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Version: GOGI_V10_2This data was downloaded as a File Geodatabse from EDX at https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/global-oil-gas-features-database. This data was developed using a combination of big data computing, custom search and data integration algorithms, and expert driven search to collect open oil and gas data resources worldwide. This approach identified over 380 data sets and integrated more than 4.8 million features into the GOGI database.Access the technical report describing how this database was produced using the following link: https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/development-of-an-open-global-oil-and-gas-infrastructure-inventory-and-geodatabase” Acknowledgements: This work was funded under the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) Oil and Gas Methane Science Studies. The studies are managed by United Nations Environment in collaboration with the Office of the Chief Scientist, Steven Hamburg of the Environmental Defense Fund. Funding was provided by the Environmental Defense Fund, OGCI Companies (Shell, BP, ENI, Petrobras, Repsol, Total, Equinor, CNPC, Saudi Aramco, Exxon, Oxy, Chevron, Pemex) and CCAC.Link to SourcePoint of Contact: Jennifer Bauer email:jennifer.bauer@netl.doe.govMichael D Sabbatino email:michael.sabbatino@netl.doe.gov
The Middle East accounts for the greatest share of proved oil reserves of any region in the world. As of 2023, the Middle East housed some 55.5 percent of known oil reserves. In the past three decades, the Middle East’s share of global oil reserves dropped from nearly 63 percent in 1960 to less than 56 percent in 2020. This was mainly due to greater reserves discovered in the Americas and by 2023 Latin America’s share had almost tripled. The regional distribution shifts The Middle East and Latin America are home to the two countries with the highest proven oil reserves worldwide - Venezuela and Saudi Arabia. Venezuela and Saudi Arabia are also among the founding members of OPEC, an organization currently comprised of 13 countries that produce around 40 percent of total crude oil globally. In 2009, Venezuela confirmed significant oil discoveries, and in the span of just a few years, Central and South American proved oil reserves rose from 120 to around 330 billion barrels of crude oil. Venezuela announced in 2011 that its proven oil reserves had surpassed Saudi Arabia as the largest in the world. Most of these reserves are in the form of oil sands and other very heavy oil types.
This time-enabled map shows global energy production and reserves by country from 1990 to 2014. Coal production, oil production, oil reserves, natural gas production, and natural gas reserves are shown.Unit Definitions:BBL = billion barrels of petroleum liquids (1 bbl = 42 million US gallons)TBPD = thousand barrels per dayTCF = trillion cubic feet (natural gas unit of volume)BCF = billion cubic feet (natural gas unit of volume)The data is sourced from the U.S. Energy Information Agency “International Energy Statistics” - www.eia.gov/beta/international.
The discovery of oil has had a huge impact on economics and politics within the Middle East, as well as the region’s relationship with the west and the way regional standards of living. Before the discovery of oil, fishing and pearling were the primary economic sectors of many Gulf States. After the discovery of oil and due to the immense value of oil, many Middle East countries made oil their economic focus, changing livelihood of their people in just a few decades. One example is Kuwait, whose economy focused mainly on fishing and pearling prior to the discovery of oil in 1934. Now, oil extraction and processing accounts for 50% of the country’s GDP, 90% of export earnings, and 75% of government revenues1. Typically, the more oil a country exports the less economically diverse it is. Booz & Company did a study to look at the economic diversity of the Gulf States, which are very oil-rich, in comparison to the rest of the world, and found that the economic diversity of the GCC (the countries of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) was much lower than that of European or other “western” states3. Since oil is a nonrenewable resource it will become important for these countries to diversify their economies and become independent of oil as reserve levels decline. Recently, attempts of economic diversification have been made in several oil diverse nations such as the aluminum smelting industry in Bahrain, Qatar, and the UAE, taken up as an attempt to diversify their economy6; however, the reason that the industry of aluminum smelting has grown in these counties is because aluminum smelting requires immense amounts of oil. Therefore, the economics of these counties is in reality not that diversified. The Export Diversity Index is defined as the number of prominent commodities a country exports. Goods made from the same derivative, such as crude oil and petroleum products, were categorized as belonging in the same industry for simplicity purposes. The data represented in the map was obtained from lists of each country's ten most lucrative exports, and the index ranges on a scale of 1 to 10 different exports4. We noticed that the countries with the greatest volume oil resources had the lowest score on the index because more goods they produced were related to the oil industry. The map of oil reserves gives a good visual representation of which Middle Eastern countries are the most oil-rich, and shows a high concentration of marks in the Gulf states, particularly the in the Persian Gulf where off-shore reserves are located. The countries with the lowest score on the index were Saudi Arabia (with a score of 2), Kuwait (4), Bahrain (2), and Qatar (2). It is interesting to note that although other countries may have high concentrations of certain resources within their borders it is only the oil-rich countries that have the lowest levels of export diversity. The only exceptions to this trend are countries with a government that has made particularly strong efforts to become less oil-reliant, such as the United Arab Emirates7. Although, we recognize that a country's economic diversity also accounts for its domestic economy, which generally relies heavily on the country's exports. Therefore this analysis concludes that the Export Diversity Index is an indicator of a country's economic index. The data we have compiled has implications for the future of many of the Gulf States, especially Saudi Arabia, as the international community attempts to wean itself off of fossil fuels.Amanda Doyle, March 2012WORKS CITED1.“Kuwait Economy”. Encycopedia of the Nations, Advameg, Inc. 2011. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Kuwait-ECONOMY.html.2.Burke, Edmund, and Yaghoubian, David N. Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East. 2nd ed. University of California Press: Berkley, CA, 2006.3.“Economic Diversification”. The Ideation Center. 2011. http://www.ideationcenter.com/home/ideation_article/economic_diversification.4."UN Data: Country Profile”. UN Division of Statistics, United Nations. 2011. http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx5."USGS identifies potential giant oil and gas fields in Israel/Palestine”. EnerGeoPolitics. 2010. http://energeopolitics.com/2010/04/09/usgs-identifies-potential-giant-oil-and-gas-fields-in-israelpalestine/6. "A Summary of Existing and New-Buuild Smelters in the Middle East". Aluminium International Today. January /February 2009. http://www.improvingperformance.com/papers/Primary%20Article%20AIT.pdf.7. "UAE to Diversify Economy - To Reduce Dependence on Oil and Natural Gas Revenues". Oil Gas Articles. 2011. http://www.oilgasarticles.com/articles/416/2/UAE-to-Diversify-Economy---To-Reduce-Dependence-on-oil-and-Natural-Gas-Revenues/Page2.html?PHPSESSID=e10561d4a9d2cf87f64fbdeb2e00f65d.
This digitally compiled map includes geology, oil and gas fields, and geologic provinces of Europe. The oil and gas map is part of a worldwide series released on CD-ROM by the World Energy Project of the U.S. Geological Survey. For data management purposes the world is divided into eight energy regions corresponding approximately to the economic regions of the world as defined by the U.S. Department of State. Europe (Region 4) including Turkey (Region 2) includes Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vatican City, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Svalbard
This submission offers a link to a web mapping application hosted instance of the Global Oil & Gas Features Database (GOGI), via EDX Spatial. This offers users with the ability to visualize, interact, and create maps with data of their choice, as well as download specific attributes or fields of view from the database. This data can also be downloaded as a File Geodatabse from EDX at https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/global-oil-gas-features-database. Access the technical report describing how this database was produced using the following link: https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/development-of-an-open-global-oil-and-gas-infrastructure-inventory-and-geodatabase” This data was developed using a combination of big data computing, custom search and data integration algorithms, and expert driven search to collect open oil and gas data resources worldwide. This approach identified over 380 data sets and integrated more than 4.8 million features into the GOGI database. Acknowledgements: This work was funded under the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) Oil and Gas Methane Science Studies. The studies are managed by United Nations Environment in collaboration with the Office of the Chief Scientist, Steven Hamburg of the Environmental Defense Fund. Funding was provided by the Environmental Defense Fund, OGCI Companies (Shell, BP, ENI, Petrobras, Repsol, Total, Equinor, CNPC, Saudi Aramco, Exxon, Oxy, Chevron, Pemex) and CCAC.
OilandGas represents the locations of oil and gas resources of the world.
description: This map was created as part of a worldwide series of geologic maps for the U.S. Geological Survey's World Energy Project. These products are available on CD-ROM and the Internet. The goal of the project is to assess the undiscovered, technically recoverable oil and gas resources of the world. Two previously published digital geologic data sets (U.S. and Caribbean) were clipped to the map extent, while the dataset for Mexico was digitized for this project. Original attributes for all data layers were maintained, and in some cases, graphically merged with common symbology for presentation purposes. The world has been divided into geologic provinces that are used for allocation and prioritization of oil and gas assessments. For the World Energy Project, a subset of those provinces is shown on this map. Each province has a set of geologic characteristics that distinguish it from surrounding provinces. These characteristics may include dominant lithologies, the age of the strata, and/or structural type. The World Geographic Coordinate System of 1984 is used for data storage, and the data are presented in a Lambert Conformal Conic Projection on the OFR 97-470-L map product. Other details about the map compilation and data sources are provided in metadata documents in the data section on this CD-ROM. Several software packages were used to create this map including: Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) ArcGIS 8.3, ArcInfo software, Adobe Photoshop CS, Illustrator CS, and Acrobat 6.0. Tips; abstract: This map was created as part of a worldwide series of geologic maps for the U.S. Geological Survey's World Energy Project. These products are available on CD-ROM and the Internet. The goal of the project is to assess the undiscovered, technically recoverable oil and gas resources of the world. Two previously published digital geologic data sets (U.S. and Caribbean) were clipped to the map extent, while the dataset for Mexico was digitized for this project. Original attributes for all data layers were maintained, and in some cases, graphically merged with common symbology for presentation purposes. The world has been divided into geologic provinces that are used for allocation and prioritization of oil and gas assessments. For the World Energy Project, a subset of those provinces is shown on this map. Each province has a set of geologic characteristics that distinguish it from surrounding provinces. These characteristics may include dominant lithologies, the age of the strata, and/or structural type. The World Geographic Coordinate System of 1984 is used for data storage, and the data are presented in a Lambert Conformal Conic Projection on the OFR 97-470-L map product. Other details about the map compilation and data sources are provided in metadata documents in the data section on this CD-ROM. Several software packages were used to create this map including: Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) ArcGIS 8.3, ArcInfo software, Adobe Photoshop CS, Illustrator CS, and Acrobat 6.0. Tips
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The global oilfield exploration market size was valued at approximately $98 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach $145 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period. The prominent growth factor propelling this market is the increasing demand for energy coupled with technological advancements in exploration techniques. The global economy's reliance on oil as a primary energy source, despite a gradual shift towards renewable energy, continues to drive substantial investments in oilfield exploration.
One of the primary growth factors in the oilfield exploration market is the rising global energy consumption. Emerging economies, particularly in Asia Pacific, are experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization, thereby increasing their energy needs. This escalating demand necessitates the exploration and development of new oilfields to ensure a steady supply of crude oil. Furthermore, the global energy mix continues to be dominated by fossil fuels, with oil constituting a substantial portion of this mix, reinforcing the need for consistent exploration activities.
Technological advancements in exploration techniques have significantly enhanced the efficacy and efficiency of identifying potential oil reserves. Innovations such as 3D and 4D seismic imaging, advanced drilling techniques, and enhanced reservoir characterization have revolutionized the industry. These technologies not only improve the accuracy of detecting oil reserves but also reduce exploration risks and operational costs. As oil companies strive to optimize their exploration processes, investing in advanced technologies becomes a strategic imperative, thereby driving the market growth.
Another critical factor contributing to market growth is the increasing exploration activities in offshore regions. Offshore oilfields, especially those in deepwater and ultra-deepwater locations, hold significant untapped reserves. Companies are increasingly focusing on these regions to mitigate the declining production rates from mature onshore fields. The development of robust offshore drilling technologies and favorable government policies further bolster offshore exploration activities, contributing to the overall market expansion.
Regionally, North America, particularly the United States, continues to dominate the oilfield exploration market. The presence of vast shale oil reserves and the implementation of policies supporting energy independence significantly contribute to this dominance. Additionally, the Middle East and Africa remain crucial players due to their abundant oil reserves and ongoing investments in exploration activities. The Asia Pacific region is also witnessing substantial growth, driven by increasing energy demands from emerging economies such as China and India.
The oilfield exploration market can be segmented by service type, encompassing seismic services, drilling services, geological services, reservoir engineering services, and others. Seismic services play a pivotal role in the initial stages of exploration. These services involve the use of seismic waves to map and interpret subsurface geological formations, aiding in the identification of potential oil reserves. The demand for seismic services is fueled by the need for precise and comprehensive subsurface data, which is critical for making informed exploration decisions.
Drilling services constitute a significant segment within the oilfield exploration market. These services encompass various activities, including directional drilling, horizontal drilling, and re-entry drilling, all aimed at efficiently accessing subsurface oil reserves. The technological advancements in drilling techniques, such as the development of automated drilling rigs and the use of downhole sensors, have improved drilling precision and efficiency. This, in turn, drives the demand for drilling services as companies seek to optimize their exploration efforts.
Geological services are essential for understanding the geological characteristics of potential oilfields. These services include geological mapping, core sampling, and petrophysical analysis, which help in assessing the quality and quantity of hydrocarbon reserves. The integration of advanced geological modeling software and tools has enhanced the accuracy of reservoir characterization, thereby reduc
The digitally compiled map includes geology, oil and gas field centerpoints, and geologic provinces of the Arctic (North Pole area encircled by 640 N Latitude). The GIS data sets were designed originally in ESRI's ARC/INFO ver. 8.0.1 and were published as part of a series of interim CD-ROM products of the U.S. Geological Survey's World Energy Project (WEP). The goal of the WEP is to assess the undiscovered, technically recoverable oil and gas resources of the world. Results of this assessment were reported in the year 2000 (see USGS DDS-60; http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-060/).
This map service includes geology, major faults, geologic provinces, and political boundaries in Bangladesh. This compilation is part of an interim product of the U.S. Geological Survey's World Energy Project (WEP) and part of a series on CD-ROM.
The data sets include arcs, polygons, and labels that outline and describe the general geologic age and geophysical fields of Bangladesh. Political boundaries are provided to show the general location of administrative regions and state boundaries. Major base topographic data like cities, rivers, etc. were derived from the same paper map source as the geology.
This map service includes geology, oil and gas field centerpoints, and geologic provinces of Africa with some of these components extended into geographically adjacent areas. This digital compilation is an interim product of the U.S. Geological Survey's World Energy Project (WEP) and part of a series on CD-ROM. The goal of the WEP is to assess the undiscovered, technically recoverable oil and gas resources of the world. Results of this assessment were reported in the year 2000 (see USGS DDS-60).
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The size of the Kazakhstan Oil and Gas Midstream Market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 3.26% during the forecast period. The midstream market of Kazakhstan is pretty crucial in the energy sector of this state because it bridges the gulf between upstream production and downstream refining and distribution. Kazakhstan is a large oil-producing country with considerable reserves as well as one of the major oil producers in Central Asia; thus, middle-stream infrastructure has to be really resilient enough to undertake crude oil and natural gas transportation tasks. The midstream sector includes pipelines, storage facilities, and transportation networks that ensure the transport of hydrocarbons within the country and to other countries. Major pipeline systems link major oil fields in the west to export terminals and markets in Europe and Asia: Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) and Kazakhstan-China Pipeline. Besides providing energy security to Kazakhstan, these infrastructures position Kazakhstan as a strategic transit hub in the region. Recent investments raise capacity to new heights while modernizing existing facilities with regard to global trends toward energy diversification and sustainability. Furthermore, with the world slowly moving towards cleaner sources of energy, Kazakhstan is also being assessed in terms of renewable energy into its midstream operations. The midstream market, therefore is important in ensuring efficient transit energy and the competitiveness of Kazakhstan in the global oil and gas map while addressing emerging environmental considerations. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Growing Adoption of Industrial Automation across Various Industrial Sectors4.; Rising Sales for Automobiles across the World. Potential restraints include: 4., Slow Down in Economic and Industrial Activities. Notable trends are: Transportation Sector to Witness Growth.
This data set is the digital geologic layer for the map of South Asia. The data set includes arcs, polgons, polygon labels, and attributes for geology, faults, inferred faults, and rivers. The data set is compiled from numerous UNESCO geologic maps to assist in the assessment of oil and gas for the World Energy Project.
The geology data set for this map includes arcs, polygons, and labels that outline and describe the general geologic age and type of bedrock of Iran. The geologic provinces data set includes arcs, polygons, and labels of geologic and petroleum provinces interpreted and designated by R.M. Pollastro from a number of literature and map resources to assist in the assessment of oil and gas resources for the USGS World Energy Project. The oil and gas field centerpoints data set is a point coverage that marks the approximate centerpoints of oil and gas fields in Iran. Political boundaries are provided to show the general location of country and/or other reference 'political' boundaries.
This dataset shows depth contours to the top of the Frontier Formation within the Southwestern Wyoming Province, southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Utah, and northwestern Colorado.
This map was created as part of a worldwide series of geologic maps for the U.S. Geological Survey's World Energy Project. These products are available on CD-ROM and through the Internet. The goal of the project is to assess the undiscovered, technically recoverable oil and gas resources of the world. Most of the source data for this map compilation were digitized from the Geologic-Tectonic Map of the Caribbean Region by J.E. Case and T.L. Holcombe, at a scale of 1:2,500,000. For data management purposes, the world was divided into eight energy regions based on political boundaries and corresponding approximately to the economic regions of the world as defined by the U.S. Department of State. Region Six encompasses the Caribbean area, Central America, and South America. Other products are also available related to Region Six, including the Geologic Map of South America (USGS Open File Report 97-470-D). Countries listed below are shown whole or in part within the map extent of the Caribbean region: Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Mexico Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Venezuela Virgin Islands The world was previously divided into geologic provinces for the World Energy Project, of which a subset is shown on the map. Each province has a set of geologic characteristics that distinguish it from surrounding provinces. These characteristics may include dominant lithologies, the age of the strata, and/or structural type. Each province is assigned a unique number and may fall within two or more countries or assessment regions. The World Geographic Coordinate System of 1984 was used for data storage and map display. Other details about the map compilation and data sources are provided in several metadata formats in the data section on this CD-ROM. Various software packages were used to create this map including: Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) ArcGIS 8.3, ArcInfo software, Adobe Photoshop CS, Illustrator CS, and Acrobat 6.0.
This map service was created to assemble oil and gas well information for a comprehensive inventory of energy data pertinent to the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative decision-making process. These data are available as online resources for scientists, resource managers engaged in the Initiative, and other researchers. The GIS data and map documents created for this study are available for interactive analysis and/or download at the Energy Geoscience Center website.
This digitally compiled map includes geology, geologic provinces, and oil and gas fields of Europe including Turkey. The maps are part of a worldwide series of maps on CD-ROM released by the U.S. Geological Survey's World Energy Project. The goal of the project is to assess the undiscovered, technically recoverable oil and gas resources of the world. For data management purposes the world was divided into eight energy regions corresponding approximately to the economic regions of of the world as defined by the U.S. Department of State. Europe (Region 4) includes Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and Vatican. The depicted portion of Region 2 includes Turkey. Each region is divided into geologic provinces. Each province has a set of geologic characteristics that distinguish it from surrounding provinces. These characteristics may include the predominant lithologies, the age of the strata, and the structural style. Some provinces include multiple genetically-related basins. Geologic province boundaries are delineated using data from a number of geologic maps and other tectonic and geographic data (see References). Offshore province boundaries are defined by the 2000 meter bathymetric contour. Each province is assigned a unique number. Because geologic trends are independent of political boundaries, some provinces overlap two regions. The code of those provinces that lie entirely within Europe begin with the number 4 and those provinces that lie entirely within Turkey begin with the number 2. The code of those provinces that lie partly within another region may start with a 1, for the Former Soviet Union (Persits and others 1998) or a 2, for Middle East and North Africa (Pollastro , 1998; Persits and others, 1997). The centerpoint locations of oil and gas fields are plotted based on the locations in the Petroconsultants International Data Corp. (1996) database with permission. Selected provinces are currently being investigated, by Total Petroleum System analysis, and assessments are being made of the undiscovered oil and gas resource potential of these provinces. Klett and others (1997) discuss the worldwide geologic provinces and their relative ranking in terms of total known petroleum volume. Specific details of the data sources and map compilation are given in the metadata files on this CD-ROM. Some stratigraphic units are combined to simplify the map and to ensure consistency across the region. All rocks are colored by age. Igneous and metamorphic rocks are identified with fill patterns and colors. These maps are compiled using Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc. (ESRI) ARC/INFO software. Political boundaries and cartographic representations on this map are taken, with permission from ESRI's ArcWorld 1:3M digital coverage; they have no political significance and are displayed as general reference only. Portions of this database covering the coastline and country boundaries contain intellectual property of ESRI. (© 1992 and 1996, Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc. All rights reserved.)
The geology data set for this map includes arcs, polygons, and labels that outline and describe the general geologic age and rock type for South Asia. The geologic provinces data set includes arcs, polygons, and labels of geologic and petroleum provinces interpreted and designated by Ben E. Law and Craig J. Wandrey from a number of literature and map resources to assist in the assessment of oil and gas resources for the U.S.G.S. World Energy Project. The oil and gas field centerpoints data set is a point coverage that marks the approximate centerpoints of oil and gas fields in South Asia. Political boundaries are provided to show the general location of country and/or other reference 'political' boundaries.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Version: GOGI_V10_2This data was downloaded as a File Geodatabse from EDX at https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/global-oil-gas-features-database. This data was developed using a combination of big data computing, custom search and data integration algorithms, and expert driven search to collect open oil and gas data resources worldwide. This approach identified over 380 data sets and integrated more than 4.8 million features into the GOGI database.Access the technical report describing how this database was produced using the following link: https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/development-of-an-open-global-oil-and-gas-infrastructure-inventory-and-geodatabase” Acknowledgements: This work was funded under the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) Oil and Gas Methane Science Studies. The studies are managed by United Nations Environment in collaboration with the Office of the Chief Scientist, Steven Hamburg of the Environmental Defense Fund. Funding was provided by the Environmental Defense Fund, OGCI Companies (Shell, BP, ENI, Petrobras, Repsol, Total, Equinor, CNPC, Saudi Aramco, Exxon, Oxy, Chevron, Pemex) and CCAC.Link to SourcePoint of Contact: Jennifer Bauer email:jennifer.bauer@netl.doe.govMichael D Sabbatino email:michael.sabbatino@netl.doe.gov