With a market capitalization of 3.12 trillion U.S. dollars as of May 2024, Microsoft was the world’s largest company that year. Rounding out the top five were some of the world’s most recognizable brands: Apple, NVIDIA, Google’s parent company Alphabet, and Amazon. Saudi Aramco led the ranking of the world's most profitable companies in 2023, with a pre-tax income of nearly 250 billion U.S. dollars. How are market value and market capitalization determined? Market value and market capitalization are two terms frequently used – and confused - when discussing the profitability and viability of companies. Strictly speaking, market capitalization (or market cap) is the worth of a company based on the total value of all their shares; an important metric when determining the comparative value of companies for trading opportunities. Accordingly, many stock exchanges such as the New York or London Stock Exchange release market capitalization data on their listed companies. On the other hand, market value technically refers to what a company is worth in a much broader context. It is determined by multiple factors, including profitability, corporate debt, and the market environment as a whole. In this sense it aims to estimate the overall value of a company, with share price only being one element. Market value is therefore useful for determining whether a company’s shares are over- or undervalued, and in arriving at a price if the company is to be sold. Such valuations are generally made on a case-by-case basis though, and not regularly reported. For this reason, market capitalization is often reported as market value. What are the top companies in the world? The answer to this question depends on the metric used. Although the largest company by market capitalization, Microsoft's global revenue did not manage to crack the top 20 companies. Rather, American multinational retailer Walmart was ranked as the largest company in the world by revenue. Walmart also had the highest number of employees in the world.

Continuously updated global ranking of the world’s largest publicly traded companies by market capitalization (USD) as displayed on Capital.com. The table lists each company’s rank, market cap in USD, latest share price and primary listing country; rankings reflect reported market caps as of the stated date and are updated over time.

In 2009, Ecxxon Mobil Corp had a market capitalization of approximately ****** billion U.S dollars, making it the largest company in the world at the time. Five of the ten largest companies worldwide in 2009 were based in the United States, with three from Europe and two from China.

Continuously updated global ranking of the world’s largest publicly traded technology companies by market capitalization (USD) as displayed on Capital.com. The table lists each company’s rank, market cap in USD, latest share price and primary listing country; rankings reflect reported market caps as of the stated date and are updated over time.

The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the largest stock exchange in the world, with an equity market capitalization of almost ** trillion U.S. dollars as of November 2025. The following largest three exchanges were the NASDAQ, PINK Exchange, and the Frankfurt Exchange. What is a stock exchange? A stock exchange is a marketplace where stockbrokers, traders, buyers, and sellers can trade in equities products. The largest exchanges have thousands of listed companies. These companies sell shares of their business, giving the general public the opportunity to invest in them. The oldest stock exchange worldwide is the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, founded in the late sixteenth century. Other functions of a stock exchange Since these are publicly traded companies, every firm listed on a stock exchange has had an initial public offering (IPO). The largest IPOs can raise billions of dollars in equity for the firm involved. Related to stock exchanges are derivatives exchanges, where stock options, futures contracts, and other derivatives can be traded.

The market capitalization of companies in the United States was almost six times than that of China as of June 2025, making up a large share of the world's total market capitalization. Listed companies in the U.S. had a total market capitalization of nearly ** trillion U.S. dollars - against ** trillion U.S. dollars recorded by China. Japan followed as the next country in the ranking of nearly ***** trillion U.S. dollars.

The average for 2022 based on 75 countries was 1225.97 billion U.S. dollars. The highest value was in the USA: 40297.98 billion U.S. dollars and the lowest value was in Bermuda: 0.21 billion U.S. dollars. The indicator is available from 1975 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

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Continuously updated global ranking of the world’s largest publicly traded AI companies by market capitalization (USD) as displayed on Capital.com. The table lists each company’s rank, market cap in USD, latest share price and primary listing country; rankings reflect reported market caps as of the stated date and are updated over time.

Introduction:

This analysis delves into the financial performance of top companies by examining key metrics such as revenue, earnings, market capitalisation, P/E ratio, and dividend yield. By comparing these metrics, we gain a comprehensive understanding of a company's scale, profitability, market value, and growth potential. Through visualisations, the analysis also explores correlations between these metrics and offers insights into country-level performance, highlighting economic dominance across various sectors. This holistic approach provides a multi-dimensional view of global financial powerhouses, investor confidence, and regional economic trends.

Key Metrics Used:

1. Revenue (Trailing Twelve Months - TTM): - Definition: This is the total income generated by a company from its operations in the last twelve months. - Potential Insights: High revenue often indicates market dominance or high sales volume. Comparing revenues can reveal which companies are the largest in terms of business volume.

2. Earnings (TTM): - Definition: This refers to the company's profit after taxes and expenses over the trailing twelve months. - Potential Insights: Companies with high earnings are more efficient at converting revenue into profit, suggesting better profitability or cost management. A comparison of earnings provides insight into profitability rather than just scale.

3. Market Capitalisation (Market Cap): - Definition: Market cap is the total value of a company's outstanding shares of stock, calculated as stock price multiplied by the number of shares. It indicates the company’s size in the stock market. - Potential Insights: High market cap usually indicates investor confidence in the company. Comparing market cap among the top 15 companies reveals their relative size in financial markets.

4. P/E Ratio (TTM): - Definition: Price-to-Earnings (P/E) ratio measures a company's current share price relative to its per-share earnings. - Potential Insights: A high P/E ratio may indicate that investors expect high growth in the future, while a low P/E ratio could imply undervaluation or scepticism about growth. Companies are compared by their growth prospects or current valuation.

5. Dividend Yield (TTM): - Definition: Dividend yield is a financial ratio that shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its share price. - Potential Insights: High dividend yield may indicate that a company returns more income to shareholders. It’s particularly useful for income-focused investors.

In this combined analysis, we will integrate the observations from the visualisations with the key financial metrics definitions and insights, to offer a comprehensive view of the top companies and country-level analysis across various financial dimensions.

Data Visualisations

Visualisation 1: https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2F2296eddd53ddd4b84346b1ea1324ec0a%2FScreenshot%202024-10-01%2015.16.51.png?generation=1727864461164331&alt=media" alt=""> Visualisation 2: https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2Fb35516c91e54eda75a03ff073e94dd73%2FScreenshot%202024-10-01%2015.17.53.png?generation=1727864511265917&alt=media" alt=""> Visualisation 3: https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2F506ca2428d34b15cd46e4a31261763d7%2FScreenshot%202024-10-01%2015.18.37.png?generation=1727864562835491&alt=media" alt=""> Visualisation 4: https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2F41e7a3e28c757239d26226f6a0ccdca9%2FScreenshot%202024-10-01%2015.19.20.png?generation=1727864614352037&alt=media" alt=""> A Markdown document with the R code for the above visualisations. link

1. Revenue (Trailing Twelve Months - TTM)

• Definition: The total income generated from a company’s operations over the last 12 months.
• Insights from Charts:
  • Revenue vs Earnings (Visualisation 2): Companies like Saudi Aramco are massive outliers with high revenues and even higher earnings, indicating impressive profitability despite their revenue volume.
  • Top 10 Countries by Average Revenue (Visualisation 3): China, South Korea, and Japan are at the top, with companies generating significant business volumes.
  • Analysis: High revenue companies like Walmart dominate the market but may not always convert this into proportional earnings or market cap growth. This could be due to operational costs or sector-specific challenges (retail margins being lower than tech).

2. Earnings (TTM)

• Definition: Profits...

In 1989, the Industrial Bank of Japan had a market capitalization of approximately ****** billion U.S dollars, making it the largest company in the world at the time. Six of the ten largest companies worldwide in 1989 were based in Japan while the remaining four were American, highlighting the economic dominance of these two countries in the late *****.

The average for 2022 based on 75 countries was 74.88 percent. The highest value was in Hong Kong: 1273.23 percent and the lowest value was in Armenia: 1.29 percent. The indicator is available from 1975 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

In 2025, stock markets in the United States accounted for roughly ** percent of world stocks. The next largest country by stock market share was China, followed by the European Union as a whole. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the NASDAQ are the largest stock exchange operators worldwide. What is a stock exchange? The first modern publicly traded company was the Dutch East Industry Company, which sold shares to the general public to fund expeditions to Asia. Since then, groups of companies have formed exchanges in which brokers and dealers can come together and make transactions in one space. Stock market indices group companies trading on a given exchange, giving an idea of how they evolve in real time. Appeal of stock ownership Over half of adults in the United States are investing money in the stock market. Stocks are an attractive investment because the possible return is higher than offered by other financial instruments.

Context:

The provided dataset is extracted from yahoo finance using pandas and yahoo finance library in python. This deals with stock market index of the world best economies. The code generated data from Jan 01, 2003 to Jun 30, 2023 that’s more than 20 years. There are 18 CSV files, dataset is generated for 16 different stock market indices comprising of 7 different countries. Below is the list of countries along with number of indices extracted through yahoo finance library, while two CSV files deals with annualized return and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) has been computed from the extracted data.

Number of Countries & Index:

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F15657145%2F90ce8a986761636e3edbb49464b304d8%2FNumber%20of%20Index.JPG?generation=1688490342207096&alt=media" alt="">

Content:

Unit of analysis: Stock Market Index Analysis

This dataset is useful for research purposes, particularly for conducting comparative analyses involving capital market performance and could be used along with other economic indicators.

There are 18 distinct CSV files associated with this dataset. First 16 CSV files deals with number of indices and last two CSV file deals with annualized return of each year and CAGR of each index. If data in any column is blank, it portrays that index was launch in later years, for instance: Bse500 (India), this index launch in 2007, so earlier values are blank, similarly China_Top300 index launch in year 2021 so early fields are blank too.

The extraction process involves applying different criteria, like in 16 CSV files all columns are included, Adj Close is used to calculate annualized return. The algorithm extracts data based on index name (code given by the yahoo finance) according start and end date.

Annualized return and CAGR has been calculated and illustrated in below image along with machine readable file (CSV) attached to that.

To extract the data provided in the attachment, various criteria were applied:

1. Content Filtering: The data was filtered based on several attributes, including the index name, start and end date. This filtering process ensured that only relevant data meeting the specified criteria.

2. Collaborative Filtering: Another filtering technique used was collaborative filtering using yahoo finance, which relies on index similarity. This approach involves finding indices that are similar to other index or extended dataset scope to other countries or economies. By leveraging this method, the algorithm identifies and extracts data based on similarities between indices.

In the last two CSV files, one belongs to annualized return, that was calculated based on the Adj close column and new DataFrame created to store its outcome. Below is the image of annualized returns of all index (if unreadable, machine-readable or CSV format is attached with the dataset).

Annualized Return:

As far as annualised rate of return is concerned, most of the time India stock market indices leading, followed by USA, Canada and Japan stock market indices.

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F15657145%2F37645bd90623ea79f3708a958013c098%2FAnnualized%20Return.JPG?generation=1688525901452892&alt=media" alt="">

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR):

The best performing index based on compound growth is Sensex (India) that comprises of top 30 companies is 15.60%, followed by Nifty500 (India) that is 11.34% and Nasdaq (USA) all is 10.60%.

The worst performing index is China top300, however this is launch in 2021 (post pandemic), so would not possible to examine at that stage (due to less data availability). Furthermore, UK and Russia indices are also top 5 in the worst order.

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F15657145%2F58ae33f60a8800749f802b46ec1e07e7%2FCAGR.JPG?generation=1688490409606631&alt=media" alt="">

Geography: Stock Market Index of the World Top Economies

Time period: Jan 01, 2003 – June 30, 2023

Variables: Stock Market Index Title, Open, High, Low, Close, Adj Close, Volume, Year, Month, Day, Yearly_Return and CAGR

File Type: CSV file

Inspiration:

• Time series prediction model
• Investment opportunities in world best economies
• Comparative Analysis of past data with other stock market indices or other indices

Disclaimer:

This is not a financial advice; due diligence is required in each investment decision.

As of October 29, 2025, Nvidia was the leading tech company by market capitalization globally at 5 trillion U.S. dollars. Nvidia became the first company to ever achieve the 5 trillion milestone, hitting this figure for the first time in October 2025. Apple ranked second at 4 trillion U.S. dollars, followed by Microsoft, Alphabet (Google), and Amazon. Nvidia's immense growth With a focus that began with origins in gaming, Nvidia's business strategy has been transformed by demand from data centers that sit at the heart of the AI boom. The company's chips have been favored to support the training and running of a range of large language models, most notably in the development of OpenAI's ChatGPT. Apple is also among the leaders Since its foundation in a Californian garage in 1976, Apple has expanded massively, becoming one of the most valuable companies in the world. The company started its origins in the PC industry with the Macintosh, but soon entered other segments of the consumer electronics market. Today, the iPhone is the most popular Apple product, although Mac, iPad, wearables, and services also contribute to its high revenues. Aiming at innovation, Apple invests every year in research and development, spanning a wide array of technologies from AI through to extended reality.

Discover the largest beer markets in the world. From China to Germany, explore the countries with the strongest beer cultures and iconic beer brands. Read on for insights and interesting facts about the global beer industry.

Dataset

This dataset was created by Ankit Pratap Singh

Contents

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With a market cap of over two trillion U.S. dollars, Amazon ranks first among the leading large-cap e-commerce companies worldwide. According to November 2025 data, the e-commerce giant ranks ahead of Alibaba and Shopify. During the measured period, Alibaba's market cap amounted to nearly 400 billion U.S. dollars. Amazon is one of the most valuable brands worldwide Ranked fourth out of the leading brands worldwide, Amazon continues to grow, with its brand value estimated at 577 billion U.S. dollars. Amazon.com was founded in 1994 and has since become one of the world’s largest e-commerce retailers selling goods like books, clothing, electronics, and even having its own subscription service, Amazon Prime. In 2024, the company achieved a net sales revenue of 638 billion U.S. dollars, showing its continued profitability. Despite its worldwide popularity, Amazon’s annual net sales revenue is remarkably higher in North America (388 billion U.S. dollars) when compared to how the company performs internationally (143 billion U.S. dollars). A closer look at Amazon's third-party sellers Most of Amazon's units (62 percent) are sold by third-party (3P) sellers, meaning independent sellers who list and sell products on the marketplace but do not sell the products to the platform itself. In 2024, Amazon made 156 billion U.S. dollars in global net revenue from 3P sales alone. However, in Amazon's biggest market, the United States, most sellers use a hybrid model (74 percent), this includes both 3P and first-party (1P) sellers, with the latter being a business or manufacturer that sells its products directly to a retailer or platform.