The Global Welfare Dataset (GLOW) is a cross-national panel dataset that aims at facilitating comparative social policy research on the Global North and Global South. The database includes 381 variables on 61 countries from years between 1989 and 2015. The database has four main categories of data: welfare, development, economy and politics.The data is the result of an original data compilation assembled by using information from several international and domestic sources. Missing data was supplemented by domestic sources where available. We sourced data primarily from these international databases:Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and Equity – ASPIRE (World Bank)Government Finance Statistics (International Monetary Fund)Social Expenditure Database – SOCX (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)Social Protection Statistics – ESPROSS (Eurostat)Social Security Inquiry (International Labour Organization)Social Security Programs Throughout the World (Social Security Administration)Statistics on Income and Living Conditions – EU-SILC (European Union)World Development Indicators (World Bank)However, much of the welfare data from these sources are not compatible between all country cases. We conducted an extensive review of the compatibility of the data and computed compatible figures where possible. Since the heart of this database is the provision of social assistance across a global sample, we applied the ASPIRE methodology in order to build comparable indicators across European and Emerging Market economies. Specifically, we constructed indicators of average per capita transfers and coverage rates for social assistance programs for all the country cases not included in the World Bank’s ASPIRE dataset (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom.)For details, please see:https://glow.ku.edu.tr/about

Ethiopia ET: CPIA: Social Protection Rating: 1=Low To 6=High data was reported at 3.500 NA in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 3.500 NA for 2016. Ethiopia ET: CPIA: Social Protection Rating: 1=Low To 6=High data is updated yearly, averaging 3.500 NA from Jul 2005 (Median) to 2017, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.500 NA in 2017 and a record low of 3.500 NA in 2017. Ethiopia ET: CPIA: Social Protection Rating: 1=Low To 6=High data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ethiopia – Table ET.World Bank: Policy and Institutions. Social protection and labor assess government policies in social protection and labor market regulations that reduce the risk of becoming poor, assist those who are poor to better manage further risks, and ensure a minimal level of welfare to all people.; ; World Bank Group, CPIA database (http://www.worldbank.org/ida).; Unweighted average;

This dataset is a compilation of publicly available data sourced from the annual reports of different Moroccan social security institutions (CNSS, CMR, RCAR), Macro-level data including demographic and economic indicators that are obtained from the Haut-Commissariat au Plan of Morocco, the World Bank open data, and World Bank ASPIRE data. The purpose of this dataset is to study the financing gaps in various components of social protection in Morocco.

EC: Benefit Incidence: Social Insurance Programs to Poorest Quintile: % of Total Social Insurance Benefits data was reported at 1.812 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.405 % for 2012. EC: Benefit Incidence: Social Insurance Programs to Poorest Quintile: % of Total Social Insurance Benefits data is updated yearly, averaging 1.062 % from Dec 2008 (Median) to 2016, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.812 % in 2016 and a record low of 0.790 % in 2010. EC: Benefit Incidence: Social Insurance Programs to Poorest Quintile: % of Total Social Insurance Benefits data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank.WDI: Social Protection. Benefit incidence of social insurance programs to poorest quintile shows the percentage of total social insurance benefits received by the poorest 20% of the population. Social insurance programs include old age contributory pensions (including survivors and disability) and social security and health insurance benefits (including occupational injury benefits, paid sick leave, maternity and other social insurance). Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

CI: (DC)Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data was reported at 32.863 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 32.399 % for 2008. CI: (DC)Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 32.399 % from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2015, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 32.863 % in 2015 and a record low of 25.301 % in 2002. CI: (DC)Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ivory Coast – Table CI.World Bank: Social Protection. Coverage of social protection and labor programs (SPL) shows the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety net, and unemployment benefits and active labor market programs. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

SV: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data was reported at 58.093 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 60.189 % for 2012. SV: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 58.052 % from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2014, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 62.337 % in 2010 and a record low of 34.913 % in 2007. SV: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s El Salvador – Table SV.World Bank: Social Protection. Coverage of social protection and labor programs (SPL) shows the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety net, and unemployment benefits and active labor market programs. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

Georgia GE: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data was reported at 64.653 % in 2011. Georgia GE: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 64.653 % from Dec 2011 (Median) to 2011, with 1 observations. Georgia GE: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Georgia – Table GE.World Bank.WDI: Social Protection. Coverage of social protection and labor programs (SPL) shows the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety net, and unemployment benefits and active labor market programs. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

Brazil BR: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data was reported at 52.263 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 52.552 % for 2021. Brazil BR: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 50.841 % from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2022, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 69.146 % in 2020 and a record low of 45.344 % in 2011. Brazil BR: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.World Bank.WDI: Social: Social Protection and Insurance. Coverage of social protection and labor programs (SPL) shows the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety net, and unemployment benefits and active labor market programs. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.;ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/);;

Egypt EG: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data was reported at 55.453 % in 2008. Egypt EG: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 55.453 % from Dec 2008 (Median) to 2008, with 1 observations. Egypt EG: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Egypt – Table EG.World Bank: Social Protection. Coverage of social protection and labor programs (SPL) shows the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety net, and unemployment benefits and active labor market programs. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

Kyrgyzstan KG: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data was reported at 57.862 % in 2013. This records a decrease from the previous number of 58.318 % for 2012. Kyrgyzstan KG: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 58.090 % from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2013, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 59.975 % in 2011 and a record low of 36.628 % in 2006. Kyrgyzstan KG: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kyrgyzstan – Table KG.World Bank: Social Protection. Coverage of social protection and labor programs (SPL) shows the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety net, and unemployment benefits and active labor market programs. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

Mexico MX: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data was reported at 72.230 % in 2012. This records a decrease from the previous number of 82.280 % for 2010. Mexico MX: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 73.912 % from Dec 2008 (Median) to 2012, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 82.280 % in 2010 and a record low of 72.230 % in 2012. Mexico MX: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.World Bank.WDI: Social Protection. Coverage of social protection and labor programs (SPL) shows the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety net, and unemployment benefits and active labor market programs. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

Peru PE: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data was reported at 64.854 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 63.024 % for 2013. Peru PE: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 64.854 % from Dec 2008 (Median) to 2014, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 89.521 % in 2012 and a record low of 52.401 % in 2008. Peru PE: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Peru – Table PE.World Bank: Social Protection. Coverage of social protection and labor programs (SPL) shows the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety net, and unemployment benefits and active labor market programs. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

SD: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: Richest Quintile: % of Population data was reported at 2.333 % in 2009. SD: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: Richest Quintile: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 2.333 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. SD: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: Richest Quintile: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sudan – Table SD.World Bank: Social Protection. Coverage of social safety net programs shows the percentage of population participating in cash transfers and last resort programs, noncontributory social pensions, other cash transfers programs (child, family and orphan allowances, birth and death grants, disability benefits, and other allowances), conditional cash transfers, in-kind food transfers (food stamps and vouchers, food rations, supplementary feeding, and emergency food distribution), school feeding, other social assistance programs (housing allowances, scholarships, fee waivers, health subsidies, and other social assistance) and public works programs (cash for work and food for work). Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

BF: Coverage: Social Insurance Programs: Poorest Quintile: % of Population data was reported at 0.042 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.011 % for 2018. BF: Coverage: Social Insurance Programs: Poorest Quintile: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 0.042 % from Dec 2014 (Median) to 2021, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.244 % in 2014 and a record low of 0.011 % in 2018. BF: Coverage: Social Insurance Programs: Poorest Quintile: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Burkina Faso – Table BF.World Bank.WDI: Social: Social Protection and Insurance. Coverage of social insurance programs shows the percentage of population participating in programs that provide old age contributory pensions (including survivors and disability) and social security and health insurance benefits (including occupational injury benefits, paid sick leave, maternity and other social insurance). Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.;ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/);;

Laos LA: CPIA: Social Protection Rating: 1=Low To 6=High data was reported at 2.500 NA in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.500 NA for 2016. Laos LA: CPIA: Social Protection Rating: 1=Low To 6=High data is updated yearly, averaging 2.500 NA from Dec 2005 (Median) to 2017, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.500 NA in 2017 and a record low of 2.000 NA in 2006. Laos LA: CPIA: Social Protection Rating: 1=Low To 6=High data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Laos – Table LA.World Bank: Policy and Institutions. Social protection and labor assess government policies in social protection and labor market regulations that reduce the risk of becoming poor, assist those who are poor to better manage further risks, and ensure a minimal level of welfare to all people.; ; World Bank Group, CPIA database (http://www.worldbank.org/ida).; Unweighted average;

Brazil BR: Coverage: Social Insurance Programs: % of Population data was reported at 28.280 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 26.583 % for 2021. Brazil BR: Coverage: Social Insurance Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 28.988 % from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2022, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 30.858 % in 2018 and a record low of 26.033 % in 2020. Brazil BR: Coverage: Social Insurance Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.World Bank.WDI: Social: Social Protection and Insurance. Coverage of social insurance programs shows the percentage of population participating in programs that provide old age contributory pensions (including survivors and disability) and social security and health insurance benefits (including occupational injury benefits, paid sick leave, maternity and other social insurance). Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.;ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/);;

Brazil BR: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: 3rd Quintile: % of Population data was reported at 22.277 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 25.422 % for 2021. Brazil BR: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: 3rd Quintile: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 18.219 % from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2022, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 58.908 % in 2020 and a record low of 12.434 % in 2018. Brazil BR: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: 3rd Quintile: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.World Bank.WDI: Social: Social Protection and Insurance. Coverage of social safety net programs shows the percentage of population participating in cash transfers and last resort programs, noncontributory social pensions, other cash transfers programs (child, family and orphan allowances, birth and death grants, disability benefits, and other allowances), conditional cash transfers, in-kind food transfers (food stamps and vouchers, food rations, supplementary feeding, and emergency food distribution), school feeding, other social assistance programs (housing allowances, scholarships, fee waivers, health subsidies, and other social assistance) and public works programs (cash for work and food for work). Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.;ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/);;

Paraguay PY: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data was reported at 52.270 % in 2011. This records a decrease from the previous number of 54.218 % for 2010. Paraguay PY: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 45.374 % from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2011, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 54.218 % in 2010 and a record low of 37.178 % in 2007. Paraguay PY: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Paraguay – Table PY.World Bank: Social Protection. Coverage of social protection and labor programs (SPL) shows the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety net, and unemployment benefits and active labor market programs. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

Niger NE: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data was reported at 21.381 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.142 % for 2011. Niger NE: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 12.761 % from Dec 2011 (Median) to 2014, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 21.381 % in 2014 and a record low of 4.142 % in 2011. Niger NE: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Niger – Table NE.World Bank.WDI: Social Protection. Coverage of social protection and labor programs (SPL) shows the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety net, and unemployment benefits and active labor market programs. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

Montenegro ME: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data was reported at 56.444 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 56.503 % for 2013. Montenegro ME: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 56.474 % from Dec 2011 (Median) to 2014, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 59.590 % in 2011 and a record low of 55.451 % in 2012. Montenegro ME: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Montenegro – Table ME.World Bank: Social Protection. Coverage of social protection and labor programs (SPL) shows the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety net, and unemployment benefits and active labor market programs. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;