The Surveying and Mapping Services industry in Canada has weathered uncertain conditions as downstream industries including residential, commercial, industrial construction and government authorities, fared with volatility brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. The industry's performance is largely tied to developments in residential and nonresidential construction markets, which fuel both private- and public-sector spending.As Canadian oil, gas and mining companies cut back spending on exploration and development projects in response to falling commodity prices, and construction stalled in resource-rich provinces, demand for surveying and mapping services for these projects fell. While growth from the residential construction market helped offset some losses, rising interest intended to offset rising inflation have hampered residential demand. Thus, even as energy prices came roaring back, many surveyors saw a reduction in demand. Over the five years to 2023, industry revenue has been contracting at a CAGR of 1.7% and is expected to reach $1.7 billion, including an expected drop of 3.2% over the current year.The return to growth of downstream construction markets will likely keep industry demand afloat moving forward. In addition to solid demand from industrial building construction as commodity prices remain high, housing market expansion will stimulate demand for cadastral, property line and construction surveying. The continued adoption of new technology will also enable companies to realize new efficiencies and improve the quality of their services, expanding sizable profit margins further. Industry revenue is forecast to rise at a CAGR of 1.2% to $1.8 billion over the five years to 2028.

Abstract

In India, WSP's Global Scaling Up Rural Sanitation Program is supporting the Government of India's Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in two states: Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. TSC is an ambitious countrywide, scaled-up rural sanitation program launched in 1999, which seeks to attain an Open-Defecation Free (ODF) India by 2012. In contrast to earlier, hardware-centric supply approaches to rural sanitation, TSC aims to generate demand for and adoption of improved sanitation at the community level.

This impact evaluation aimed at better understanding what health and welfare impacts can be expected from rural sanitation improvements. Researchers hypothesized that promotion of rural sanitation through community-led total sanitation (CLTS) and social marketing campaigns will improve the health of the population especially children under five years old, a population that is vulnerable to unsafe disposal of feces in the environment and fecal-oral contamination.

This impact evaluation consisted of baseline and endline surveys. In collaboration with the government of Madhya Pradesh, two districts - Dhar and Khargone - were selected. In each district, 80 Gram Panchayats were chosen and randomized into two groups: 1) treatment group (to participate in Total Sanitation Campaign immediately following the baseline survey) and 2) control group (to receive TSC after follow-up data collection).

The baseline survey collected information from a representative sample of the population targeted by the intervention. This baseline survey was administered to approximately 2,000 households between June and July 2009. The survey provided information on the characteristics of household members, access to sanitation facilities, self-reported open defecation, prevalence of child diseases such as diarrhea and respiratory infection, and child growth and development.

The endline survey was carried out in February-March 2011. It followed the same households sampled in baseline, as well as additional children to increase statistical power.

Geographic coverage

The surveys covered Dhar and Khargone districts in Madhya Pradesh state.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Person
• Caregiver
• Child (under 5 and under 2)

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The selection of the sample in Madhya Pradesh was completed in several stages. First, at the design stage of the project, MP was selected a priori as one of two states to participate in the IE. Second, two districts in MP - Dhar and Khargone were selected by WSP in collaboration with the state government. Third, within each of these districts, a total of 80 Gram Panchayats (GP) were selected as candidates for Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) implementation. In the fourth stage, one village from each candidate GP was identified by the GP as a community that is suitable for implementing TSC yielding a list of 80 villages in each of the four districts. Within each district, 40 of the candidate GPs (and their appointed village) were randomly assigned to the treatment group, and the remaining 40 were assigned to the control group.

Approximately, 1,000 households were sampled in each district to achieve a total sample size of 2,000 households. The final selection of households to participate in the IE survey was carried out by the survey firm contracted to conduct the IE baseline data collection. A household listing of all participating villages was conducted and from this list, 25 households with children under two years old were randomly selected for participation. When 25 eligible households were not available in the listed village, a neighboring village was listed and sampled to achieve the desired number of households in the GP.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Household Questionnaire: The household questionnaire collected information about household membership and demographics, income, assets, dwelling characteristics, access to water and sanitation, sanitation- and hygiene-related behaviors, maternal depression, mortality, exposure to health interventions, and other outcomes. Enumerators also conducted standardized observations of dwellings and child cleanliness and of sanitation and handwashing facilities at the time of the HH interviews.

Health Questionnaire: The health questionnaire collected information about children’s diarrhea prevalence, acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), other health symptoms, and child development and growth. As part of this questionnaire, hemoglobin concentrations were measured in children younger than two years of age at the household level using the HemoCueTM Hb201 photometer, a portable device that allows for immediate and reliable quantitative results. Anthropometric (child growth) measures were made according to standardized protocols using portable stadiometers, scales, and measuring tape (Habicht 1974).

Community Questionnaire: The community questionnaire was administered at the GP-level to collect information about GP and district-level characteristics that could influence the intervention or the outcomes of interest (e.g., ongoing health and sanitation programs, connectivity to district headquarters, and other factors).

Water Samples: Water samples were collected from sources at the GP-level and at the household level for a subset of the households (n = X GP-level source samples; n = 354 HH samples). All of the water samples were analyzed by an accredited lab in Indore to determine presence of E. coli and other types of coliforms. The samples were collected within the household, inoculated using the Colilert reactive, and transported to a lab. At the lab, samples were incubated at 35 degrees Celsius for 24 hours, and results were read using an ultraviolet lamp. This procedure precluded sampling in areas where a cold chain could not be maintained.

Stool Samples: Stool samples were collected from children to examine the prevalence of parasites. These were collected from a subset of sampled households (n=216). The same lab in Indore analyzed these samples.

Cleaning operations

Baseline: The baseline survey was processed using the assistance of Sistemas Integrales in Chile.

Endline: Kimetrica International was contracted to design the data reduction system to be used during the endline. The data entry system was designed in CSPro (Version 4.1) using the DHS file management system as a standard for file management. Details of the system can be found in the attached manual entitled: Data Entry Manual for the Endline Survey.

The data entry system was based on a full double data entry (independent verification) of the various questionnaires. CSPro supports both dependent and independent verification (double keying) to ensure the accuracy of the data entry operation. Using independent verification, operators can key data into separate data files and use CSPro utilities to compare them and produce a report that indicates discrepancies in data entry.

The DHS system uses a fully integrated tracking system to follow the stages in the data entry process. This includes the checking in of questionnaires; the programming of logic in what is known as a system controlled environment. System controlled applications generally place more restrictions on the data entry operator. This is typically used for complex survey applications. The behavior of these applications at data entry time has the following characteristics:

• Some special data entry keys are not active during data entry.
• CSEntry will keep track of the path.
• 'Not applicable' or blanks values will not be allowed. Missing values have to be coded.
• More appropriate to the heads up methodology of data capture.
• Logic in the application is strictly enforced; operator cannot bypass or override.

Files were processed using the unique cluster number and then concatenated after a final stage of editing and output to both SPSS and STATA.

Furthermore, attempts were made to respect the values and the naming conventions as provided in the baseline. This required using non-conventional values for "missing" such as -99. In most cases the same value sets were applied or during the questionnaire review process the WSP was alerted to such discrepancies.

Sampling error estimates

Not applicable

Data appraisal

Although there was no formal or independent appraisal of the data, an appraisal was undertaken when the data files for Peru, India and Vietnam were prepared for a WSP presentation in Mexico. These data were presented in a public forum and scrutinized by various analysts. There was a process of feeding back information which helped correct or format or revise the data.

Abstract

In December 2006, in response to the preventable threats posed by poor sanitation and hygiene, the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) launched Global Scaling Up Handwashing and Global Scaling Up Rural Sanitation1 to improve the health and welfare outcomes for millions of poor people. Local and national governments implement these large-scale projects with technical support from WSP. Handwashing with soap at critical times-such as after contact with faeces and before handling food-has been shown to substantially reduce the incidence of diarrhoea. It reduces health risks even when families do not have access to basic sanitation and water supply. Despite this benefit, rates of handwashing with soap at critical times are very low throughout the developing world. Global Scaling Up Handwashing aims to test whether handwashing with soap behaviour can be generated and sustained among the poor and vulnerable using innovative promotional approaches. The goal of Global Scaling Up Handwashing is to reduce the risk of diarrhoea and therefore increase household productivity by stimulating and sustaining the behaviour of handwashing with soap at critical times in the lives of 5.4 million people in Peru, Senegal, Tanzania, and Vietnam, where the project has been implemented to date. In an effort to induce improved handwashing behaviour, the intervention borrows from both commercial and social marketing fields. This entails the design of communications campaigns and messages likely to bring about desired behaviour changes and delivering them strategically so that the target audiences are “surrounded” by handwashing promotion via multiple channels. One of the handwashing project's global objectives is to learn about and document the long-term health and welfare impacts of the project intervention. To measure magnitude of these impacts, the project is implementing a randomized-controlled impact evaluation (IE) in each of the four countries to establish causal linkages between the intervention and key outcomes. The IE uses household surveys to gather data on characteristics of the population exposed to the intervention and to track changes in key outcomes that can be causally attributed to the intervention.

The objective of the IE is to assess the effects of the handwashing project on individual-level handwashing behaviour and practices of caregivers. By introducing exogenous variation in handwashing promotion (through randomized exposure to the project), the IE will also address important issues related to the effect of intended behavioural change on child development outcomes. In particular, it will provide information on the extent to which improved handwashing behaviour contributes to child health and welfare. The primary hypothesis of the study is that improved handwashing behaviour leads to reductions in disease incidence, and results in direct and indirect health, developmental, and economic benefits by breaking the faecal-oral transmission route. The IE aims to address the following research questions and associated hypotheses:

1. What is the effect of handwashing promotion on handwashing behaviour?
2. What is the effect of improved handwashing behaviour on health and welfare?
3. Which promotion strategies are more cost-effective in achieving desired outcomes?

Geographic coverage

Regional

Analysis unit

Households

Universe

The Vietnam Scaling Up Handwashing IE baseline survey collected information from a representative sample of the population targeted by the intervention. The survey was conducted between September and November 2009 in a total of 3,150 households containing 3,751 children under the age of five.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary objective of the handwashing project is to improve the health and welfare of young children. Thus, a sufficient sample size was calculated to capture a minimum effect size of 20 percent on the key outcome indicator of diarrhoea prevalence among children under two years old at the time of the baseline. By focusing on households with children under two, the evaluation aims to capture changes in outcomes for the age range during which children are most sensitive to changes in hygiene in the environment. Power calculations indicated that approximately 1,050 households per treatment arm would need to be surveyed in order to capture a 20 percent reduction in diarrhoea prevalence, and in order to account for the possibility of household attrition during the project study phase. Therefore, since the evaluation consists of two treatment groups and one control group, the total sample incorporates 3,150 households, each of which has at least one child under two years of age at the time of the survey. Rather than using simple random sampling, which is much more costly, the study randomly sampled households in clusters at the commune administrative level. Households were randomly selected from a sampling frame of 210 communes randomly selected from 15 districts in three provinces. Data were collected using structured questionnaires in all 3,150 households and in each of the 210 communes (one per commune).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

1. Baseline: The baseline survey was processed using the assistance of Sistemas Integrales in Chile. A manual for the data entry system is attached under the title of: Data Entry Manual: Baseline.

2. Endline: Kimetrica International was contracted to design the data reduction system to be used during the endline. The data entry system was designed in CSPro (Version 4.1) using the DHS file management system as a standard for file management. Details of the system can be found in the attached manual entitled: Data Entry Manual for the Endline Survey.

The data entry system was based on a full double data entry (independent verification) of the various questionnaires. CSPro supports both dependent and independent verification (double keying) to ensure the accuracy of the data entry operation. Using independent verification, operators can key data into separate data files and use CSPro utilities to compare them and produce a report that indicates discrepancies in data entry. The DHS system uses a fully integrated tracking system to follow the stages in the data entry process. This includes the checking in of questionnaires; the programming of logic in what is known as a system controlled environment. System controlled applications generally place more restrictions on the data entry operator. This is typically used for complex survey applications. The behaviour of these applications at data entry time has the following characteristics:

• Some special data entry keys are not active during data entry.
• CSEntry will keep track of the path.
• 'Not applicable' or blanks values will not be allowed. Missing values have to be coded.
• More appropriate to the heads up methodology of data capture.
• Logic in the application is strictly enforced; operator cannot bypass or override.

Files were processed using the unique cluster number and then concatenated after a final stage of editing and output to both SPSS and STATA. Furthermore, attempts were made to respect the values and the naming conventions as provided in the baseline. This required using non-conventional values for “missing” such as -99. In most cases the same value sets were applied or during the questionnaire review process the WSP was alerted to such discrepancies.

Response rate

Approximately 87% of the persons interviewed in the baseline were re-interviewed in the endline.

Data appraisal

The data files as they are output in CSPro follow the hierarchical structure as established in the data dictionary. These however may not be convenient for the analyst. The WSP requested that the files be integrated into various record level files. The files that are included in the final data base reflect this structure. However, some analysts may still want the hierarchical level data available in its original record form (as it was during data entry). For that reason, these files are also zipped together and provided in the event that they are desired. The final data files are provided in STATA format as requested by the WSP. Although there was no formal or independent appraisal of the data, an appraisal was undertaken when the data files for: Peru, India and Vietnam were prepared for a WSP presentation in Mexico. These data were presented in a public forum and scrutinized by various analysts. There was a process of feeding back information which helped correct or format or revise the data.

In response to the preventable threats posed by poor sanitation and hygiene, in December 2006 the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) launched two related large-scale projects, Global Scaling Up Handwashing1 and Global Scaling Up Rural Sanitation. Th ese hygiene and sanitation interventions are designed to improve the health and welfare outcomes for millions of poor people. Local and national governments are implementing these projects with technical support from WSP. The goal of Global Scaling Up Rural Sanitation is to reduce the risk of diarrhea and therefore increase household productivity by stimulating demand for sanitation in the lives of people in India, Indonesia, and Tanzania. Th e project approach demands involvement from communities, local government, and the private sector. It aims to trigger the desire for an open-defecation free community by raising collective awareness of the open defecation problem. Facilitators are sent to communities to initiate participatory analysis of the communities’ existing sanitation practices, and the consequences and implications of such practices for themselves. Th is process is designed to catalyze collective community desire and action to become open defecation free (ODF). Th e community must forge their own plan for making this happen with only limited follow-up support and monitoring from the program. Communities claiming to have become ODF are verifi ed by local government agencies. ODF achievement by a community brings recognition and commendation from local and provincial governments. Th e project also seeks to stimulate the supply of appropriate sanitation products and services by conducting market research and training local artisans to build the relevant facilities. To measure the magnitudes of the impacts, the project is implementing randomized-controlled trial impact evaluations (IE) study in order to establish causal linkages between the intervention (treatment) and the outcomes of interest. Th e IE uses household surveys to measure the levels of key outcomes. The overall objective of the project is to improve the health of populations at risk of diarrhea, especially in children under the age of five years, through highlighting the negative health consequences of poor sanitation. Th e impact evaluation provides a unique opportunity to learn what health and welfare impacts can be expected from sanitation improvements. If, as expected, the evaluation finds strong health and child development impacts of improved sanitation, the study will be an important promotional tool for expanding the program across the nation. But to generate the support needed for a national program, the evidence must be clear and compelling. It is therefore important that the impact evaluation use widely accepted impact evaluation protocols and that it disrupts the planned program as little as possible. The impact evaluation assesses the effects of the project on individual-level sanitation behaviors, community-level collective behaviors, and the program’s impact on the health and welfare of young children (under fi ve years of age). It examines the impact on a broad range of health indicators and intensively studies the developmental, social, and economic welfare impacts of these interventions. Health outcomes that are explicitly planned in the study include: • Diarrhea prevalence; • Stunting and wasting; • Iron defi ciency anemia (through minimally invasive fi nger-prick tests); • Parasitic infestations (from fecal samples); and • Cognitive and motor development. Some of the non-health indicators are: • School attendance, academic performance, and future earnings; • Productivity of mother’s time for household, market, and social activities; and • Female empowerment and security due to safer sanitation conditions. (The above excerpt is taken from: Scaling Up Rural Sanitation: Findings from the Impact Evaluation Baseline Survey in Indonesia by Lisa Cameron and Manisha Shah November 2010) The report is attached.

Hygiene information and practices play a critical role in preventing diseases, particularly among children. Hygiene behaviors practiced in the household have been linked to development outcomes such as socio-emotional skills. The WSP Global Scaling up Handwashing Behavior Impact Evaluation (WSPIE) 2009-2011 was conducted in Senegal, where the randomized design suffered from contamination between comparison groups. The variations in exposure and intensity to hygiene information campaigns captured in the surveys were used to understand contamination biases. Such variations were interacted with the presence of household communication assets to explore potential effects on children’s socio-emotional scores. In the presence of contamination biases, the study exploited the longitudinal sample of children in the surveys to reduce time-dependent biases. For robustness, statistical matching was applied between the impact evaluation surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2008 and 2011. Socio-emotional outcomes were the imputed into Demographic and Health surveys to expand sample sizes. By applying matching techniques and imputing outcomes into a larger sample, impacts were non-negligible. Double-difference estimates showed that children’s socio-emotional scores were higher when intervention status was interacted with the presence of communication assets within households. Without the presence of communication assets in the households the impacts were close to zero. Evaluating the effect of hygiene campaigns on children’s socio-emotional skills is challenging because of the biases from contamination that exist when information flows between comparison groups. Targeted hygiene information to the poorest households is relevant for reducing risks of recurrent infections and enables better conditions for socio-emotional development of children.

Abstract

In December 2006, in response to the preventable threats posed by poor sanitation and hygiene, the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) launched Global Scaling Up Handwashing and Global Scaling Up Rural Sanitation1 to improve the health and welfare outcomes for millions of poor people. Local and national governments implement these large-scale projects with technical support from WSP. Handwashing with soap at critical times-such as after contact with feces and before handling food-has been shown to substantially reduce the incidence of diarrhea. It reduces health risks even when families do not have access to basic sanitation and water supply. Despite this benefit, rates of handwashing with soap at critical times are very low throughout the developing world. Global Scaling Up Handwashing aims to test whether handwashing with soap behavior can be generated and sustained among the poor and vulnerable using innovative promotional approaches. The goal of Global Scaling Up Handwashing is to reduce the risk of diarrhea and therefore increase household productivity by stimulating and sustaining the behavior of handwashing with soap at critical times in the lives of 5.4 million people in Peru, Senegal, Tanzania, and Vietnam, where the project has been implemented to date.

In an effort to induce improved handwashing behavior, the intervention borrows from both commercial and social marketing fields. This entails the design of communications campaigns and messages likely to bring about desired behavior changes and delivering them strategically so that the target audiences are “surrounded” by handwashing promotion via multiple channels. One of the handwashing project's global objectives is to learn about and document the long-term health and welfare impacts of the project intervention. To measure magnitude of these impacts, the project is implementing a randomized-controlled impact evaluation (IE) in each of the four countries to establish causal linkages between the intervention and key outcomes. The IE uses household surveys to gather data on characteristics of the population exposed to the intervention and to track changes in key outcomes that can be causally attributed to the intervention.

The objective of the IE is to assess the effects of the handwashing project on individual-level handwashing behavior and practices of caregivers. By introducing exogenous variation in handwashing promotion (through randomized exposure to the project), the IE will also address important issues related to the effect of intended behavioral change on child development outcomes. In particular, it will provide information on the extent to which improved handwashing behavior contributes to child health and welfare.

The primary hypothesis of the study is that improved handwashing behavior leads to reductions in disease incidence, and results in direct and indirect health, developmental, and economic benefits by breaking the fecal-oral transmission route. The IE aims to address the following research questions and associated hypotheses:

1. What is the effect of handwashing promotion on handwashing behavior?
2. What is the effect of improved handwashing behavior on health and welfare?
3. Which promotion strategies are more cost-effective in achieving desired outcomes?

(The above excerpt is taken from: Scaling Up Handwashing Behavior: Findings from the Impact Evaluation Baseline Survey in Vietnam Claire Chase and Quy-Toan Do November 2010)

The report is attached.

Geographic coverage

The survey was held in three provinces selected for their representative geographic location. These provinces are: - Hun Yen (close to Hanoi) - Tien Gan (South) - Than Hoa (North)

From these provinces a total, 401 communes across 18 districts in the three project provinces were listed by the VWU as eligible to participate in the project. From this list a total of 210 communes across 15 districts in the three provinces were selected for the study.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Person
• Caregiver
• Child (under 5 and under 2)

Universe

The Vietnam Scaling Up Handwashing IE baseline survey collected information from a representative sample of the population targeted by the intervention. The survey was conducted between September and November 2009 in a total of 3,150 households containing 3,751 children under the age of five.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary objective of the handwashing project is to improve the health and welfare of young children. Thus, a sufficient sample size was calculated to capture a minimum effect size of 20 percent on the key outcome indicator of diarrhea prevalence among children under two years old at the time of the baseline. By focusing on households with children under two, the evaluation aims to capture changes in outcomes for the age range during which children are most sensitive to changes in hygiene in the environment. Power calculations indicated that approximately 1,050 households per treatment arm would need to be surveyed in order to capture a 20 percent reduction in diarrhea prevalence, and in order to account for the possibility of household attrition during the project study phase. Therefore, since the evaluation consists of two treatment groups and one control group, the total sample incorporates 3,150 households, each of which has at least one child under two years of age at the time of the survey.

Rather than using simple random sampling, which is much more costly, the study randomly sampled households in clusters at the commune administrative level. Households were randomly selected from a sampling frame of 210 communes randomly selected from 15 districts in three provinces.

Data were collected using structured questionnaires in all 3,150 households and in each of the 210 commune (one per commune).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Baseline: The baseline survey was conducted from September to December 2009 and included the following instruments:

• Household questionnaire: Th e household questionnaire was conducted in all 3,150 households collect data on household composition, education, labor, income, assets, spot-check observation of handwashing facilities, handwashing behavior, and handwashing determinants.

• Health questionnaire: Th e health questionnaire was conducted in all 3,150 households, to collect data on children’s diarrhea prevalence, acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) and other health symptoms, child development, child growth, and anemia.

• Community questionnaire: Th e community questionnaire was conducted in 210 communes, to collect data on socio-demographics of the community, accessibility and connectivity, education and health facilities, water and sanitation related facilities and programs, and government assistance or programs related to health, education, cooperatives, agriculture, water, and other development schemes.

Cleaning operations

Baseline: The baseline survey was processed using the assistance of Sistemas Integrales in Chile. A manual for the data entry system is attached under the title of: Data Entry Manual:Baseline.

Endline: Kimetrica International was contracted to design the data reduction system to be used during the endline. The data entry system was designed in CSPro (Version 4.1) using the DHS file management system as a standard for file management. Details of the system can be found in the attached manual entitled: Data Entry Manual for the Endline Survey.

The data entry system was based on a full double data entry (independent verification) of the various questionnaires. CSPro supports both dependent and independent verification (double keying) to ensure the accuracy of the data entry operation. Using independent verification, operators can key data into separate data files and use CSPro utilities to compare them and produce a report that indicates discrepancies in data entry.

The DHS system uses a fully integrated tracking system to follow the stages in the data entry process. This includes the checking in of questionnaires; the programming of logic in what is known as a system controlled environment. System controlled applications generally place more restrictions on the data entry operator. This is typically used for complex survey applications. The behavior of these applications at data entry time has the following characteristics:

• Some special data entry keys are not active during data entry.
• CSEntry will keep track of the path.
• 'Not applicable' or blanks values will not be allowed. Missing values have to be coded.
• More appropriate to the heads up methodology of data capture.
• Logic in the application is strictly enforced; operator cannot bypass or override.

Files were processed using the unique cluster number and then concatenated after a final stage of editing and output to both SPSS and STATA.

Furthermore, attempts were made to respect the values and the naming conventions as provided in the baseline. This required using non-conventional values for “missing” such as -99. In most cases the same value sets were applied or during the questionnaire review process the WSP was alerted to such discrepancies.

Response rate

Endline Survey:

94.7 % of the households responded.

Approximately 87% of the persons interviewed in the baseline were re-interviewed in the endline.

Sampling error estimates

Not applicable

Data appraisal

Although there was no formal or independent appraisal of the data, an appraisal was undertaken when the data files for: Peru,

This zip file contains all the data associated with Qazi et al.It contains the following items:Appendix 1 contains results for taxonomic assignment using CO1 barcoding.Appendix 2 contains GenBank accessions for the CO1 and ITS2 sequences generated in this study.Appendix 3 contains the corresponding CO1 and ITS2 sequences in FASTA format.Appendix 4 contains the endosymbiont screening results.Appendix 5 contains the GenBank accessions for the MLST and wsp sequences generated in this study.Appendix 6 contains the corresponding MLST and wsp sequences in FASTA format.Appendix 7 contains the MLST and wsp genes downloaded from the PubMLST database.Appendix 8 contains the NCBI BioSample accession numbers for 16S rRNA metabarcoding sequencing data generated in this study.

In Peru, the handwashing project targets mothers/caregivers of children under five years old, and it is aimed at improving handwashing with soap practices. Children under five represent the age group most susceptible to diarrheal disease and acute respiratory infections, which are two major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in less developed countries. These infections, usually transferred from dirty hands to food or water sources, or by direct contact with the mouth, can be prevented if mothers/caregivers wash their hands with soap at critical times (such as before feeding a child, cooking, eating, and after using a toilet or changing a child’s diapers). In an effort to improve handwashing behavior, the intervention borrows from both commercial and social marketing fields. This entails the design of communications campaigns and messages likely to bring about the desired behavior changes, and delivering them strategically so that the target audiences are “surrounded” by handwashing promotion. Some key elements of the intervention include: • Key behavioral concepts or triggers for each target audience • Persuasive arguments stating why and how a given concept or trigger will lead to behavior change, and • Communication ideas to convey the concepts through many integrated activities and communication channels. The objective of the IE is to assess the effects of the project on individual-level handwashing behavior and practices of caregivers and children. By introducing exogenous variation in handwashing promotion (through randomized exposure to the project), the IE also addresses important issues related to the effect of intended behavioral change on child health and development outcomes. In particular, it provides information on the extent to which improved handwashing behavior impacts infant health and welfare.

URL: https://geoscience.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/cr051870

PL 231, WSP PRIMERO 1, WELL COMPLETION REPORT

The "Map Image Layer - Watershed Boundaries" is the Map Image Layer of Watershed Boundaries. It has been designed specifically for use in ArcGIS Online (and will not directly work in ArcMap or ArcPro). This data has been modified from the original source data to serve a specific business purpose. This data is for cartographic purposes only.The Watershed Boundaries Data Group contains the following layers: DNR Catchments (MnDNR)HUC 12 Boundaries (USGS)HUC 12 IWM Group Boundaries (MPCA)HUC 10 Boundaries (USGS)HUC 8 Boundaries (USGS): HUC 8s represent part or all of a surface drainage basin, a combination of drainage basins, or a distinct hydrologic feature. There are 80 HUC 2s in Minnesota. (i.e. Zumbro (07040004))HUC 6 Boundaries (USGS): HUC 6s are areas which divide the subregions into more than 350 hydrologic accounting units. Minnesota has 17 of the nations hydrologic accounting units: Northwestern Lake Superior (040101), St. Louis (040102), Southwestern Lake Superior (040103), Mississippi Headwaters (070101), Upper Mississippi-Crow-Rum (070102), Minnesota (070200), St. Croix (070300), Upper Mississippi-Black-Root (070400), Upper Mississippi-Maquoketa-Plum (070600), Upper Mississippi-Skunk-Wapsipinicon (070801), Iowa (070802), Des Moines (071000), Upper Red (090201), Lower Red (090203), Rainy (090300), Big Sioux (101702), Missouri-Little Sioux (102300).HUC 4 Boundaries (USGS): HUC 4s are geographic subregions which are drained by a river system, a reach of river and its tributaries in that reach, a closed basin, or a group of streams forming a coastal drainage areas. Minnesota has 12 of the nations 222 subregions: Western Lake Superior (0401), Mississippi Headwaters (0701), Minnesota (0702), St. Croix (0703), Upper Mississippi-Black-Root (0704), Upper Mississippi-Maquoketa-Plum (0706), Upper Mississippi-Iowa-Skunk-Wapsipinicon (0708), Des Moines (0710), Red (0902), Rainy (0903), Missouri-Big Sioux (1017), Missouri-Little Sioux (1023).HUC 2 Boundaries (USGS): HUC 2s are geographic regions which contain the drainage of a major river or a series of rivers. Minnesota has 4 of the nations 21 regions: Great Lakes (R04), Upper Mississippi (R07), Souris-Red-Rainy (R09), and Missouri (R10).These datasets have not been optimized for fast display (but rather they maintain their original shape/precision), therefore it is recommend that filtering is used to show only the features of interest. For more information about using filters please see "Work with map layers: Apply Filters": https://doc.arcgis.com/en/arcgis-online/create-maps/apply-filters.htmFor additional information about the Watershed Boundary Dataset please see:United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2294: https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2294/Hydrologic Units, The National Atlas of the United State of America: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/hydrologic_units/pdf/hydrologic_units.pdfNational Hydrography Dataset, Watershed Boundary Dataset: https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/national-hydrography/watershed-boundary-dataset

URL: https://geoscience.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/cr043602

PL 231, WSP PRIMERO 1, WELL PROPOSAL REPORT

In response to the preventable threats posed by poor sanitation and hygiene, the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) launched two large-scale projects, global scaling up handwashing and global scaling up rural sanitation, to improve the health and welfare outcomes for millions of poor people. Local and national governments are implementing these projects with technical support from WSP. Global scaling up handwashing aims to test whether handwashing with soap behavior can be generated and sustained among the poor and vulnerable using innovative promotional approaches. The primary objectives are to reduce the risk of diarrhea in young children and increase household productivity by stimulating and sustaining the behavior of handwashing with soap at critical times. Overall, the project aims to generate and sustain handwashing with soap practices among 5.4 million people living in Peru, Senegal, Tanzania, and Vietnam, the four countries where the project has been implemented to date. This technical paper presents the findings of the WSP impact evaluation (IE) baseline survey in Peru and is one in a series of papers presenting IE findings from surveys conducted in each project country.

Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) surveys for submerged portions of cross-section 7 (XS7) on Mission River at Fennessey Ranch. Cross-section surveys were conducted using a SonTek M9 RiverSurveyor. Four channel transects with the ADCP are used to represent the submerged topography at XS7. Seven types of data formats (csv, mat, riv, snr, sum, vel, wsp) are included in this data set. csv is a comma separated tabular file that contains summary and measurement information for each transect in ascii file format. mat is a tabular file that contains summary and measurement information for each transect in the proprietary MATLAB file format. riv is a tabular file that contains real-time measurement information for each transect in the proprietary SonTek file format. snr is a tabular file that contains information on the signal-to-noise ratios associated with the measurements for each transect in the ascii file format. sum is a tabular file that contains summary information for the measurements of each transect in the ascii file format. vel is a tabular file of the flow velocities measured along each in the ascii file format. wsp is file used in the post-processing of files from a transect measurement in the proprietary SonTek file format.

Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) surveys for submerged portions of cross-section 4 (XS4) on Mission River at Fennessey Ranch. Cross-section surveys were conducted using a SonTek M9 RiverSurveyor. Seven channel transects with the ADCP are used to represent the submerged topography at XS4. Seven types of data formats (csv, mat, riv, snr, sum, vel, wsp) are included in this data set. csv is a comma separated tabular file that contains summary and measurement information for each transect in ascii file format. mat is a tabular file that contains summary and measurement information for each transect in the proprietary MATLAB file format. riv is a tabular file that contains real-time measurement information for each transect in the proprietary SonTek file format. snr is a tabular file that contains information on the signal-to-noise ratios associated with the measurements for each transect in the ascii file format. sum is a tabular file that contains summary information for the measurements of each transect in the ascii file format. vel is a tabular file of the flow velocities measured along each in the ascii file format. wsp is file used in the post-processing of files from a transect measurement in the proprietary SonTek file format.

Percentage of thermotolerant coliform counts within each World Health Organization risk threshold, with samples from functional WSP collection points..

The global Architectural, Engineering, and Consulting (AEC) services market exhibits robust growth, driven by burgeoning infrastructure development worldwide, increasing urbanization, and a rising demand for sustainable and technologically advanced building designs. The market is segmented by application (large enterprises, small and medium enterprises) and service type (engineering, architectural, surveying, geophysical, laboratory testing, building inspection, and drafting). While precise market sizing data isn't provided, considering typical growth rates in this sector and the inclusion of major players like AECOM and WSP Global, a reasonable estimation for the 2025 market size would be in the range of $500-600 billion USD. This substantial market value reflects the crucial role AEC services play in numerous industries, including construction, energy, transportation, and manufacturing. The projected CAGR, while unspecified, is likely to be within the 4-6% range given typical industry growth trajectories. North America and Europe currently hold significant market shares due to established infrastructure and robust economies, but regions like Asia-Pacific are experiencing rapid expansion, driven by massive infrastructure projects and economic development. Growth within the AEC sector is fueled by several key trends: the increasing adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and other digital technologies enhancing design efficiency and collaboration; a rising focus on sustainable and green building practices; and growing government investments in infrastructure projects globally. However, challenges remain, including fluctuating commodity prices, potential labor shortages within specialized roles, and economic uncertainties impacting investment decisions. The market’s competitiveness is reflected in the presence of both multinational giants like PowerChina and Bechtel, alongside numerous specialized firms catering to niche segments. Future growth will be shaped by the continuing digital transformation within the industry, the adoption of advanced analytics for project management, and a heightened awareness of environmental sustainability throughout the design and construction lifecycles. The segment focusing on sustainable and green building practices is poised for particularly rapid growth.

URL: https://geoscience.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/cr108443

PL 231, WSP PRIMERO 1, VIP ALDINGA NORTH 1, ERI REIDS DOME 4, WELL PRODUCTION 30 DAY TESTING REPORT FOR PERIOD 14/12/2017 TO 16/12/2017

The global soil and rock engineering services market is valued at millions of dollars in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period from 2023 to 2033. Growth in the global market is attributed to increasing investments in infrastructure development, mining, and oil and gas exploration activities. The rise in urbanization and population growth has created a demand for sustainable and safe infrastructure, driving the need for soil and rock engineering services. The industry is segmented based on type, application, and region. Key market players include AECOM, Stantec, Geoquip Marine Group, WSP, Fugro, HDR, EGS Survey, Gardline Limited, Arup, and Kiewit Corp. North America accounts for a major share of the global market due to significant infrastructure projects and investment in the region. The Asia-Pacific region is expected to register the highest growth rate during the forecast period due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and mining activities. The market is expected to face challenges such as skilled labor shortage, environmental regulations, and competition from alternative construction materials. However, technological advancements and innovation in soil and rock engineering techniques are anticipated to provide opportunities for growth.

The Canada Geotechnical Services Market size was valued at USD 235.37 USD Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 329.21 USD Million by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 4.91 % during the forecast period. Geotechnical services are the services which deals with the mechanics of soil and rock foundation engineering and earth retaining structures. These services are important as far as stability and safety of buildings, bridges, tunnels and dams are concerned. Examples of geotechnical engineering services are soil testing, site investigation, foundation design, and slope stability. This includes avoiding structural failures, minimizing construction costs, and meeting safety specifications, among other benefits. The recent trends in Canada with respect to infrastructure development are towards sustainable and resilient infrastructure with further development of sophisticated techniques such as geosynthetics and remote sensing and so on. Increased data processing and simulation are also making geotechnical engineering more accurate and cost-effective. Recent developments include: November 2022- Marine Renewables Canada and Canada’s Ocean Supercluster formed a partnership to share knowledge and support marine renewable energy development in Canada. In their collaboration, both companies will work toward innovation, increasing awareness and investment, and developing and using marine renewables in Canada., May 2022 –Keller Group Plc completed the bolt-on acquisition of GKM Consultants Inc., a small geo-structural measurements and monitoring business based in Quebec, Canada, for USD 6.2 million. GKM is integrating into its speciality services business and will help accelerate its growth in this specialist segment., July 2021- Keller Group Plc announced that it has acquired RECON Services, a geotechnical and industrial services company headquartered in Texas, U.S. The acquisition of RECON by Keller Group is worth USD 23 million and the expected earn-out is USD 15 million., April 2021- Fugro was awarded a deepwater site survey contract for Equinor in eastern Canada. Equinor had selected Fugro to conduct a deep-sea site survey in Canada's Flemish Pass, 500km from St. John's, Newfoundland, and Labrador, in water depths of approximately 1200m. Fugro's field campaign ran from July to August, including a seabed, environmental, and soil survey., October 2020- WSP extended the business of Canadian tunnels with world-class experts. This expansion helped WSP grow the practice for tunnels and deliver timely solutions with innovative and cost-effective factors. The company also announced that it will deliver best-in-class projects with innovation, timely, and cost-effective solutions. It focuses on local needs and ground conditions and works extensively with leading-edge technology, including BIM, VDC, and ground/structure interactions. . Key drivers for this market are: Increased Infrastructure Development to Drive the Market Growth. Potential restraints include: High Cost of Offshore Geotechnical Services May Hinder the Market Growth. Notable trends are: Shift Toward Renewable Energy is one of the Key Trends in the Market.