The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

Money Supply M2 in the United States increased to 22298.10 USD Billion in October from 22212.50 USD Billion in September of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by October 29, 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic—both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S.—showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by August 2025, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2024, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

View monthly updates and historical trends for US M2 Money Supply YoY. from United States. Source: Federal Reserve. Track economic data with YCharts analy…

Money Supply M0 in the United States increased to 53615000 USD Million in October from 5478000 USD Million in September of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M0 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Key information about United States M2 Growth

• United States Money Supply M2 increased 4.6 % YoY in Oct 2025, compared with a growth of 4.5 % in the previous month
• US Money Supply M2 growth data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1960 to Oct 2025
• The data reached an all-time high of 26.7 % in Feb 2021 and a record low of -4.7 % in Apr 2023

CEIC calculates M2 Growth Rate from monthly M2. Federal Reserve Board provides M2 in USD.


Further information about United States M2 Growth

• In the latest reports, US Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 38.3 USD bn in Oct 2025
• The Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 0.1 Months of Import in Aug 2025
• US Domestic Credit reached 31,813.3 USD bn in Mar 2025, representing an increased of 4.0 % YoY
• The country's Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 1.5 % in Sep 2025, compared with the ratio of 1.5 % in the previous quarter
• Household Debt of US reached 18,585.0 USD bn in Sep 2025, accounting for 61.4 % of the country's Nominal GDP

The Eurozone's money supply has experienced significant growth over the past two decades, with the M2 measure reaching approximately 15.6 trillion euros by the end of 2024. This substantial increase from 4.6 trillion euros in 2001 reflects the expanding monetary base in the euro area. However, 2023 marked a notable deviation from this trend, as it was the first year in the observed period where the money supply in the euro area decreased. Components of money supply M2 is a broader measure of money supply that includes cash, checking deposits, and convertible near money. It encompasses the more narrow M1 measure, which consists of the most liquid components, such as currency in circulation and overnight deposits. As of December 2024, the Eurozone's M1 money supply stood at 10.57 trillion euros, while M2 reached 15.6 trillion euros. These figures are used by central banks to forecast inflation and interest rates, playing a crucial role in shaping monetary policy. Comparison with other regions While the Eurozone has seen steady growth in its money supply, other major economies have experienced their own unique trajectories. In the United States, for instance, the M2 money supply reached 20.86 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023, showing a slight decrease from the previous year. Both the Eurozone and the U.S. saw exceptional increases in their money supply during 2020, largely due to quantitative easing measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This global economic event had a profound impact on monetary policies across different regions, influencing the money supply dynamics worldwide.

The Federal Reserve’s Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) influences market interest rates by changing the administered rates that it controls, such as the interest rates on overnight repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements. This requires an ample level of bank reserves. Quantitative tightening (QT) reduces the level of reserves. To guard against supply and demand shocks that drive reserves too low, the FOMC may need to hold a buffer above the point at which reserves become scarce. In this Economic Commentary , I present evidence based on inventory theory that the estimated buffer might be relatively small, though the true number is uncertain. Treating the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet as inventory helps to estimate the level of reserves needed to stay above the scarce threshold.

United States Money Supply: MZM: Own Rate data was reported at 0.616 % in Oct 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.561 % for Sep 2018. United States Money Supply: MZM: Own Rate data is updated monthly, averaging 2.712 % from Jan 1974 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 538 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.969 % in Sep 1984 and a record low of 0.085 % in Nov 2015. United States Money Supply: MZM: Own Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.KA006: Money, Zero Maturity.

Colombia CO: Broad Money: to Total Reserves Ratio data was reported at 2.988 Ratio in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.981 Ratio for 2022. Colombia CO: Broad Money: to Total Reserves Ratio data is updated yearly, averaging 3.368 Ratio from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 62 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.334 Ratio in 1967 and a record low of 1.434 Ratio in 1979. Colombia CO: Broad Money: to Total Reserves Ratio data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.World Bank.WDI: Money Supply. Broad money (IFS line 35L..ZK) is the sum of currency outside banks; demand deposits other than those of the central government; the time, savings, and foreign currency deposits of resident sectors other than the central government; bank and traveler’s checks; and other securities such as certificates of deposit and commercial paper.;International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files.;;

In June 2024, the European Central Bank (ECB) began reducing its fixed interest rate for the first time since 2016, implementing a series of cuts. The rate decreased from 4.5 percent to 3.15 percent by year-end: a 0.25 percentage point cut in June, followed by additional reductions in September, October, and December. The central bank implemented other cuts in the first half of 2025, setting the rate at 2.15 percent in June 2025. This marked a significant shift from the previous rate hike cycle, which began in July 2022 when the ECB raised rates to 0.5 percent and subsequently increased them almost monthly, reaching 4.5 percent by December 2023 - the highest level since the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. How does this ensure liquidity? Banks typically hold only a fraction of their capital in cash, measured by metrics like the Tier 1 capital ratio. Since this ratio is low, banks prefer to allocate most of their capital to revenue-generating loans. When their cash reserves fall too low, banks borrow from the ECB to cover short-term liquidity needs. On the other hand, commercial banks can also deposit excess funds with the ECB at a lower interest rate. Reasons for fluctuations
The ECB’s primary mandate is to maintain price stability. The Euro area inflation rate is, in theory, the key indicator guiding the ECB's actions. When the fixed interest rate is lower, commercial banks are more likely to borrow from the ECB, increasing the money supply and, in turn, driving inflation higher. When inflation rises, the ECB increases the fixed interest rate, which slows borrowing and helps to reduce inflation.

Money Supply M2 In the Euro Area increased to 15901675 EUR Million in October from 15789300 EUR Million in September of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Euro Area Money Supply M2 - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

August 2024 marked a significant shift in the UK's monetary policy, as it saw the first reduction in the official bank base interest rate since August 2023. This change came after a period of consistent rate hikes that began in late 2021. In a bid to minimize the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank of England cut the official bank base rate in March 2020 to a record low of *** percent. This historic low came just one week after the Bank of England cut rates from **** percent to **** percent in a bid to prevent mass job cuts in the United Kingdom. It remained at *** percent until December 2021 and was increased to one percent in May 2022 and to **** percent in October 2022. After that, the bank rate increased almost on a monthly basis, reaching **** percent in August 2023. It wasn't until August 2024 that the first rate decrease since the previous year occurred, signaling a potential shift in monetary policy. Why do central banks adjust interest rates? Central banks, including the Bank of England, adjust interest rates to manage economic stability and control inflation. Their strategies involve a delicate balance between two main approaches. When central banks raise interest rates, their goal is to cool down an overheated economy. Higher rates curb excessive spending and borrowing, which helps to prevent runaway inflation. This approach is typically used when the economy is growing too quickly or when inflation is rising above desired levels. Conversely, when central banks lower interest rates, they aim to encourage borrowing and investment. This strategy is employed to stimulate economic growth during periods of slowdown or recession. Lower rates make it cheaper for businesses and individuals to borrow money, which can lead to increased spending and investment. This dual approach allows central banks to maintain a balance between promoting growth and controlling inflation, ensuring long-term economic stability. Additionally, adjusting interest rates can influence currency values, impacting international trade and investment flows, further underscoring their critical role in a nation's economic health. Recent interest rate trends Between 2021 and 2025, most advanced and emerging economies experienced a period of regular interest rate hikes. This trend was driven by several factors, including persistent supply chain disruptions, high energy prices, and robust demand pressures. These elements combined to create significant inflationary trends, prompting central banks to raise rates to temper spending and borrowing. However, in 2024, a shift began to occur in global monetary policy. The European Central Bank (ECB) was among the first major central banks to reverse this trend by cutting interest rates. This move signaled a change in approach aimed at addressing growing economic slowdowns and supporting growth.

Key information about Venezuela Money Supply M1

• Venezuela Money Supply M1 was reported at 2.575 USD bn in Oct 2025
• This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.899 USD bn for Sep 2025
• Venezuela Money Supply M1 data is updated monthly, averaging 59.572 USD bn from Jan 1996 to Oct 2025, with 358 observations
• The data reached an all-time high of 17,686.756 USD bn in Jan 2018 and a record low of 361.780 USD mn in Jan 2021. Venezuela Money Supply M1 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data
• The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Money Supply M1: USD: Monthly

CEIC converts monthly Money Supply M1 into USD. The Central Bank of Venezuela provides Money Supply M1 in local currency. The Federal Reserve Board period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Money Supply M1 prior to October 2020 is calculated from M1 in VES and prior to July 2006 is calculated from M1 in VEF. Since October 2020, the national currency became VED (1 VED = 1 000 000 VES) and since August 2018, the national currency became VES (1 VES = 100 000 VEF).

In 2023, the money supply in Indonesia grew by approximately *** percent from the previous year. An increase in the supply of money generally lowers interest rates, resulting more investment developments and an increase of consumers' money, thereby stimulating spending.

Money Supply M2 in Turkey increased to 22852560316 TRY Thousand in September from 22188709106 TRY Thousand in August of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Turkey Money Supply M2 - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

A central bank is the term used to describe the authority responsible for policies that affect a country’s supply of money and credit. More specifically, a central bank uses its tools of monetary policy—open market operations, discount window lending, changes in reserve requirements—to affect short-term interest rates and the monetary base (currency held by the public plus bank reserves) and to achieve important policy goals.

Money Supply M2 in China decreased to 335105.40 CNY Billion in October from 335377.10 CNY Billion in September of 2025. This dataset provides - China Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Money Supply M0 in Canada increased to 211967 CAD Million in September from 197753 CAD Million in August of 2025. This dataset provides - Canada Money Supply M0 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

View data of the frequency at which one unit of currency purchases domestically produced goods and services within a given time period.