This CSV file contains data on major metropolitan areas/cities around the world as of 2022, detailing their estimated Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and population statistics:

Position: An index number starting from 1.

Metropolitan Area/City: The name of the metropolitan area or city.

Country/Region: The country or region where the city is located.

Official est. GDP (billion US$): The estimated GDP of the city in billions of US dollars.

Metropolitan Population: The population of the metropolitan area.

This statistic provides a projection of the gross domestic product (GDP) of major megacities worldwide in 2030. As of this time, it is projected that the GDP of Tokyo, Japan, will reach 40 billion U.S. dollars.

Contains the GDP growth (% change) from 1980 to 2023 (predicted from 2019 and onwards) for countries around the world. The data was sourced from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook (Oct 2018), and from Focus Economics. The spatial data (polygons) were sourced from the World Countries layer by Esri.You can view and download the data here: https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLDhttps://www.focus-economics.com/blog/emerging-markets-2019-economic-outlook

View economic output, reported as the nominal value of all new goods and services produced by labor and property located in the U.S.

Description

This comprehensive dataset provides a wealth of information about all countries worldwide, covering a wide range of indicators and attributes. It encompasses demographic statistics, economic indicators, environmental factors, healthcare metrics, education statistics, and much more. With every country represented, this dataset offers a complete global perspective on various aspects of nations, enabling in-depth analyses and cross-country comparisons.

Key Features

• Country: Name of the country.
• Density (P/Km2): Population density measured in persons per square kilometer.
• Abbreviation: Abbreviation or code representing the country.
• Agricultural Land (%): Percentage of land area used for agricultural purposes.
• Land Area (Km2): Total land area of the country in square kilometers.
• Armed Forces Size: Size of the armed forces in the country.
• Birth Rate: Number of births per 1,000 population per year.
• Calling Code: International calling code for the country.
• Capital/Major City: Name of the capital or major city.
• CO2 Emissions: Carbon dioxide emissions in tons.
• CPI: Consumer Price Index, a measure of inflation and purchasing power.
• CPI Change (%): Percentage change in the Consumer Price Index compared to the previous year.
• Currency_Code: Currency code used in the country.
• Fertility Rate: Average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime.
• Forested Area (%): Percentage of land area covered by forests.
• Gasoline_Price: Price of gasoline per liter in local currency.
• GDP: Gross Domestic Product, the total value of goods and services produced in the country.
• Gross Primary Education Enrollment (%): Gross enrollment ratio for primary education.
• Gross Tertiary Education Enrollment (%): Gross enrollment ratio for tertiary education.
• Infant Mortality: Number of deaths per 1,000 live births before reaching one year of age.
• Largest City: Name of the country's largest city.
• Life Expectancy: Average number of years a newborn is expected to live.
• Maternal Mortality Ratio: Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
• Minimum Wage: Minimum wage level in local currency.
• Official Language: Official language(s) spoken in the country.
• Out of Pocket Health Expenditure (%): Percentage of total health expenditure paid out-of-pocket by individuals.
• Physicians per Thousand: Number of physicians per thousand people.
• Population: Total population of the country.
• Population: Labor Force Participation (%): Percentage of the population that is part of the labor force.
• Tax Revenue (%): Tax revenue as a percentage of GDP.
• Total Tax Rate: Overall tax burden as a percentage of commercial profits.
• Unemployment Rate: Percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.
• Urban Population: Percentage of the population living in urban areas.
• Latitude: Latitude coordinate of the country's location.
• Longitude: Longitude coordinate of the country's location.

Potential Use Cases

• Analyze population density and land area to study spatial distribution patterns.
• Investigate the relationship between agricultural land and food security.
• Examine carbon dioxide emissions and their impact on climate change.
• Explore correlations between economic indicators such as GDP and various socio-economic factors.
• Investigate educational enrollment rates and their implications for human capital development.
• Analyze healthcare metrics such as infant mortality and life expectancy to assess overall well-being.
• Study labor market dynamics through indicators such as labor force participation and unemployment rates.
• Investigate the role of taxation and its impact on economic development.
• Explore urbanization trends and their social and environmental consequences.

Data Source: This dataset was compiled from multiple data sources

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Summary

This metadata record provides details of the data supporting the claims of the related manuscript: “Water scarcity will constrain the formation of a world-class megalopolis in North China”.

The data consist of 15 Excel .xlsx format data files.

The related study investigated the water challenge the water-scarce Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region faces under China’s goal of developing it into a world-class megalopolis, and the effects of the main water conservation measures in the region towards the goal.

Data access

The data generated and analysed during the related study are publicly available as part of this data record. The 15 Excel files are listed below, along with the names of the figures and supplementary tables from the manuscript that each file supports in square brackets.1-Economic growth &Water use: This table provides the data of GDP and water use in the BTH region and existing world-class megalopolises (2017). The data sources include United States Geological Survey, The Great Lakes Regional Water Use Database, Statistics of Tokyo, Eurostat, and National Bureau of Statistics of China. [Figure 1]

2-The BTH economic and water resource conditions: This table provides the city-level data of the economic and water resource conditions in the BTH region (2017). The data sources include China Statistical Yearbook, Hebei Economic Yearbook, and Water Resources Bulletin of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. [Figure 2 and Supplementary Table 4]

3-Water gaps: This table provides the data of water gaps for the BTH region to achieve the two benchmarking goals. The data in the column of ‘Minimum water requirement’ are from model simulation and the data in the column of ‘Average water resources’ are calculated based on official data from China Statistical Yearbook. Water gaps are obtained by subtracting the latter from the former. [Figure 3]

4-GDP comparison: This table provides the GDP data of the BTH region and the existing world-class megalopolises. BTH region’s maximum GDP data are from model simulation and the rest of the GDP data are officially released data. The data sources include Bureau of Economic Analysis, Eurostat, Tokyo Statistical Yearbook, and China Statistical Yearbook. [Figure 4]

5-Measure effects: This table provides the data of the effects of the applications of water conservation measures. The data in the column of ‘Minimum water requirement’ are from model simulation and the data in the column of ‘The BTH annual average water resources’ are calculated based on official data from China Statistical Yearbook. ‘Water saved by the measures’ are obtained by subtracting the ‘minimum water requirement’ of each measure from the ‘minimum water requirement’ of ‘No conservation measure applied’. [Figure 5]

6-Water gaps_four-city-excluded: This table provides the data of the water gaps for the four-city-excluded BTH region to achieve the two benchmarking goals. The data are from model simulation, in which four cities (Handan, Xingtai, Hengshui and Cangzhou) are excluded from the BTH region. [Figure 6]

7- Economic size : This table provides the GDP data of the BTH region and the six world-class megalopolises (2017). The data sources include Bureau of Economic Analysis, Eurostat, Statistics of Tokyo, National Bureau of Statistics of China. The exchange rate between USD and CNY is based on the averaged central parity rate of year 2017 released by the People's Bank of China. [Supplementary Table 1]

8- Industrial structure : This table provides the data of the industrial structure of the BTH cities (2017). The data are provided by Hebei Provincial Bureau of Statistics and National Bureau of Statistics of China. [Supplementary Table 2]

9- Trade data : This table provides the data of the total trade of the BTH cities with their trade partners. The data are calculated based on inter-city input-output table of the BTH region (2012). Total trade value is the summation of the bilateral trade amount between the BTH cities and their trade partners. The exchange rate between USD and CNY is based on the averaged central parity rate of year 2012 released by the People's Bank of China. [Supplementary Table 3]

10- Indicators for benchmarks: This table provides the data of representing indicators as criteria for the BTH region's goal of being a world-class megalopolis in model settings. The data are obtained from National Bureau of Statistics of China, Shanghai Bureau of Statistics, Zhejiang provincial Bureau of Statistics, Jiangsu provincial Bureau of Statistics, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute. [Supplementary Table 5]

11- Objective of water use efficiency: This table provides the data of water control objective for improving water use efficiency in the BTH region. The Data Sources include: 1) The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality. Beijing Water Development Plan for 'the 13th Five-Year Plan' Period, (2016-7-8). 2) Tianjin Municipal People’s Government. Tianjin Action Plan for Dual Control of Total Water Consumption and Intensity for ‘the 13th Five-Year Plan' Period, (2017-3-30). 3) The People’s Government of Hebei Province. Hebei Implementation Plan for Dual Control of Total Water Consumption and Intensity 2016-2020, (2017-3-7). [Supplementary Table 6]

12-SNWTP water use: This table provides the data of the SNWTP water use in the water intake cities of the BTH region (2018). The data are provided by Water Transfer Management Office in Department of Water Resources of Hebei Province. [Supplementary Table 7]

13- Macroeconomic parameter comparison_provincial level: This table provides the key macroeconomic parameters at provincial level. The data sources include Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Tianjin Municipal Bureau of Statistics and Hebei Provincial Bureau of Statistics. [Supplementary Table 8]

14- Macroeconomic parameter comparison_city level: This table provides the key macroeconomic parameters at city level. The data are provided by National Bureau of Statistics of China and Hebei Provincial Bureau of Statistics. [Supplementary Table 9]15- Water parameter comparison_city level: This table provides the key water use related parameters at city level. The data are provided by Beijing Water Authority, Tianjin Water Authority, and Department of Water Resources of Hebei Province. [Supplementary Table 10]

The average for 2024 based on 40 countries was 31895 U.S. dollars. The highest value was in Singapore: 132570 U.S. dollars and the lowest value was in Palestine: 3846 U.S. dollars. The indicator is available from 1990 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

According to a study by the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), Beijing was predicted to be the city with the highest direct travel and tourism contribution to GDP worldwide in 2032, with those industries expected to contribute over 77 billion U.S. dollars that year. Meanwhile, Paris, the global city destination with the highest tourism GDP in 2022, was forecast to rank third in 2023.

According to a study by the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), Paris was the city with the highest direct travel and tourism contribution to GDP in 2022. That year, the direct travel and tourism GDP in the capital of France - the country with the highest number of international tourist arrivals worldwide - amounted to roughly ***** billion U.S. dollars. Meanwhile, Beijing and Orlando followed on the ranking in 2022, with a direct travel and tourism GDP of around **** billion and **** billion U.S. dollars, respectively.

Out of all 50 states, New York had the highest per-capita real gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, at 92,341 U.S. dollars, followed closely by Massachusetts. Mississippi had the lowest per-capita real GDP, at 41,603 U.S. dollars. While not a state, the District of Columbia had a per capita GDP of more than 210,780 U.S. dollars. What is real GDP? A country’s real GDP is a measure that shows the value of the goods and services produced by an economy and is adjusted for inflation. The real GDP of a country helps economists to see the health of a country’s economy and its standard of living. Downturns in GDP growth can indicate financial difficulties, such as the financial crisis of 2008 and 2009, when the U.S. GDP decreased by 2.5 percent. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on U.S. GDP, shrinking the economy 2.8 percent. The U.S. economy rebounded in 2021, however, growing by nearly six percent. Why real GDP per capita matters Real GDP per capita takes the GDP of a country, state, or metropolitan area and divides it by the number of people in that area. Some argue that per-capita GDP is more important than the GDP of a country, as it is a good indicator of whether or not the country’s population is getting wealthier, thus increasing the standard of living in that area. The best measure of standard of living when comparing across countries is thought to be GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) which uses the prices of specific goods to compare the absolute purchasing power of a countries currency.

The gross domestic product (GDP) of California was about 4.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2024, meaning that it contributed the most out of any state to the country’s GDP in that year. In contrast, Vermont had the lowest GDP in the United States, with 45.71 billion U.S. dollars. What is GDP? Gross domestic product, or GDP, is the total monetary value of all goods and services produced by an economy within a certain time period. GDP is used by economists to determine the economic health of an area, as well as to determine the size of the economy. GDP can be determined for countries, states and provinces, and metropolitan areas. While GDP is a good measure of the absolute size of a country's economy and economic activity, it does account for many other factors, making it a poor indicator for measuring the cost or standard of living in a country, or for making cross-country comparisons. GDP of the United States The United States has the largest gross domestic product in the world as of 2023, with China, Japan, Germany, and India rounding out the top five. The GDP of the United States has almost quadrupled since 1990, when it was about 5.9 trillion U.S. dollars, to about 25.46 trillion U.S. dollars in 2022.

In 2023, the GDP of the New York metro area amounted to *** trillion chained 2017 U.S. dollars. This is an increase from 2021, when the GDP of the New York metro area was **** trillion dollars. New York CityThe New York metro area’s GDP has steadily risen in the last two decades from *** trillion U.S. dollars in 2001 to **** trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. In September 2023, the New York- Newark-Jersey City area had an unemployment rate of *** percent. It also had the highest population in the country in 2022 at ***** million people. New York City’s economy is one of the greatest in the country and is home to many Fortune 500 companies, including Big Pharma’s Bristol-Myers Squibb. Industries such as media, real estate, fashion and entertainment are some of the most prominent in the area. The finance industry in New York City, also known as Wall Street, is one of the leading financial centers of the world and houses the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. The region is also home to one of the largest trading industries in the country at the Port of New York and New Jersey. This port includes a large estuary, regional airports, and a plethora of rail and road networks. Silicon Alley is one of the country’s largest technology industry hubs, including internet, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2022, there were some ****** business establishments in the region that focused on professional, scientific, and technical services.

According to a median projection in October 2025, China's GDP was expected to grow by *** percent in 2025. In the first quarter of 2020, the second-largest economy recorded the first contraction in decades due to the epidemic.  A root-to-branch shutdown of factories To curb the spread of the virus, the Chinese government imposed a lockdown in Wuhan, the epicenter, and other cities in Hubei province on January 23, 2020. A strict nationwide lockdown soon followed. Many factories remained closed in February, resulting in a plunge in manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI). The shutdown of the “world’s factory” had severely disrupted global supply chains, especially automobile production. In March 2020, very few industrial sectors reported positive production growth.  The pharmaceuticals sector recorded a production increase, which was mainly driven by the global demand for vital medical supplies. China had exported over seven billion yuan worth of face masks. Ripple effects on global tourism Apart from the manufacturing industry, the prolonged closures of business had caused significant losses in various sectors in China. The travel and tourism sector was massively affected by a drastic decline in flight ticket sales  and hotel occupancy rates. The domestic tourism market expects a loss of 20 percent in revenues for 2020. Industry experts predicted that the global travel and tourism industry could lose about *** trillion U.S. dollars in that year. 

The statistic depicts Australia's gross domestic product (GDP) from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, GDP in Australia amounted to about 1.8 trillion US dollars. See global GDP for a global comparison. Australia’s economy and population Australia’s gross domestic product has been growing steadily, and all in all, Australia and its economic key factors show a well-set country. Australia is among the countries with the largest gross domestic product / GDP worldwide, and thus one of the largest economies. It was one of the few countries not severely stricken by the 2008 financial crisis; its unemployment rate, inflation rate and trade balance, for example, were hardly affected at all. In fact, the trade balance of Australia – a country’s exports minus its imports – has been higher than ever since 2010, with a slight dip in 2012. Australia mainly exports wine and agricultural products to countries like China, Japan or South Korea. One of Australia’s largest industries is tourism, which contributes a significant share to its gross domestic product. Almost half of approximately 23 million Australian residents are employed nowadays, life expectancy is increasing, and the fertility rate (the number of children born per woman) has been quite stable. A look at the distribution of the world population by continent shows that Australia is ranked last in terms of population and population density. Most of Australia's population lives at the coast in metropolitan areas, since parts of the continent are uninhabitable. Unsurprisingly, Australia is known as a country with very high living standards, four of its biggest cities – Melbourne, Adelaide, Sydney and Perth – are among the most livable cities worldwide.

This statistic provides projected figures for the Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) of the United States in 2021, by metropolitan area. Only the 100 leading metropolitan areas are shown here. In 2022, the GMP of the New York-Newark-Jersey City metro area is projected to be around of about **** trillion U.S. dollars. Los Angeles metropolitan areaA metropolitan area in the U.S. is characterized by a relatively high population density and close economic ties through the area, albeit, without the legal incorporation that is found within cities. The Gross Metropolitan Product is measured by the Bureau of Economic Analysis under the U.S. Department of Commerce and includes only metropolitan areas. The GMP of the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim metropolitan area located in California is projected to be among the highest in the United States in 2021, amounting to *** trillion U.S. dollars. The Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, Texas metro area is estimated to be approximately *** billion U.S. dollars in the same year. The Los Angeles metro area had one of the largest populations in the country, totaling ****** million people in 2021. The Greater Los Angeles region has one of the largest economies in the world and is the U.S. headquarters of many international car manufacturers including Honda, Mazda, and Hyundai. Its entertainment industry has generated plenty of tourism and includes world famous beaches, shopping, motion picture studios, and amusement parks. The Hollywood district is known as the “movie capital of the U.S.” and has its historical roots in the country’s film industry. Its port, the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach are aggregately one of the world’s busiest ports. The Port of Los Angelesgenerated some ****** million U.S. dollars in revenue in 2019.

In 2023, the GDP of the San Francisco Bay Area amounted to ****** billion U.S. dollars, an increase from the previous year. The overall quarterly GDP growth in the United States can be found here. The GDP of the San Francisco Bay Area The San Francisco Bay Area, commonly known as the Bay Area, is a metropolitan region that surrounds the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California. The region encompasses metropolitan areas such as San Francisco-Oakland (12th largest in the country), San Jose (31st largest in the country), along with smaller urban and rural areas. Overall, the Bay Area consists of nine counties, *** cities, and ***** square miles. The nine counties are Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. There are approximately 4.62 million people living in the metro area as of 2022. Silicon Valley In the ten year period between 2001 and 2011, the Bay Area saw steady GDP growth. Starting in 2012, it began to skyrocket. This is thanks to an economic boom in the tech sector, and high value companies headquartered in Silicon Valley - also part of the Bay Area. Silicon Valley is known as the center of the global technology industry. Companies like Google, Facebook, eBay and Apple are headquartered there. Additionally, California ranked first on a list of U.S. states by GDP, with more than **** trillion U.S. dollars in GDP in 2022.

The per capita GDP contribution of Shanghai amounted to around ******* yuan in 2024, up from ******* yuan in the previous year. Shanghai is one of the largest cities in China. In terms of GDP, it was also the Chinese city with the largest GDP contribution, followed by Beijing and Shenzhen. Shanghai's economic development Shanghai’s GDP growth rate ranged at *** percent in 2024, the same as Chinese national GDP growth. As the leading city in the Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, Shanghai is one of the most active cities for business and trade in China. While the share of the industrial sector in Shanghai’s GDP continues to shrink, the city’s economy is becoming increasingly reliant on the service sector. In 2013, the first free-trade zone in Mainland China was launched in Shanghai, making Shanghai play an essential role in China’s economic reforms. A friendlier investment environment, less tax burdens and a more open financial market for foreign companies were expected to be promoted there. Living in Shanghai Shanghai became world famous when it was recognized by the Europeans in the 19th century for its economic potential as an important harbor city. Today, it is still one of the most open and active cities in China. Migration from across China and other countries makes Shanghai a melting pot of different cultures, which can also be found in its diverse catering industry. In terms of housing prices, it’s one of the most expensive cities in China. Still, the colorful life and plentiful opportunities are attracting numerous young people to come to the city for study and work.

The statistic shows the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Canada from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, the gross domestic product per capita in Canada was around 54,473.19 U.S. dollars. Canada's economy GDP per capita is a measurement often used to determine economic growth and potential increases in productivity and is calculated by taking the GDP and dividing it by the total population in the country. In 2014, Canada had one of the largest GDP per capita values in the world, a value that has grown continuously since 2010 after experiencing a slight downturn due to the financial crisis of 2008. Canada is seen as one of the premier countries in the world, particularly due to its strong economy and healthy international relations, most notably with the United States. Canada and the United States have political, social and economical similarities that further strengthen their relationship. The United States was and continues to be Canada’s primary and most important trade partner and vice versa. Canada’s economy is partly supported by its exports, most notably crude oil, which was the country’s largest export category. Canada was also one of the world’s leading oil exporters in 2013, exporting more than the United States. Additionally, Canada was also a major exporter of goods such as motor vehicles and mechanical appliances, which subsequently ranked the country as one of the world’s top export countries in 2013.

In 2024, Sudan was ranked as the most miserable country in the world, with a misery index score of 374.8. Argentina ranked second with an index score of 195.9. Quality of life around the worldThe misery index was created by the economist Arthur Okun in the 1960s. The index is calculated by adding the unemployment rate, the lending rate and the inflation rate minus percent change of GDP per capita. Another famous tool used for the comparison of development of countries around the world is the Human Development Index, which takes into account such factors as life expectancy at birth, literacy rate, education level and gross national income (GNI) per capita. Better economic conditions correlate with higher quality of life Economic conditions affect the life expectancy, which is much higher in the wealthiest regions. With a life expectancy of 85 years, Liechtenstein led the ranking of countries with the highest life expectancy in 2023. On the other hand, Nigeria was the country with the lowest life expectancy, where men were expected to live 55 years as of 2024. The Global Liveability Index ranks the quality of life in cities around the world, basing on political, social, economic and environmental aspects, such as personal safety and health, education and transport services and other public services. In 2024, Vienna was ranked as the city with the highest quality of life worldwide.

Singapore led the Index of Economic Freedom in 2024, with an index score of 83.5 out of 100. Switzerland, Ireland, Taiwan, and Luxembourg rounded out the top five. Economic Freedom Index In order to calculate the Economic Freedom Index, the source takes 12 different factors into account, including the rule of law, government size, regulatory efficiency, and open markets. All 12 factors are rated on a scale of zero to 100 and are weighted equally. Every country is rated within the Index in order to provide insight into the health and freedom of the global economy. Singapore's economy Singapore is one of the four so-called Asian Tigers, a term used to describe four countries in Asia that saw a booming economic development from the 1950s to the early 1990. Today, the City-State is known for its many skyscrapers, and its economy continue to boom. It has one of the lowest tax-rates in the Asia-Pacific region, and continues to be open towards foreign direct investment (FDI). Moreover, Singapore has one of the highest trade-to-GDP ratios worldwide, underlining its export-oriented economy. Finally, its geographic location has given it a strategic position as a center connecting other countries in the region with the outside world. However, the economic boom has come at a cost, with the city now ranked among the world's most expensive.