With over 470 million dogs kept as pets worldwide, dogs came out on top as the leading type of pet in 2018. Within the same year, there were roughly 370 million pet cats in the world.

Pets in the European Union

While dogs were globally speaking the most common type of pet, cats were more common in the European Union in 2018. Roughly 75 million people within this region had a pet cat in 2018, compared to the 65 million pet dogs. That year, Germany had about nine and a half million pet dogs, making it the country with the highest number within the European Union. Other top dog-loving countries included the United Kingdom, Poland, and France.

Other pets in Germany

Besides cats and dogs, Germans had many other household pets in 2018. About five and a half million small pets, such as hamsters and rabbits, were kept by Germans that year. Additionally, about two million households in Germany owned an aquarium and roughly one and a half million households owned a garden pond.

How many dogs are there in the US? According to a pet owners survey, there were approximately 89.7 million dogs owned in the United States in 2017. This is an increase of over 20 million since the beginning of the survey period in 2000, when around 68 million dogs were owned in the United States.

Why has this figure increased?

The resident population of the United States has also increased significantly within this time period. It is, therefore, no surprise that the number of dogs owned in U.S. households has also increased, especially when considering that the household penetration rate for dog-ownership reached almost 50 percent in recent years.

The dog food market in the United States

The large number of dogs owned by Americans creates a lucrative market for pet food brands and retailers. Pedigree, the leading dry dog food name brand in the U.S., had sales amounting to around 550 million U.S. dollars in 2017. Pedigree also led the pack in the wet dog food category , with sales of around 240 million U.S. dollars in the same year.

Context

This dataset contains images of 120 breeds of dogs from around the world. This dataset has been built using images and annotation from ImageNet for the task of fine-grained image categorization. It was originally collected for fine-grain image categorization, a challenging problem as certain dog breeds have near identical features or differ in colour and age.

Content

• Number of categories: 120
• Number of images: 20,580
• Annotations: Class labels, Bounding boxes

Acknowledgements

The original data source is found on http://vision.stanford.edu/aditya86/ImageNetDogs/ and contains additional information on the train/test splits and baseline results. If you use this dataset in a publication, please cite the dataset on the following papers: Aditya Khosla, Nityananda Jayadevaprakash, Bangpeng Yao and Li Fei-Fei. Novel dataset for Fine-Grained Image Categorization. First Workshop on Fine-Grained Visual Categorization (FGVC), IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2011. Secondary: J. Deng, W. Dong, R. Socher, L.-J. Li, K. Li and L. Fei-Fei, ImageNet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Image Database. IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2009.

Inspiration

• Can you correctly identify dog breeds that have similar features, such as the basset hound and bloodhound?
• Is this chihuahua young or old?

In 2023, the dog population in Europe was measured at approximately **** million, a increase from around ***** million in the previous year. Overall, the number of pet-owning households in Europe was estimated to be around *** million in 2023. Pets in the European Union With a pet population reaching almost ** million in 2023, cats were the most populous animal type in the European Union, followed by dogs and ornamental birds. Other popular pets that year included small mammals, ornamental fish, and pet reptiles. There were approximately *** million pet reptiles in the European Union in 2023. Germany was home to the highest population of pet dogs in the European Union in 2023, at around **** million. Pet retailers in Europe The German pet food company Fressnapf was Europe’s top pet care retailer, with more than 2.1 billion euros in annual turnover in 2019. Fressnapf’s competitors in Europe are prominent pet care retailers such as the United Kingdom’s Pets at Home, the Belgian company Aveve, and the German Futterhaus, amongst others. Pets at Home is the largest pet retailer in the United Kingdom, recording annual revenues exceeding 1.4 billion British pounds in 2023.

The understanding of the structure of free-roaming dog populations is of extreme importance for the planning and monitoring of populational control strategies and animal welfare. The methods used to estimate the abundance of this group of dogs are more complex than the ones used with domiciled owned dogs. In this systematic review, we analyze the techniques and the results obtained in studies that seek to estimate the size of free-ranging dog populations. Twenty-six studies were reviewed regarding the quality of execution and their capacity to generate valid estimates. Seven of the eight publications that take a simple count of the animal population did not consider the different probabilities of animal detection; only one study used methods based on distances; twelve relied on capture-recapture models for closed populations without considering heterogeneities in capture probabilities; six studies applied their own methods with different potential and limitations. Potential sources of bias in the studies were related to the inadequate description or implementation of animal capturing or viewing procedures and to inadequacies in the identification and registration of dogs. Thus, there was a predominance of estimates with low validity. Abundance and density estimates carried high variability, and all studies identified a greater number of male dogs. We point to enhancements necessary for the implementation of future studies and to potential updates and revisions to the recommendations of the World Health Organization with respect to the estimation of free-ranging dog populations.

Dataset Card for Stanford Dogs

The Stanford Dogs dataset contains images of 120 breeds of dogs from around the world. This dataset has been built using images and annotation from ImageNet for the task of fine-grained image categorization. Contents of this dataset:

Number of categories: 120

Number of images: 20,580

Annotations: Class labels, Bounding boxes (not imported to HF)

Website: http://vision.stanford.edu/aditya86/ImageNetDogs/

Paper:… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/maurice-fp/stanford-dogs.

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to determine patterns of physical activity in pet dogs using real-world data at a population scale aided by the use of accelerometers and electronic health records (EHRs).MethodsA directed acyclic graph (DAG) was created to capture background knowledge and causal assumptions related to dog activity, and this was used to identify relevant data sources, which included activity data from commercially available accelerometers, and health and patient metadata from the EHRs. Linear mixed models (LMM) were fitted to the number of active minutes following log-transformation with the fixed effects tested based on the variables of interest and the adjustment sets indicated by the DAG.ResultsActivity was recorded on 8,726,606 days for 28,562 dogs with 136,876 associated EHRs, with the median number of activity records per dog being 162 [interquartile range (IQR) 60–390]. The average recorded activity per day of 51 min was much lower than previous estimates of physical activity, and there was wide variation in activity levels from less than 10 to over 600 min per day. Physical activity decreased with age, an effect that was dependent on breed size, whereby there was a greater decline in activity for age as breed size increased. Activity increased with breed size and owner age independently. Activity also varied independently with sex, location, climate, season and day of the week: males were more active than females, and dogs were more active in rural areas, in hot dry or marine climates, in spring, and on weekends.ConclusionAccelerometer-derived activity data gathered from pet dogs living in North America was used to determine associations with both dog and environmental characteristics. Knowledge of these associations could be used to inform daily exercise and caloric requirements for dogs, and how they should be adapted according to individual circumstances.

Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are one of the most common pets around the world but ownership patterns and human-dog interactions have been changing, particularly in developing nations. We conducted household surveys in Costa Rica to characterize dog ownership, the owned dog population, where dogs were confined at night and in the morning, and behaviors regarding selected dog care issues. We also compared these results to similar questionnaires used in Costa Rica over the past 20 years. We found 76% of households in Costa Rica owned at least one dog and on average there were about 1.4 dogs owned per household. These dog ownership rates are higher than previous estimates. The probability of owning a dog was highest on farms and lowest in single family dwellings without a yard, higher among respondents that owned their homes and decreasing with increasing human population density The total number of owned dogs in Costa Rica was estimated to be 2,222,032 (95% confidence intervals: 1,981,497–2,503,751). The sterilization rate for homed dogs in 2020 was approximately 62% (females: 67%, males: 61%) which is higher than the 18% of owned dogs that were sterilized in a 2003 survey. Overall, only 1.2% (95% CI: 0.3–2.5%) of owned dogs slept on the street with a slightly higher proportion on the street at 8 am. The number of owned dogs roaming the streets at night nation-wide was estimated to be 27,208 (95% CI: 7,557–56,619) compared to 43,142 (95% CI: 20,118–73,618) on the street at 8 am. The number of unowned free-roaming dogs in Costa Rica has never been estimated but we can generate some idea of the size of the unowned dog population by determining the proportion of free-roaming dogs on the street wearing collars. There was a negative relationship between human population density and owned dogs being on the street meaning fewer dogs roam the streets in highly populated areas compared to less populated areas. Overall, we identify trends against which future progress can be measured and provide information that are critical in designing effective humane dog management programs in Costa Rica in the future.

Dogs are loved pets around the world. Over the period from 2012 to 2022, the number of dogs owned by Finnish households increased by *** thousand. The pet dog population was estimated to be approximately *** thousand in Finland in 2022.

Pets in Finland

Not only dogs but also cats are popular pets in Finland. As of 2022, there were over *** thousand pet cats in Finland. Over the past years, the share of households owing at least one cat or dog in Finland remained at the same level. On the other hand, the number of small mammal pets, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, or hamsters, owned by Finnish households showed no increase.

Pets in the European Union

Pets are increasing in popularity in the European Union. During the last decade, the number of pet-owning households in the EU has increased at a steady pace. While dogs reached the second rank, cats are the most popular pets in the European Union. As of 2022, it was estimated that there were approximately **** million pet cats and **** million pet dogs in the EU.

Additional file 5: Table S3. Distribution of disease phenotypes reported in 2726 Leonberger dogs. The table shows the number of dogs for which the owners reported particular disorders. Each more general group is divided in specific subgroups. Note that many dogs have multiple health issues and therefore the sum of the individual counts will be larger than the total of 1334 dogs with at least one health condition reported.

The oldest confirmed remains of domestic dogs in North America are from mid-continent archeological sites dated ~9,900 calibrated years before present (cal BP). Although this date suggests that dogs may not have arrived alongside the first Native Americans, the timing and routes for the entrance of New World dogs are unclear. Here, we present a complete mitochondrial genome of a dog from Southeast Alaska, dated to 10,150 ± 260 cal BP. We compared this high-coverage genome with data from modern dog breeds, historical Arctic dogs, and American precontact dogs (PCDs) from before European arrival. Our analyses demonstrate that the ancient dog shared a common ancestor with PCDs that lived ~14,500 years ago and diverged from Siberian dogs around 16,000 years ago, coinciding with the minimum suggested date for the opening of the North Pacific coastal (NPC) route along the Cordilleran Ice Sheet and genetic evidence for the initial peopling of the Americas. This ancient Southeast Alaskan dog occupies an early branching position within the PCD clade, indicating it represents a close relative of the earliest PCDs that were brought alongside people migrating from eastern Beringia southward along the NPC to the rest of the Americas. The stable isotope δ13C value of this early dog indicates a marine diet, different from the younger mid-continent PCDs’ terrestrial diet. Although PCDs were largely replaced by modern European dog breeds, our results indicate that their population decline started ~2,000 years BP, coinciding with the expansion of Inuit peoples, who are associated with traditional sled-dog culture. Our findings suggest that dogs formed part of the initial human habitation of the New World, and provide insights into their replacement by both Arctic and European lineages.

Veterinary OA Digital Therapeutics for Dogs Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global Veterinary OA Digital Therapeutics for Dogs market size reached USD 312.5 million in 2024, demonstrating robust momentum driven by technological advancements and rising pet healthcare awareness. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 13.7% between 2025 and 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 943.6 million by 2033. Key growth factors include the increasing prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs, expanding adoption of digital health solutions within veterinary care, and a growing emphasis on non-invasive, evidence-based therapies for chronic canine conditions.

One of the most significant growth drivers for the Veterinary OA Digital Therapeutics for Dogs market is the rising incidence of osteoarthritis among the global canine population. As dogs live longer due to improved nutrition and healthcare, age-related conditions such as OA are becoming more common, affecting millions of pets worldwide. This trend has heightened the demand for advanced, accessible, and effective solutions to manage chronic pain and mobility issues in dogs. Digital therapeutics, which offer a blend of remote monitoring, personalized treatment plans, and real-time data analytics, are increasingly being recognized by veterinarians and pet owners alike as essential tools for enhancing canine quality of life and reducing reliance on pharmaceuticals.

Technological innovation is another critical factor propelling market growth. The integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning algorithms, and wearable sensors into digital therapeutics platforms has revolutionized the way veterinarians and pet owners manage canine OA. These technologies enable continuous monitoring of a dog’s activity, gait, and pain levels, providing data-driven insights that inform treatment adjustments and improve outcomes. The proliferation of user-friendly mobile applications and web-based platforms has also democratized access to these therapies, allowing pet owners to participate actively in their dogs’ care from home. This shift towards connected, data-centric veterinary care is expected to further fuel the expansion of the Veterinary OA Digital Therapeutics for Dogs market in the coming years.

A third important growth factor is the evolving regulatory and reimbursement landscape for veterinary digital therapeutics. As clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of digital therapies accumulates, regulatory bodies and veterinary associations are increasingly endorsing their use in OA management protocols. Some insurers and pet health plans are beginning to cover digital therapeutic interventions, removing financial barriers and encouraging broader adoption. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digital transformation across the veterinary sector, with telemedicine and remote monitoring becoming integral components of standard practice. These regulatory and market trends are expected to strengthen the foundation for sustained growth in the global Veterinary OA Digital Therapeutics for Dogs market.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the Veterinary OA Digital Therapeutics for Dogs market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The North American market benefits from a high level of pet ownership, advanced veterinary infrastructure, and early adoption of digital health technologies. Europe is witnessing steady growth, driven by increasing awareness of canine OA and supportive government policies. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is emerging as a high-potential market due to rising disposable incomes, urbanization, and growing interest in pet wellness. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, while still nascent, are expected to experience accelerated growth as digital health solutions become more accessible and affordable in these regions.

Product Type Analysis

The Product Type segment of the Veterinary OA Digital Therapeu

IntroductionUganda ranks among the top ten countries globally for reported dog bites, with an average of 14,865 cases annually, and records an estimated 486 human rabies deaths per year—partly due to the overwhelming number of free-roaming dogs (FRDs). Given that FRDs stem from societal mismanagement, sustainable control strategies must be rooted in meaningful community involvement. However, such community-based data remains largely unavailable in Uganda, hindering efforts to manage the growing FRD population.MethodsWe conducted a structured survey of 3,307 participants split between selected urban and rural areas in Uganda in 2023 to assess public attitudes and perceptions toward FRDs. Respondents were also asked to suggest appropriate control measures. We used chi-square tests to analyze sociodemographic differences and logistic regression to identify factors associated with attitudes toward FRDs.ResultsThe results showed that 81.9% of urban and 64.9% of rural respondents encountered FRDs daily. Attitudes toward FRDs were predominantly negative: 81.8% of respondents considered them a public health threat, and 57.1% viewed them as a nuisance. However, 76.3% also expressed empathy toward roaming dogs. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that positive attitudes toward FRDs were associated with having a religious background, higher income, lower education levels, and residence in rural areas. Community-suggested control strategies included sterilization, public education on responsible dog ownership, and, controversially, poisoning.DiscussionThe findings highlight strong community awareness of the FRD issue, particularly as two of the top proposed measures—sterilization and public education—align with the World Organisation for Animal Health’s (WOAH) recommended strategies for managing roaming dog populations. Authorities can leverage the prevailing negative perceptions to design and implement humane, community-supported control strategies. Simultaneously, those who express empathy toward FRDs can be encouraged to translate their concern into proactive measures that reduce roaming behaviour.

Glucosamine for Dogs + Chondroitin Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Glucosamine for Dogs + Chondroitin market size reached USD 1.42 billion in 2024, reflecting robust demand from pet owners and veterinary professionals worldwide. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 6.1% during the forecast period, with forecasts indicating a projected market value of USD 2.41 billion by 2033. This growth trajectory is primarily driven by the rising prevalence of joint-related ailments in dogs, increased pet ownership, and a significant shift towards preventive pet healthcare. As per the latest research, the market is witnessing strong momentum owing to heightened awareness about the benefits of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements in supporting canine joint health and mobility.

One of the primary growth factors fueling the Glucosamine for Dogs + Chondroitin market is the increasing incidence of osteoarthritis and other joint disorders among the global canine population. As dogs age, they become more susceptible to degenerative joint diseases, leading to pain, reduced mobility, and decreased quality of life. This has prompted pet owners to seek effective, non-invasive solutions for managing such conditions, with glucosamine and chondroitin supplements emerging as a preferred choice. Veterinary recommendations, coupled with a growing body of scientific literature supporting the efficacy of these compounds in cartilage repair and inflammation reduction, have further accelerated product adoption. The trend is especially pronounced in developed markets, where pet parents are more inclined to invest in premium health supplements to enhance their pets’ longevity and well-being.

Another significant driver for the market is the evolving perception of pets as integral family members, leading to increased spending on pet healthcare and wellness. The humanization of pets has resulted in a surge in demand for high-quality, science-backed nutraceuticals such as glucosamine and chondroitin. This shift is evident in both urban and suburban households, where pet owners prioritize preventive care to mitigate future veterinary costs and improve the overall quality of life for their dogs. Additionally, the proliferation of e-commerce platforms and online veterinary pharmacies has made these supplements more accessible, further boosting market penetration. The convenience of home delivery, coupled with detailed product information and customer reviews, has empowered consumers to make informed purchasing decisions.

Technological advancements in supplement formulation and delivery mechanisms have also played a pivotal role in shaping the Glucosamine for Dogs + Chondroitin market. Manufacturers are increasingly focusing on developing palatable, easy-to-administer products such as soft chews and flavored liquids, catering to dogs of all sizes and ages. Innovations in encapsulation technology have enhanced the bioavailability and efficacy of active ingredients, ensuring optimal therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, the integration of natural and organic ingredients has resonated with health-conscious consumers, driving demand for clean-label supplements. These developments have enabled brands to differentiate their offerings in a crowded marketplace and cater to the evolving preferences of pet owners.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the Glucosamine for Dogs + Chondroitin market, accounting for the largest share in 2024. This leadership is attributed to high pet ownership rates, advanced veterinary infrastructure, and strong consumer awareness regarding pet health. Europe follows closely, benefiting from similar trends and a well-established pet care industry. The Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, driven by rising disposable incomes, increasing pet adoption, and a growing focus on companion animal health. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also experiencing steady growth, albeit from a lower base, as awareness and access to pet supplements gradually improve. Overall, regional dynamics are influenced by cultural attitudes towards pets, regulatory frameworks, and the maturity of veterinary healthcare systems.

BackgroundDog rabies annually causes 24,000–70,000 deaths globally. We built a spreadsheet tool, RabiesEcon, to aid public health officials to estimate the cost-effectiveness of dog rabies vaccination programs in East Africa.MethodsRabiesEcon uses a mathematical model of dog-dog and dog-human rabies transmission to estimate dog rabies cases averted, the cost per human rabies death averted and cost per year of life gained (YLG) due to dog vaccination programs (US 2015 dollars). We used an East African human population of 1 million (approximately 2/3 living in urban setting, 1/3 rural). We considered, using data from the literature, three vaccination options; no vaccination, annual vaccination of 50% of dogs and 20% of dogs vaccinated semi-annually. We assessed 2 transmission scenarios: low (1.2 dogs infected per infectious dog) and high (1.7 dogs infected). We also examined the impact of annually vaccinating 70% of all dogs (World Health Organization recommendation for dog rabies elimination).ResultsWithout dog vaccination, over 10 years there would a total of be approximately 44,000–65,000 rabid dogs and 2,100–2,900 human deaths. Annually vaccinating 50% of dogs results in 10-year reductions of 97% and 75% in rabid dogs (low and high transmissions scenarios, respectively), approximately 2,000–1,600 human deaths averted, and an undiscounted cost-effectiveness of $451-$385 per life saved. Semi-annual vaccination of 20% of dogs results in in 10-year reductions of 94% and 78% in rabid dogs, and approximately 2,000–1,900 human deaths averted, and cost $404-$305 per life saved. In the low transmission scenario, vaccinating either 50% or 70% of dogs eliminated dog rabies. Results were most sensitive to dog birth rate and the initial rate of dog-to-dog transmission (Ro).ConclusionsDog rabies vaccination programs can control, and potentially eliminate, dog rabies. The frequency and coverage of vaccination programs, along with the level of dog rabies transmission, can affect the cost-effectiveness of such programs. RabiesEcon can aid both the planning and assessment of dog rabies vaccination programs.

Breed Heterozygosity vs Dog Intelligence

Exploring Correlations in Dog Behavior

By len fishman [source]

About this dataset

This dataset contains information on the heterozygosity and population of 85 different dog breeds as well as the intelligence levels of these breeds as determined by Stanley Coren, a professor of canine psychology at the University of British Columbia. With this dataset, we can examine how breed heterozygosity has any correlation to obedience and abilities to grasp new commands. The data on obedience provides insight into how obedient each breed is likely to be with a probability score that reflects their rate in obeying their first command when given, while the data on repetitions explains how many times it takes for each breed to learn a new command. With this knowledge, researchers are able to analyze different characteristics between breeds and gain valuable insight into their potential behaviors before adoption

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How to use the dataset

This dataset is designed to analyze the relationship between dog intelligence and breed heterozygosity. The data contains information on the expected level of heterozygosity of 85 different breeds, based on population size and measured in parts per 10,000 as well as the probability that each breed will obey a given command when first commanded, and an upper/lower limit range for repetitions required for each breed to understand new commands.

To use this dataset, consider the type of analysis you would like to undertake. If you are interested in the average intelligence of different dog breeds compared with their heterozygosity, compare both intelligence level and heterozygosity levels directly. If you want to explore correlations between intelligence measures such as obedience rate versus repetitions needed for understanding new commands or how much more or less intelligent a breed may be at certain levels of heterozygosity - create scatter plots showcasing these comparisons.

To draw insights from this dataset about whether there is some kind of biological benefit from higher population sizes OR if having a larger “gene pool” offers any kind of advantage when it comes to measuring dog-intelligence - review statistics derived from comparing varying levels of Breed Heterozygosities (x10-4) across intelligences measures using t-Tests or Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA).

Finally use statistical techniques such as regressions models to predict what type/level/mixture breed Heterozysgocity might result in what type/level/mixture dog intelligences?

Research Ideas

• Analyzing the correlation between dog intelligence and breed heterozygosity to determine if there is a relationship between them.
• Examining the different levels of breed obedience by breed as measured by Coren's metrics in order to identify breeds which are particularly amenable to or difficult to train.
• Using the dataset to develop predictive models that can be used for population estimates, since increased heterozygosity may suggest higher mutation rates, which could be important for understanding population variations over time or in response to environmental stressors

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit the original authors. Data Source

License

License: Dataset copyright by authors - You are free to: - Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. - Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. - You must: - Give appropriate credit - Provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. - ShareAlike - You must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. - Keep intact - all notices that refer to this license, including copyright notices.

Columns

File: Table_5_Expected_Heterozygosity_60_breeds.csv | Column name | Description | |:---------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Breed | The name of the breed. (String) | | Heterozygosity (x10-4) | The degree of genetic diversity of a breed, measured in parts per 10,000. (Float) |

File: Table_4_Heterozygosity_85_breeds.csv | Column name ...

Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan for Dogs Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global market size for Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) for dogs stood at USD 472 million in 2024, with a robust CAGR of 7.2% projected from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the market is anticipated to reach USD 882 million, driven by increasing pet ownership, rising awareness of canine osteoarthritis, and advancements in veterinary therapeutics. The market’s growth is further propelled by the expanding range of applications for PSGAG in veterinary medicine, particularly in the management of joint disorders and post-surgical recovery in dogs.

The primary growth factor for the Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan for dogs market is the rising prevalence of osteoarthritis and joint-related ailments among the global canine population. As dogs are living longer due to advances in nutrition, healthcare, and owner awareness, age-related degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis have become more common. This has led to a heightened demand for effective disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs), with PSGAG being a leading choice due to its proven efficacy in reducing inflammation, enhancing joint lubrication, and slowing cartilage degradation. Additionally, the shift towards preventive care in veterinary medicine is fueling early diagnosis and timely intervention, further boosting the use of PSGAG in both therapeutic and prophylactic settings.

Another significant growth driver is the increasing willingness of pet owners to invest in advanced veterinary treatments for their companion animals. The humanization of pets has transformed the way owners perceive and address their pets’ health issues, with a growing emphasis on quality of life and longevity. This trend is particularly pronounced in developed regions such as North America and Europe, where disposable incomes are higher and pet insurance penetration is on the rise. The availability of PSGAG in various formulations, including injectable and oral, has also contributed to market expansion by catering to the diverse preferences of veterinarians and pet owners. Furthermore, the emergence of online veterinary pharmacies has improved access to PSGAG products, enabling owners to procure medications conveniently and discreetly.

Technological advancements and research innovations are also playing a pivotal role in shaping the Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan for dogs market. Ongoing studies aimed at enhancing the bioavailability, safety, and efficacy of PSGAG are leading to the development of new and improved formulations. These innovations are not only expanding the therapeutic potential of PSGAG but are also helping manufacturers differentiate their offerings in an increasingly competitive landscape. Additionally, the integration of digital health tools in veterinary practice is facilitating better monitoring of treatment outcomes, thereby supporting the wider adoption of PSGAG-based therapies.

Regionally, North America dominates the Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan for dogs market, accounting for over 41% of the global revenue in 2024. This leadership is attributed to a large pet population, high veterinary healthcare expenditure, and early adoption of novel therapeutics. Europe follows closely, driven by similar trends and a strong regulatory framework supporting animal welfare. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period, fueled by rising pet ownership, improving veterinary infrastructure, and increasing awareness of canine health issues. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, while currently smaller markets, are showing promising signs of growth as access to veterinary care improves.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment of the Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan for dogs market is primarily divided into injectable and oral formulations. Injectable PSGAGs have historically dominated the market due to their rapid onset of action and higher bioavailability, making them the preferred choice among veterinarians for managing acute and chronic joint conditions. These formulations are particularly effective in clinical settings where immediate relief and targeted delivery are essential. The ease of administration by trained professionals in veterinary clinics and animal hospitals further supports the widespread adoption of injectable PSGAGs, especially for severe oste

Companion Animal Real-World Data Registries Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global Companion Animal Real-World Data Registries market size reached USD 1.34 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust expansion driven by increased adoption of data-driven approaches in veterinary healthcare. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12.7% from 2025 to 2033, projecting a market value of USD 3.94 billion by 2033. This remarkable growth is primarily attributed to the rising prevalence of chronic diseases among companion animals, increased pet ownership, and the growing need for evidence-based veterinary care.

The primary growth driver for the Companion Animal Real-World Data Registries market is the increasing awareness and focus on animal health and welfare. As pet ownership continues to rise globally, particularly in urban areas, there is a corresponding increase in demand for advanced veterinary services and personalized animal healthcare. Real-world data registries play a crucial role in aggregating and analyzing health information from diverse sources, enabling veterinarians and researchers to identify disease trends, improve diagnostic accuracy, and tailor treatments to individual animals. Furthermore, the proliferation of digital health technologies, such as electronic health records (EHRs) and wearable devices for pets, is facilitating the seamless collection and integration of real-world data, thereby enhancing the utility and value of these registries.

Another significant factor fueling market growth is the expanding role of real-world data in veterinary research and pharmaceutical development. Pharmaceutical companies and research organizations are increasingly leveraging real-world data registries to accelerate drug discovery, monitor post-market drug safety, and conduct large-scale epidemiological studies. These registries provide invaluable insights into the effectiveness and safety of veterinary therapeutics in real-world settings, complementing traditional clinical trial data and supporting regulatory decision-making. Moreover, the growing emphasis on translational research and the adoption of precision medicine approaches in veterinary science are further boosting the demand for comprehensive and high-quality companion animal data registries.

The regulatory landscape is also evolving to support the growth of the Companion Animal Real-World Data Registries market. Governments and regulatory bodies are increasingly recognizing the importance of real-world evidence in improving animal health outcomes and shaping public health policies. Initiatives aimed at standardizing data collection, ensuring data privacy, and promoting interoperability across veterinary information systems are fostering greater collaboration among stakeholders and enhancing the reliability of registry data. Additionally, public-private partnerships and funding initiatives are accelerating the development and adoption of real-world data registries, particularly in regions with advanced veterinary infrastructure.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the Companion Animal Real-World Data Registries market, accounting for the largest share in 2024. This dominance is attributed to the presence of well-established veterinary healthcare systems, high pet ownership rates, and significant investments in animal health research. Europe follows closely, driven by strong regulatory frameworks and a growing focus on animal welfare. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, supported by rising disposable incomes, increasing awareness of pet health, and rapid digital transformation in the veterinary sector. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing steady growth, albeit at a slower pace, as awareness and infrastructure continue to develop.

Animal Type Analysis

The Animal Type segment of the Companion Animal Real-World Data Registries market is broadly categorized into dogs, cats, horses, and others, with dogs holding the largest market share in 2024. This dominance is primarily due to the high global population of pet dogs and the significant attention given to canine health by pet owners and veterinary professionals. Dogs are often considered integral family members, prompting owners to seek advanced healthcare services and participate in data-driven health initiatives. Consequently, data registries focusing on canine health have proliferated, capturi

Senior Dog Joint Soft Chews Max Strength Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the Senior Dog Joint Soft Chews Max Strength market size reached USD 1.26 billion globally in 2024. The market is exhibiting a robust expansion, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.3% projected from 2025 to 2033. By 2033, the market is forecasted to attain a valuation of USD 2.37 billion. The primary growth drivers include the rising global pet ownership, increasing awareness about canine joint health, and the growing preference for convenient, palatable supplements among senior dog owners.

The growth trajectory of the Senior Dog Joint Soft Chews Max Strength market is underpinned by the increasing population of aging dogs worldwide. As veterinary science advances and pet nutrition improves, dogs are living longer, resulting in an expanding demographic of senior canines who are more susceptible to joint-related ailments such as arthritis and hip dysplasia. Pet owners are increasingly prioritizing proactive health management, leading to greater demand for joint health supplements that are easy to administer, such as soft chews. This trend is further fueled by the emotional bond between owners and their pets, making health maintenance a top priority and driving steady market growth.

Another significant factor driving market expansion is the shift in consumer preferences towards natural and holistic pet care solutions. Modern pet owners are more health-conscious and seek products that contain high-quality, natural ingredients with minimal side effects. The inclusion of glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM, turmeric, and other natural compounds in senior dog joint soft chews aligns with these consumer expectations. Moreover, the palatable nature of soft chews makes them more acceptable to older dogs, who often have dental issues that make tablets or hard chews difficult to consume. This convergence of efficacy, safety, and convenience is accelerating market adoption across various demographics.

The proliferation of e-commerce and digital marketing has also contributed to the rapid expansion of the Senior Dog Joint Soft Chews Max Strength market. Online channels have made it easier for pet owners to access a wide variety of products, compare formulations, and read customer reviews before making purchasing decisions. This digital transformation is complemented by growing investments from manufacturers in research and development, leading to innovative product formulations and targeted marketing campaigns. The synergy between technological advancements and evolving consumer behaviors is expected to sustain the market’s upward momentum throughout the forecast period.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the market, accounting for the largest share due to its high pet ownership rates, advanced veterinary infrastructure, and strong consumer awareness regarding pet health. Europe follows closely, with a growing trend towards premium pet nutrition and wellness products. The Asia Pacific region is emerging as a lucrative market, driven by increasing urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and a burgeoning middle class that is increasingly willing to invest in pet health. These regional dynamics are shaping the competitive landscape and influencing product innovation and distribution strategies across the globe.

Product Type Analysis

The Product Type segment of the Senior Dog Joint Soft Chews Max Strength market is highly diversified, encompassing glucosamine-based, chondroitin-based, MSM-based, turmeric-based, and other formulations. Glucosamine-based soft chews currently lead the segment, owing to their well-documented efficacy in supporting joint health and mobility in senior dogs. Glucosamine is a naturally occurring compound that aids in the repair and maintenance of cartilage, making it a staple ingredient in most joint supplements. The popularity of glucosamine-based products is further enhanced by their compatibility with other active ingredients, allowing manufacturers to develop synergistic formulations that address multiple aspects of joint health.

Chondroitin-based soft chews are also witnessing significant demand, as chondroitin complements glucosamine by promoting water retention and elasticity in cartilage. This dual-action approach is particularly beneficial for senior dogs experiencing advanced joint

Hybridisation and admixture can threaten the genetic integrity of populations and be of particular concern to endangered species. Hybridisation between grey wolves and dogs has been documented in many wolf populations worldwide and is a prominent example of human-mediated hybridisation between a domesticated species and its wild relative. We analysed whole-genome sequences from >200 wolves and >100 dogs to study admixture in Fennoscandian wolf populations. A principal component analysis of genetic variation as well as Admixture showed that wolves and dogs were well separated, without evidence for introgression. Analyses of local ancestry revealed that wolves had <1% mixed ancestry, levels comparable to the degree of mixed ancestry in many dogs, and likely not resulting from recent wolf-dog hybridisation. We also show that the founders of the Scandinavian wolf population were genetically inseparable from Finnish and Russian Karelian wolves, pointing at the geographical origin of...