nationally representative in each round.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Sampling procedure

The sample of the COVID-19 impact survey is a subsample of the Uganda National Panel Survey (UNPS) 2019/20 (wave 8). UNPS2019/20 interviewed 3098 households of which 2333 were in the urban area and 745 in the rural area. In the panel, households are asked to provide a phone number either of their own or of a reference person (e.g. neighbor, friends...) to be reached in case the households move from their original sample location. In wave 8, 2386 households provided a phone number. To obtain a nationally representative sample for the COVID-19 Impact Survey, a sample size of approximately 1,800 successfully interviewed households was targeted. However, to reach that target, a larger pool of households needed to be selected from the frame due to the non-contact and non-response common for telephone surveys. Thus, all the households in the 2019/20 round of the UNPS that had phone numbers for at least one household member, or a reference individual were included in the initial sample. This consisted of 2227 households, which is 72% of the UNPS 2019/20 sample. Starting in round 13 (phase 3), the original UHFPS sample was complimented with a refresher sample drawn from the Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS) 2020. The sample refresher intended to overcome the high nonresponse rates accrued with the succession of rounds of data collection and due to respondents’ fatigue. The target of the new additional sample was to reestablish the sample size from the first round of the survey, therefore 650 new households were drawn from the UNHS proportionally to attrition rates in the original strata.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

The COVID-19 survey had consisted of one main Household questionnaire per each round. The questionnaire is divided into several sections and the number of questions in each section varied accordingly.

ROUND 1: The Household Questionnaire for Round 1 provides information on demographics; knowledge and false beliefs regarding the spread of COVID-19; behavior and social distancing; access to basic services; employment; Agriculture; income loss; food security; concerns; coping/shocks; and social safety nets.

ROUND 2: The Household Questionnaire for Round 2 provides information on demographics; Perceptions Re: Efficacy of Government Actions; behavior and social distancing; access to basic services; employment; Agriculture; non-agricultural income; income loss; food security; credit; concerns; and social safety nets.

ROUND 3: The Household Questionnaire for Round 3 provides information on demographics; Perceptions Re: Efficacy of Government Actions behavior and social distancing; access to basic services; employment; Agriculture; non-agricultural income; income loss; food security; credit; concerns; and social safety nets.

ROUND 4: The Household Questionnaire for Round 4 provides information on demographics; Education; Perceptions Re: Efficacy of Government Actions behavior and social distancing; access to basic services; employment; Agriculture; non-agricultural income; income loss; food security; concerns; and social safety nets.

ROUND 5: The questionnaire for Round 5 provides information on demographics; Education; Childhood development (parental support at home); behavior and social distancing; access to basic services; assets; employment; Agriculture; non-agricultural income; income loss; food security; concerns; and social safety nets.

ROUND 6: The questionnaire for Round 6 provides information on demographics; Education; Childhood development (child behaviour and child discipline); behavior and social distancing; access to basic services; employment of the respondent and other household member; assets; Agriculture; non-agricultural income; income loss; food security; concerns; shocks and coping strategies; and social safety nets.

ROUND 7: The questionnaire for Round 7 provides information on demographics; Education; knowledge regarding the spread of COVID-19; perception on government action against COVID-19; behavior and social distancing; access; employment of the respondent and other household member; agriculture; non-agricultural business; food security; concerns; and social safety nets.

ROUND 8: The questionnaire for Round 8 provides the following information : Interview information; Interview result; Household Roster; Phone number roster; Education; Behavior and Social distancing; Access to essential goods and services; Access to health services; Employment respondent; Non-Agricultural Business; Income loss; Credit in the last 12 months; Coping Strategies; Food Insecurity Experience Scale; Food prices; Economic Sentiment; Climate.

ROUND 9: The questionnaire for Round 9 provides the following information : Interview information; Interview result; Household Roster; Health access - Main respondent; Vaccines - Main Respondent; Access to Essential Goods and Services; Access to Health services; Employment respondent; Non-Farm Enterprise; Concerns -Main Respondent; Commodities Prices; Food Insecurity Experience Scale.

ROUND 10: The questionnaire for Round 10 provides the following information : Interview information; Interview result; Household Roster; Health access - Main respondent; Source of income; Income loss; Access to Health services; Employment respondent; Non-Farm Enterprise; Commodities Prices; Food Insecurity Experience Scale; Safety nets; Economic Sentiments; Concerns on Ebola Virus; Parish Development Model; Concerns (Mental Health).

ROUND 11: The questionnaire for Round 11 provides the following information : Cover; Household roster update; Perceptions Re: Efficacy of Government Actions; Access; Health -Access main respondent; Behavior and Social Distancing; Employment respondent; Non_x0002_Agricultural Business; Income Loss; Commodities prices; Food Security; Concerns Regarding COVID-19/Ebola Impacts; Safety Nets; Agriculture : Post-planting;Crop harvest; Livestock; Interview Result.

ROUND 12: The questionnaire for Round 12 provides the following information : Interview information; Interview result; Household Roster; Health access; Behavior and Social distancing; Access to Health services; Employment respondent; Non-Farm Enterprise; Source of income; Income loss; Access to Credit and Loan characteristics; Food Insecurity Experience Scale; Concerns on Ebola Virus; Coping strategies; Commodity prices; Economic Sentiments; E-commerce and delivery services for food and E-commerce and online services.

ROUND 13: The questionnaire for Round 13 provides the following information : Interview information; Interview result; Household roster; Health access; Yellow fever; Access to essential goods and services; Employment respondent; Food Insecurity Experience