How many cattle are in the world? The global live cattle population amounted to about 1.57 billion heads in 2023, up from approximately 1.51 million in 2021. Cows as livestock The domestication of cattle began as early as 10,000 to 5,000 years ago. From ancient times up to the present, cattle are bred to provide meat and dairy. Cattle are also employed as draft animals to plow the fields or transport heavy objects. Cattle hide is used for the production of leather, and dung for fuel and agricultural fertilizer. In 2022, India was home to the highest number of milk cows in the world. Cattle farming in the United States Cattle meat such as beef and veal is one of the most widely consumed types of meat across the globe, and is particularly popular in the United States. The United States is the top producer of beef and veal of any country worldwide. In 2021, beef production in the United States reached 12.6 million metric tons. Beef production appears to be following a positive trend in the United States. More than 33.07 million cattle were slaughtered both commercially and in farms annually in the United States in 2019, up from 33 million in the previous year.

India's cattle inventory amounted to about *** million in 2023. In comparison, the global cattle population stood at over ***********, India had the highest cattle population followed by Brazil, China and the United States that year. Where are cattle bred in India? As one of the leading dairy producers and consumers worldwide, cattle in the south Asian country were bred mainly in the rural areas. However, its population was spread unevenly across the vast land. Uttar Pradesh ranked first in terms of milk production, followed by Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh in 2023. Contextualizing the holiness of the Indian cow Considered a sacred animal by Hindus in India, the cow is associated with several gods and goddesses. This deep religious and cultural significance has led to communal tensions. In 2014, the government established the Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM) to conserve and develop indigenous breeds of cows and buffaloes. While the general goal was well-received, it aligns with the underlying Hindu nationalist narrative of the current government.

In the U.S., there have been approximately three times more beef cows than dairy cows each year since 2001. As of 2024, it was estimated that there were about 28 million beef cows and only about 9.3 million dairy cows. Beef vs. dairy cows Both beef and dairy cows are bred for their respective purposes and farmers often look for different qualities in each. Dairy cows are often bigger, as they can produce a larger volume of milk. Beef cows on the other hand are generally shorter and there is more emphasis on their muscle growth, among other qualities. In 2022, over 28 billion pounds of beef were produced in the United States. U.S. milk production and consumption The United States was among the top consumers of milk worldwide in 2022, surpassed only by India and the European Union. The annual consumption of milk in the U.S. that year was just under 21 million metric tons. To keep up with this level of consumption, milk production in the U.S. has increased by over 60 billion pounds since 1999 and is expected to exceed 228 billion pounds by 2023. California and Wisconsin were the top producing states as of 2022, producing about 41.8 and 31.9 billion pounds of milk, respectively.

China Livestock: Number: Cow: Beef Cattle data was reported at 84,541.000 Unit th in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 80,044.000 Unit th for 2021. China Livestock: Number: Cow: Beef Cattle data is updated yearly, averaging 68,386.000 Unit th from Dec 2008 (Median) to 2022, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 84,541.000 Unit th in 2022 and a record low of 52,533.000 Unit th in 2008. China Livestock: Number: Cow: Beef Cattle data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table CN.RID: Number of Livestock: Large Animals: Cow .

Global Whole Fresh Cow Milk Producing Population Share by Country (Units (Heads)), 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Previous archeological and genetic research has shown that modern cattle breeds are descended from multiple independent domestication events of the wild aurochs (Bos primigenius) about ten thousand years ago. Two primary areas of domestication in the Middle East/Europe and the Indian subcontinent resulted in taurine and indicine lines of cattle, respectively. American descendants of cattle brought by European explorers to the New World beginning in 1493 generally have been considered to belong to the taurine lineage. Our analyses of 54,609 single nucleotide polymorphisms show that these New World cattle breeds, as well as the many related breeds of cattle in southern Europe, actually exhibit ancestry from both the taurine and indicine lineages. In this study we show that although European cattle are largely descended from the taurine lineage, gene flow from the indicine lineage has contributed substantial genomic components to both southern European cattle breeds and their New World descendants. New World cattle breeds, such as Texas Longhorns, provide an opportunity to study global population structure and domestication in cattle. Following their introduction into the Americas in the late 1400s, semi-feral herds of cattle underwent between 80 and 200 generations of predominantly natural selection, as opposed to the human-mediated artificial selection of Old World breeding programs. Our analyses of global cattle breed population history show that the hybrid ancestry of New World breeds contributed genetic variation that likely facilitated the adaptation of these breeds to a novel environment.

How many cows are in the world? India is home to the highest number of milk cows of any country, at over ** million heads as of 2024. That year, the European Union had the second most milk cows worldwide, at about ** million heads. Raising milk cows In the United States, the cost of feeding, housing, and caring for a single cow is around ***** U.S. dollars per 24 months. Though this price might seem high, when one considers that the average milk cow in the United States produces around **** thousand pounds of milk per year, the investment might be worth it. Dairy production worldwide Although India is by far the largest producer of milk cows, the 27 member states of the European Union collectively produce nearly twice the amount of cow milk of India. The United States came in second place with just under *** million metric tons of milk, followed by India with about *** million metric tons. The European Union is also the leading producer of cheese worldwide.

Ethiopia had the highest number of cattle in Africa as of 2023, nearly ** million heads. United Republic of Tanzania possessed the second-highest bovine animal stock on the continent, with about ** million heads. In 2022, Africa had over *** million heads of cattle, one of the major species raised for livestock farming on the continent.

Livestock: Number: Beef Cattle: Tibet data was reported at 5,555.000 Unit th in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 5,447.000 Unit th for 2021. Livestock: Number: Beef Cattle: Tibet data is updated yearly, averaging 4,713.000 Unit th from Dec 2008 (Median) to 2022, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,555.000 Unit th in 2022 and a record low of 4,513.000 Unit th in 2012. Livestock: Number: Beef Cattle: Tibet data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table CN.RID: Number of Livestock: Large Animals: Cow .

Cattle Tracking System Market Outlook

The cattle tracking system market size is poised for impressive growth, with the global market expected to reach approximately USD 3.2 billion by 2032, up from USD 1.6 billion in 2023, reflecting a CAGR of 7.5%. This growth can be attributed primarily to the increasing adoption of advanced technologies in agriculture, aiming to optimize productivity and streamline operations. The rising demand for meat and dairy products, driven by the growing global population and changing dietary preferences, has necessitated improved cattle management practices, thereby bolstering the market for cattle tracking systems. This upward trend is expected to continue as innovations in tracking technologies such as GPS and RFID are integrated into comprehensive farm management solutions.

One of the primary growth factors in the cattle tracking system market is the increasing awareness and adoption of smart farming practices. As traditional farming methods give way to technologically advanced solutions, farmers and agribusinesses are investing in systems that provide real-time data analytics and insights, allowing for better resource management and cost efficiency. Additionally, government initiatives and subsidies encouraging the use of IoT and AI in agriculture are providing significant impetus to the sector. These factors collectively are driving the uptake of cattle tracking systems, specifically in developed regions where technological infrastructure is more robust.

Moreover, the rise of precision agriculture is playing a crucial role in the market's expansion. Precision agriculture involves the use of data analytics to monitor and manage field variability in crops, which is now being extended to livestock management. By employing cattle tracking systems, farmers can effectively monitor the health, behavior, and productivity of their livestock, leading to improved yield quality and quantity. The integration of advanced tracking technologies such as GPS and RFID with AI-driven analytics has made these systems indispensable for modern farms aiming to maintain competitive advantage and sustainability. This trend of embracing precision agriculture is evident globally, though it is more pronounced in regions with high technological adaptability.

The regional outlook of the cattle tracking system market reveals a diverse landscape. North America remains a significant market due to its advanced technological infrastructure and high adoption rate of smart farming techniques. The presence of large dairy and beef farms in the United States and Canada is a considerable booster for this market. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth, driven by increasing agricultural activities and the need to enhance productivity in countries like China and India. Europe, with its stringent regulations on livestock farming and a strong emphasis on animal welfare, continues to be a vital region for market growth. These regions reflect the varying levels of technological adaptation and regulatory environments impacting cattle tracking system adoption.

Component Analysis

The component segment of the cattle tracking system market is categorized into three main types: hardware, software, and services. Hardware components in cattle tracking systems typically include tags, sensors, and GPS devices, which are integral to the system's physical infrastructure. The demand for robust and durable hardware is growing, driven by the necessity for accurate data collection and analysis. Innovations in sensor technology are enhancing the functionality of these devices, enabling them to capture a wider range of vital metrics such as temperature, heart rate, and movement patterns of cattle. This increased capability is vital for ensuring livestock health and optimizing farm operations.

Software components in cattle tracking systems have evolved significantly, providing more sophisticated analytics and data integration capabilities. The software is the backbone that processes the data collected by the hardware components, converting it into actionable insights. It allows farmers to track and manage cattle health, feeding, breeding, and overall farm productivity efficiently. The increasing trend towards cloud-based solutions has further enhanced software capabilities, allowing farmers to access data remotely, facilitating timely decision-making. The software segment is expected to witness significant growth as more farmers adopt these comprehensive solutions to manage their livestock effectively.

Services associated with cattle tracking systems

Cattle Feed Market Outlook

The global cattle feed market size was valued at approximately USD 78 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to reach USD 120 billion by 2032, expanding at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.8% during the forecast period. This robust growth can be attributed to several market dynamics, including the increasing demand for high-quality animal protein, the intensification of the livestock sector, and the rising awareness regarding animal health and nutrition. As the global population continues to grow, the demand for dairy and meat products is also increasing, which in turn drives the demand for cattle feed. Furthermore, advancements in cattle feed formulations and the adoption of sustainable feed practices are also contributing to the expansion of the market.

One of the major growth factors in the cattle feed market is the rising consumer awareness regarding the nutritional benefits of animal-derived products. As people become more health-conscious, there is a growing preference for protein-rich diets that include meat and dairy products. This increased demand for animal protein necessitates the need for enhanced livestock productivity, which is directly linked to the quality and quantity of cattle feed. Consequently, farmers and livestock producers are increasingly investing in high-quality feeds that ensure optimal growth and health of the cattle. This trend is further supported by governmental initiatives aimed at boosting livestock production to meet the nutritional needs of the population.

Technological advancements in feed production and formulation are another significant driver of growth in the cattle feed market. Innovations such as precision feeding, which involves tailoring the feed to meet the specific nutritional requirements of individual animals, have been gaining traction. This not only improves the efficiency of feed utilization but also minimizes waste and environmental impact. Additionally, the development of feed additives that enhance digestion and nutrient absorption has led to better feed conversion rates, thereby increasing overall productivity. Companies are investing in research and development to introduce new and improved feed products, which cater to the diverse needs of cattle across various climates and geographies.

The focus on sustainability and reducing the environmental impact of livestock farming is also propelling the growth of the cattle feed market. There is a growing emphasis on producing feed that reduces methane emissions and improves the overall sustainability of the cattle farming industry. This is particularly important in regions where environmental regulations are becoming increasingly stringent. The adoption of organic and non-GMO feed ingredients is becoming more prevalent, as consumers demand transparency and sustainability in the supply chain. These factors are encouraging feed manufacturers to innovate and develop products that align with these sustainability goals, thus driving market growth.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific is emerging as a dominant player in the cattle feed market, driven by its large population and increasing demand for meat and dairy products. Countries like China and India are experiencing rapid growth in their livestock industries, supported by government programs aimed at enhancing agricultural productivity. North America and Europe remain significant markets due to their established livestock sectors and high levels of animal protein consumption. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing steady growth, with increasing investments in modernizing their agricultural practices and improving animal husbandry techniques.

Product Type Analysis

The cattle feed market is segmented by product type into compound feed, fodder, forage, and others. Compound feed holds a substantial share of the market due to its balanced nutritional profile, which meets the diverse dietary needs of cattle. It is often formulated with a precise blend of essential nutrients, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals, which are crucial for optimal cattle growth and health. The demand for compound feed is particularly strong in regions with intensive farming practices, as it supports rapid weight gain and enhances milk production in dairy cattle. The growing consumer awareness about the benefits of compound feed in improving livestock productivity is further bolstering its market demand.

Fodder, which includes crops like alfalfa, clover, and grass, is another significant segment in the cattle feed market. Its popularity is driven by its cost-effe

This data set illustrates the number of cattle, by thousand heads, per country from 1961-2004. A value of -1 means that no data was available. Cattle stock can be further defined as including "all cattle in the country, regardless of place or purpose of their breeding. Cattle figures include the common ox (Bos taurus), zebu, humped ox (Bos indicus), Asiatic ox (subgenus Bibos) and Tibetan yak (Poephagus grunniens)" (Earth Trends). Date Accessed: October 5th, 2007 Source URL: http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/index.php?step=countries&ccID%5B%5D=0&allcountries=checkbox&theme=8&variable_ID=338&action=select_years

China Livestock: Number: Cow: Dairy Cow data was reported at 11,601.000 Unit th in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 10,943.000 Unit th for 2021. China Livestock: Number: Cow: Dairy Cow data is updated yearly, averaging 12,603.000 Unit th from Dec 2008 (Median) to 2022, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15,072.000 Unit th in 2015 and a record low of 10,377.000 Unit th in 2018. China Livestock: Number: Cow: Dairy Cow data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table CN.RID: Number of Livestock: Large Animals: Cow .

The US beef cattle production industry is currently marked by tight supply conditions and elevated prices. Over recent years, persistent drought conditions have led to significant herd liquidation, with beef cow numbers falling to historic lows. This contraction has created a bottleneck in calf production and feeder cattle availability, sustaining high cattle prices. In tandem, elevated feed costs have pressured prices upwards and profit down, driving revenue as cattle producers seek to pass on costs and prevent further profit declines. As herd rebuilding has remained slow, cattle supplies have remained low and kept prices high even as feed, energy and other key agricultural input costs have declined from their highs in 2022. Industry revenue has grown at a CAGR of 6.0% during the current period to reach an estimated $95.9 billion after declining by 2.4% in 2025 as reduced consumption and supplies limit sales. Consumer preferences are shifting in the beef cattle production industry. There is an increasing awareness of environmental and health-related concerns associated with beef consumption. Consequently, many consumers are reducing their intake of conventional beef, turning instead towards more sustainable options and alternatives that are perceived as healthier or higher quality, such as grass-fed and organic beef. This shift has spurred growth in these segments as consumers look for transparency and ethical farming practices. Retailers and restaurants have responded accordingly by offering more options that align with these consumer preferences. However, these trends also pose challenges, especially for smaller producers who face significant costs associated with transitioning to sustainable practices or achieving certifications like organic or "sustainably raised." Though opportunities for growth will continue to present themselves, the outlook for the industry as a whole does not look as positive in the next five years. Poultry, pork and plant-based proteins will threaten beef demand as they appeal to health-conscious customers, particularly as cattle prices are elevated. Climate change will also continue to introduce environmental pressures, demanding resilience and adaptability from producers. Periods of stable weather could facilitate herd rebuilding, leading to increased cattle supplies and dropping prices, but continued climatic fluctuations and extreme weather events could reduce the consistency of production and increase revenue volatility. Advancements in technology, such as drones and wearable sensors, promise to help optimize cattle management, improving operational efficiencies and animal welfare. These innovations, however, require investment and broader accessibility through government support to ensure equitable adoption across the industry. Additionally, while global trade disruptions remain a concern due to disease outbreaks and geopolitical tensions, US producers will have opportunities in niche market segments to differentiate themselves, counterbalancing some of these pressures. Overall, revenue for cattle producers is forecast to decline through 2030 at a CAGR of 0.4% to $94.0 billion.

8_Iran_Cattle_Breeds_genoThe file contains genotypes of 8 Iranian cattle breeds (75 animals). The file is in a compressed rds format and can be used and modified in R.

Beef Cattle Vaccine Market Outlook

The global beef cattle vaccine market size is projected to grow from $2.1 billion in 2023 to $3.8 billion by 2032, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5%. This market growth is driven by rising incidences of bovine diseases and increasing awareness among cattle owners regarding animal health and vaccination protocols. Diseases like respiratory infections, clostridial diseases, and reproductive disorders are becoming more prevalent, necessitating robust vaccination programs to ensure the health and productivity of beef cattle.

One of the primary growth factors in the beef cattle vaccine market is the increasing prevalence of bovine diseases, which can significantly impact livestock productivity and economic returns. Keeping cattle healthy and free from diseases directly correlates with enhanced meat quality and yield, making vaccination an indispensable practice. Furthermore, advancements in veterinary medicine have led to the development of more efficient and safer vaccines, thus fortifying the market growth. Governments and veterinary associations are also implementing stringent regulations and guidelines to manage and control bovine diseases, thereby boosting the adoption of vaccines.

Another significant growth driver is the rising awareness among cattle farmers and ranchers about the benefits of vaccination. Educational campaigns and initiatives by veterinary associations, government agencies, and animal health companies are playing a crucial role in disseminating information about disease prevention and the benefits of timely vaccination. This heightened awareness has led to an increased acceptance of vaccines, which is positively influencing market growth. Additionally, the integration of advanced technologies such as genomics and biotechnology in vaccine production is setting new benchmarks in vaccine efficacy and safety, thus further propelling market demand.

The beef cattle vaccine market is also being driven by an increasing global demand for beef, which is fostering higher cattle populations and necessitating more comprehensive health management practices. As consumer preferences shift towards high-quality meat products, cattle farmers are under pressure to maintain optimal animal health standards. This, in turn, accelerates the adoption of vaccines as a preventive measure against contagious diseases. Furthermore, the growing trend of commercial farming and the establishment of large-scale cattle farms are contributing to the market expansion, as these operations require systematic health management protocols, including regular vaccinations.

The introduction of innovative products like Cattle Encephalon Glycoside and Ignotin Injection Sales is becoming increasingly significant in the beef cattle vaccine market. These injections are designed to enhance the neurological health and overall well-being of cattle, which can be crucial in maintaining optimal productivity levels. As cattle farmers seek to improve herd health, such specialized injections offer a targeted approach to addressing specific health challenges. The sales of these injections are expected to rise as awareness grows about their benefits in supporting cattle's nervous system health, ultimately contributing to better growth rates and meat quality. This trend aligns with the broader market movement towards adopting advanced health solutions to meet the demands of modern cattle farming.

Regionally, North America holds a prominent share in the beef cattle vaccine market due to the well-established cattle farming industry and high awareness levels regarding animal health. The presence of major vaccine manufacturers and advanced veterinary healthcare infrastructure further supports market growth in this region. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is emerging as a significant growth region due to the rising cattle population and increasing adoption of modern farming practices. Government initiatives aimed at improving livestock health and productivity are also playing a pivotal role in market growth in this region.

Vaccine Type Analysis

The beef cattle vaccine market is segmented into various vaccine types such as Live Attenuated Vaccines, Inactivated Vaccines, Subunit Vaccines, DNA Vaccines, and others. Each of these vaccine types has its unique set of advantages and applications, contributing to the overall market dynamics. Live Attenuated Vaccines are known for their long-lasting immunity and are of

How many cows are in the U.S.? The United States is home to approximately **** million cattle and calves as of 2024, dropping slightly from the 2023 value. Cattle farming in the United States There are over ***** times more beef cows than milk cows living in the United States. Raising cattle is notoriously expensive, not only in terms of land, feed, and equipment, but also in terms of the environmental impact of consuming beef. Beef and milk have the highest carbon footprints of any type of food in the United States. U.S. milk market The volume of milk produced in the United States has been steadily increasing over the last several years. In 2023, total milk production in the U.S. was about ***** billion pounds, up from ***** billion pounds in 2010. ********** is the leading producer of milk of any U.S. state, generating approximately ** billion pounds of milk in 2022. Wisconsin came in second, producing about **** billion pounds of milk in that year.

This dataset provides livestock data for US Counties within the contiguous US. Census data of cattle, poultry (fowl), hogs, horses and sheep are provided. These data are estimated counts for 1990 based on an average of 1987 and 1992 census data from US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and the US Census Bureau.

EOS-WEBSTER provides seven datasets which provide county-level data on agricultural management, crop production, livestock, soil properties, geography and population. These datasets were assembled during the mid-1990's to provide driving variables for an assessment of greenhouse gas production from US agriculture using the DNDC agro-ecosystem model [see, for example, Li et al. (1992), J. Geophys. Res., 97:9759-9776; Li et al. (1996) Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10:297-306]. The data (except nitrogen fertilizer use) were all derived from publicly available, national databases. Each dataset has a separate DIF.

The US County data has been divided into seven datasets.

US County Data Datasets:

1) Agricultural Management 2) Crop Data (NASS Crop data) 3) Crop Summary (NASS Crop data) 4) Geography and Population 5) Land Use 6) Livestock Populations 7) Soil Properties

Cattle Vaccines Market Size And Forecast

Cattle Vaccines Market size was valued at USD 13.07 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 21.33 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 6.32% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

Global Cattle Vaccines Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Cattle Vaccines Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Growing Rate Of Diseases In Cattle: Effective vaccines are in high demand in order to protect cattle from infectious diseases such as brucellosis, foot-and-mouth disease, and viral diarrhoea in cows.

Growing Requirement For Animal-Based Protein: The growing number of people on the planet has increased demand for dairy and meat products, which calls for robust herds of cattle. In order to prevent disease outbreaks and maintain constant production, this demand drives the need for vaccines.

Technological Developments In Vaccines: The creation of more potent and effective vaccinations, particularly those that provide extended immunity and broad-spectrum protection, has been facilitated by advancements in immunology and biotechnology. These developments support market expansion.

Governmental Proposals And Assistance: Worldwide, a large number of governments carry out immunisation campaigns and offer financial assistance or subsidies for veterinary services, which includes vaccinations for cattle. These programmes aid in the prevention of livestock illnesses and promote market expansion.

Raising Preventive Healthcare Awareness And Adoption: Vaccination rates are rising as a result of farmers and livestock owners' growing awareness of the advantages of preventive care for cattle. This is largely due to the education and outreach initiatives that veterinary businesses and organisations run.

Growth Of The Meat And Dairy Industries: The need for cow vaccinations is driven by the expansion of the meat and dairy industries, particularly in emerging economies. The necessity of keeping sizable, healthy herds grows as these sectors develop.

Livestock Diseases' Effects On The Economy: Cattle disease outbreaks can have serious economic repercussions, such as reduced production, trade restrictions, and animal losses. Vaccination is a reasonably priced way to reduce these dangers, which is fueling demand.

Creation Of Novel And Better Vaccines: New vaccinations with improved protection, fewer side effects, and simpler administration are introduced as a result of ongoing research and development efforts, which has a favourable effect on market expansion.

Standards And Regulations: Vaccine usage is encouraged by strict laws and guidelines pertaining to the health and safety of animals. Adherence to these standards is crucial for the commerce and export of livestock, hence promoting the implementation of vaccination campaigns.

Growing The Population Of Livestock: The number of animals worldwide is increasing, especially in emerging nations where raising cattle is a major source of income. More vaccinations are required to prevent and manage diseases in a greater population of cattle.

The Columbian Exchange resulted in a widespread movement of humans, plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds. The late 15th to early 16th century transfer of cattle from the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands to the Caribbean laid the foundation for the development of American creole cattle (Bos taurus) breeds. Genetic analyses of modern cattle from the Americas reveal a mixed ancestry of European, African and Indian origins. Recent debate in the genetic literature centers on the ‘African’ haplogroup T1 and its subhaplogroups, alternatively tying their origins to the initial Spanish herds, and/or from subsequent movements of taurine cattle through the African slave trade. We examine this problem through ancient DNA analysis of early 16th century cattle bone from Sevilla la Nueva, the first Spanish colony in Jamaica. In spite of poor DNA preservation, both T3 and T1 haplogroups were identified in the cattle remains, confirming the presence of T1 in the earliest Spanish herds. The absence, however, of “African-derived American” haplotypes (AA/T1c1a1) in the Sevilla la Nueva sample, leaves open the origins of this sub-haplogroup in contemporary Caribbean cattle.