The Surveying and Mapping Services industry in Canada has weathered uncertain conditions as downstream industries including residential, commercial, industrial construction and government authorities, fared with volatility brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. The industry's performance is largely tied to developments in residential and nonresidential construction markets, which fuel both private- and public-sector spending.As Canadian oil, gas and mining companies cut back spending on exploration and development projects in response to falling commodity prices, and construction stalled in resource-rich provinces, demand for surveying and mapping services for these projects fell. While growth from the residential construction market helped offset some losses, rising interest intended to offset rising inflation have hampered residential demand. Thus, even as energy prices came roaring back, many surveyors saw a reduction in demand. Over the five years to 2023, industry revenue has been contracting at a CAGR of 1.7% and is expected to reach $1.7 billion, including an expected drop of 3.2% over the current year.The return to growth of downstream construction markets will likely keep industry demand afloat moving forward. In addition to solid demand from industrial building construction as commodity prices remain high, housing market expansion will stimulate demand for cadastral, property line and construction surveying. The continued adoption of new technology will also enable companies to realize new efficiencies and improve the quality of their services, expanding sizable profit margins further. Industry revenue is forecast to rise at a CAGR of 1.2% to $1.8 billion over the five years to 2028.

In India, WSP's Global Scaling Up Rural Sanitation Program is supporting the Government of India's Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in two states: Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. TSC is an ambitious countrywide, scaled-up rural sanitation program launched in 1999, which seeks to attain an Open-Defecation Free (ODF) India by 2012. In contrast to earlier, hardware-centric supply approaches to rural sanitation, TSC aims to generate demand for and adoption of improved sanitation at the community level. This impact evaluation aimed at better understanding what health and welfare impacts can be expected from rural sanitation improvements. Researchers hypothesized that promotion of rural sanitation through community-led total sanitation (CLTS) and social marketing campaigns will improve the health of the population especially children under five years old, a population that is vulnerable to unsafe disposal of feces in the environment and fecal-oral contamination. This impact evaluation consisted of baseline and endline surveys. In collaboration with the government of Madhya Pradesh, two districts Dhar and Khargone were selected. In each district, 80 Gram Panchayats were chosen and randomized into two groups: 1) treatment group (to participate in Total Sanitation Campaign immediately following the baseline survey) and 2) control group (to receive TSC after follow-up data collection). The baseline survey collected information from a representative sample of the population targeted by the intervention. This baseline survey was administered to approximately 2,000 households between June and July 2009. The survey provided information on the characteristics of household members, access to sanitation facilities, self-reported open defecation, prevalence of child diseases such as diarrhea and respiratory infection, and child growth and development. The endline survey was carried out in February-March 2011. It followed the same households sampled in baseline, as well as additional children to increase statistical power.

Abstract

In response to the preventable threats posed by poor sanitation and hygiene, in December 2006 the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) launched two related large-scale projects, Global Scaling Up Handwashing1 and Global Scaling Up Rural Sanitation. Th ese hygiene and sanitation interventions are designed to improve the health and welfare outcomes for millions of poor people. Local and national governments are implementing these projects with technical support from WSP.

The goal of Global Scaling Up Rural Sanitation is to reduce the risk of diarrhea and therefore increase household productivity by stimulating demand for sanitation in the lives of people in India, Indonesia, and Tanzania. Th e project approach demands involvement from communities, local government, and the private sector. It aims to trigger the desire for an open-defecation free community by raising collective awareness of the open defecation problem. Facilitators are sent to communities to initiate participatory analysis of the communities’ existing sanitation practices, and the consequences and implications of such practices for themselves. Th is process is designed to catalyze collective community desire and action to become open defecation free (ODF). Th e community must forge their own plan for making this happen with only limited follow-up support and monitoring from the program. Communities claiming to have become ODF are verifi ed by local government agencies. ODF achievement by a community brings recognition and commendation from local and provincial governments. Th e project also seeks to stimulate the supply of appropriate sanitation products and services by conducting market research and training local artisans to build the relevant facilities.

To measure the magnitudes of the impacts, the project is implementing randomized-controlled trial impact evaluations (IE) study in order to establish causal linkages between the intervention (treatment) and the outcomes of interest. Th e IE uses household surveys to measure the levels of key outcomes.

The overall objective of the project is to improve the health of populations at risk of diarrhea, especially in children under the age of five years, through highlighting the negative health consequences of poor sanitation. Th e impact evaluation provides a unique opportunity to learn what health and welfare impacts can be expected from sanitation improvements. If, as expected, the evaluation finds strong health and child development impacts of improved sanitation, the study will be an important promotional tool for expanding the program across the nation. But to generate the support needed for a national program, the evidence must be clear and compelling. It is therefore important that the impact evaluation use widely accepted impact evaluation protocols and that it disrupts the planned program as little as possible.

The impact evaluation assesses the effects of the project on individual-level sanitation behaviors, community-level collective behaviors, and the program’s impact on the health and welfare of young children (under fi ve years of age). It examines the impact on a broad range of health indicators and intensively studies the developmental, social, and economic welfare impacts of these interventions. Health outcomes that are explicitly planned in the study include: • Diarrhea prevalence; • Stunting and wasting; • Iron defi ciency anemia (through minimally invasive fi nger-prick tests); • Parasitic infestations (from fecal samples); and • Cognitive and motor development.

Some of the non-health indicators are: • School attendance, academic performance, and future earnings; • Productivity of mother’s time for household, market, and social activities; and • Female empowerment and security due to safer sanitation conditions.

(The above excerpt is taken from: Scaling Up Rural Sanitation: Findings from the Impact Evaluation Baseline Survey in Indonesia by Lisa Cameron and Manisha Shah November 2010)

The report is attached.

Geographic coverage

The surveys convered eight districts.

Analysis unit

Household Person Caregiver Child (under 5 and under 2)

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The project is being implemented in 29 rural districts (kabupaten) in East Java. Eight of those 29 districts are participants in the impact evaluation-a total of 2080 households in 160 sub-villages (dusun). The sample is geographically representative and representative of the households in rural East Java.

A total of 160 sub-villages from eight districts are participants in the IE. From each district, 10 treatment and 10 control villages were randomly chosen to participate in the IE. Local government offices from each district gave the IE team a list of at least 30 villages where the program could be implemented. Most district offices gave the IE teams lists of 40-70 villages. These are villages the districts had chosen to participate in the project based on sanitation needs, poverty levels, access to water, and so forth.3 Using a random number generator in STATA, the IE team randomly selected 10 treatment and 10 control villages from each district list. The IE team then sent the list of 20 villages back to the district government office (without telling them which villages had been selected as control and treatment villages). The reason for this is that the project is actually implemented at the dusun, or sub-village level. Villages generally have two to three sub-villages. Wanting the same selection criteria to be used for the selection of sub-village for both the treatment and control villages, the IE team asked each district office to provide the sub-village names for all 20 villages. District offices were told that some would be the treatment and others the control.

Once the IE team received the sub-village lists from the district offices for all 20 villages, the district offices were told which villages were in the treatment group and which ones were in the control group. The district offices committed that they would do everything possible to make sure the treatment dusun were treated and the control dusun remained untreated. There was some concern by local program implementers that the program might spread like "wildfire" and that it would be difficult to deny control villages the program. However, sample sizes were selected based on this possibility and it does not appear that many control villages have been contaminated.

Note: Detail sampling procedure is available in "Scaling Up Rural Sanitation: Findings from the Impact Evaluation Baseline Survey in Indonesia" November 2010 survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The following instruments were used to collect the data: • Household questionnaire: The household questionnaire was conducted in all households and was designed to collect data on household membership, education, labor, income, assets, dwelling characteristics,water sources, drinking water, sanitation,observations of handwashing facilities and other dwelling characteristics, handwashing behavior, child discipline, maternal depression, handwashing determinants, exposure to health interventions, relationship between family and school, and mortality.

• Health questionnaire: The health questionnaire was conducted in all households and designed to collect data on children's diarrhea prevalence, ALRI and other health symptoms, child development, child growth, and anemia.

• Community questionnaire: The community questionnaire was conducted in 120 districts to collect data on community/districts variables.

• Structured observations: Structured observations were conducted in a subsample of 160 households to collect data on direct observation of handwashing behavior.

• Water samples: Water samples were collected in a subsample of 160 households, to identify Escherichia coli (E. coli) presence in hand rinses (mother and children), sentinel toy, and drinking water.

• Stool samples: Stool samples were collected in a subsample of 160 households to identify prevalence of parasites in children's feces.

Sampling error estimates

Not applicable

Abstract

In December 2006, in response to the preventable threats posed by poor sanitation and hygiene, the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) launched Global Scaling Up Handwashing and Global Scaling Up Rural Sanitation1 to improve the health and welfare outcomes for millions of poor people. Local and national governments implement these large-scale projects with technical support from WSP. Handwashing with soap at critical times-such as after contact with feces and before handling food-has been shown to substantially reduce the incidence of diarrhea. It reduces health risks even when families do not have access to basic sanitation and water supply. Despite this benefit, rates of handwashing with soap at critical times are very low throughout the developing world. Global Scaling Up Handwashing aims to test whether handwashing with soap behavior can be generated and sustained among the poor and vulnerable using innovative promotional approaches. The goal of Global Scaling Up Handwashing is to reduce the risk of diarrhea and therefore increase household productivity by stimulating and sustaining the behavior of handwashing with soap at critical times in the lives of 5.4 million people in Peru, Senegal, Tanzania, and Vietnam, where the project has been implemented to date.

In an effort to induce improved handwashing behavior, the intervention borrows from both commercial and social marketing fields. This entails the design of communications campaigns and messages likely to bring about desired behavior changes and delivering them strategically so that the target audiences are “surrounded” by handwashing promotion via multiple channels. One of the handwashing project's global objectives is to learn about and document the long-term health and welfare impacts of the project intervention. To measure magnitude of these impacts, the project is implementing a randomized-controlled impact evaluation (IE) in each of the four countries to establish causal linkages between the intervention and key outcomes. The IE uses household surveys to gather data on characteristics of the population exposed to the intervention and to track changes in key outcomes that can be causally attributed to the intervention.

The objective of the IE is to assess the effects of the handwashing project on individual-level handwashing behavior and practices of caregivers. By introducing exogenous variation in handwashing promotion (through randomized exposure to the project), the IE will also address important issues related to the effect of intended behavioral change on child development outcomes. In particular, it will provide information on the extent to which improved handwashing behavior contributes to child health and welfare.

The primary hypothesis of the study is that improved handwashing behavior leads to reductions in disease incidence, and results in direct and indirect health, developmental, and economic benefits by breaking the fecal-oral transmission route. The IE aims to address the following research questions and associated hypotheses:

1. What is the effect of handwashing promotion on handwashing behavior?
2. What is the effect of improved handwashing behavior on health and welfare?
3. Which promotion strategies are more cost-effective in achieving desired outcomes?

(The above excerpt is taken from: Scaling Up Handwashing Behavior: Findings from the Impact Evaluation Baseline Survey in Vietnam Claire Chase and Quy-Toan Do November 2010)

The report is attached.

Geographic coverage

The survey was held in three provinces selected for their representative geographic location. These provinces are: - Hun Yen (close to Hanoi) - Tien Gan (South) - Than Hoa (North)

From these provinces a total, 401 communes across 18 districts in the three project provinces were listed by the VWU as eligible to participate in the project. From this list a total of 210 communes across 15 districts in the three provinces were selected for the study.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Person
• Caregiver
• Child (under 5 and under 2)

Universe

The Vietnam Scaling Up Handwashing IE baseline survey collected information from a representative sample of the population targeted by the intervention. The survey was conducted between September and November 2009 in a total of 3,150 households containing 3,751 children under the age of five.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary objective of the handwashing project is to improve the health and welfare of young children. Thus, a sufficient sample size was calculated to capture a minimum effect size of 20 percent on the key outcome indicator of diarrhea prevalence among children under two years old at the time of the baseline. By focusing on households with children under two, the evaluation aims to capture changes in outcomes for the age range during which children are most sensitive to changes in hygiene in the environment. Power calculations indicated that approximately 1,050 households per treatment arm would need to be surveyed in order to capture a 20 percent reduction in diarrhea prevalence, and in order to account for the possibility of household attrition during the project study phase. Therefore, since the evaluation consists of two treatment groups and one control group, the total sample incorporates 3,150 households, each of which has at least one child under two years of age at the time of the survey.

Rather than using simple random sampling, which is much more costly, the study randomly sampled households in clusters at the commune administrative level. Households were randomly selected from a sampling frame of 210 communes randomly selected from 15 districts in three provinces.

Data were collected using structured questionnaires in all 3,150 households and in each of the 210 commune (one per commune).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Baseline: The baseline survey was conducted from September to December 2009 and included the following instruments:

• Household questionnaire: Th e household questionnaire was conducted in all 3,150 households collect data on household composition, education, labor, income, assets, spot-check observation of handwashing facilities, handwashing behavior, and handwashing determinants.

• Health questionnaire: Th e health questionnaire was conducted in all 3,150 households, to collect data on children’s diarrhea prevalence, acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) and other health symptoms, child development, child growth, and anemia.

• Community questionnaire: Th e community questionnaire was conducted in 210 communes, to collect data on socio-demographics of the community, accessibility and connectivity, education and health facilities, water and sanitation related facilities and programs, and government assistance or programs related to health, education, cooperatives, agriculture, water, and other development schemes.

Cleaning operations

Baseline: The baseline survey was processed using the assistance of Sistemas Integrales in Chile. A manual for the data entry system is attached under the title of: Data Entry Manual:Baseline.

Endline: Kimetrica International was contracted to design the data reduction system to be used during the endline. The data entry system was designed in CSPro (Version 4.1) using the DHS file management system as a standard for file management. Details of the system can be found in the attached manual entitled: Data Entry Manual for the Endline Survey.

The data entry system was based on a full double data entry (independent verification) of the various questionnaires. CSPro supports both dependent and independent verification (double keying) to ensure the accuracy of the data entry operation. Using independent verification, operators can key data into separate data files and use CSPro utilities to compare them and produce a report that indicates discrepancies in data entry.

The DHS system uses a fully integrated tracking system to follow the stages in the data entry process. This includes the checking in of questionnaires; the programming of logic in what is known as a system controlled environment. System controlled applications generally place more restrictions on the data entry operator. This is typically used for complex survey applications. The behavior of these applications at data entry time has the following characteristics:

• Some special data entry keys are not active during data entry.
• CSEntry will keep track of the path.
• 'Not applicable' or blanks values will not be allowed. Missing values have to be coded.
• More appropriate to the heads up methodology of data capture.
• Logic in the application is strictly enforced; operator cannot bypass or override.

Files were processed using the unique cluster number and then concatenated after a final stage of editing and output to both SPSS and STATA.

Furthermore, attempts were made to respect the values and the naming conventions as provided in the baseline. This required using non-conventional values for “missing” such as -99. In most cases the same value sets were applied or during the questionnaire review process the WSP was alerted to such discrepancies.

Response rate

Endline Survey:

94.7 % of the households responded.

Approximately 87% of the persons interviewed in the baseline were re-interviewed in the endline.

Sampling error estimates

Not applicable

Data appraisal

Although there was no formal or independent appraisal of the data, an appraisal was undertaken when the data files for: Peru,

In Peru, the handwashing project targets mothers/caregivers of children under five years old, and it is aimed at improving handwashing with soap practices. Children under five represent the age group most susceptible to diarrheal disease and acute respiratory infections, which are two major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in less developed countries. These infections, usually transferred from dirty hands to food or water sources, or by direct contact with the mouth, can be prevented if mothers/caregivers wash their hands with soap at critical times (such as before feeding a child, cooking, eating, and after using a toilet or changing a child’s diapers). In an effort to improve handwashing behavior, the intervention borrows from both commercial and social marketing fields. This entails the design of communications campaigns and messages likely to bring about the desired behavior changes, and delivering them strategically so that the target audiences are “surrounded” by handwashing promotion. Some key elements of the intervention include: • Key behavioral concepts or triggers for each target audience • Persuasive arguments stating why and how a given concept or trigger will lead to behavior change, and • Communication ideas to convey the concepts through many integrated activities and communication channels. The objective of the IE is to assess the effects of the project on individual-level handwashing behavior and practices of caregivers and children. By introducing exogenous variation in handwashing promotion (through randomized exposure to the project), the IE also addresses important issues related to the effect of intended behavioral change on child health and development outcomes. In particular, it provides information on the extent to which improved handwashing behavior impacts infant health and welfare.

In December 2006, in response to the preventable threats posed by poor sanitation and hygiene, the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) launched Global Scaling Up Handwashing and Global Scaling Up Rural Sanitation1 to improve the health and welfare outcomes for millions of poor people. Local and national governments implement these large-scale projects with technical support from WSP. Handwashing with soap at critical times-such as after contact with feces and before handling food-has been shown to substantially reduce the incidence of diarrhea. It reduces health risks even when families do not have access to basic sanitation and water supply. Despite this benefit, rates of handwashing with soap at critical times are very low throughout the developing world. Global Scaling Up Handwashing aims to test whether handwashing with soap behavior can be generated and sustained among the poor and vulnerable using innovative promotional approaches. The goal of Global Scaling Up Handwashing is to reduce the risk of diarrhea and therefore increase household productivity by stimulating and sustaining the behavior of handwashing with soap at critical times in the lives of 5.4 million people in Peru, Senegal, Tanzania, and Vietnam, where the project has been implemented to date. In an effort to induce improved handwashing behavior, the intervention borrows from both commercial and social marketing fields. This entails the design of communications campaigns and messages likely to bring about desired behavior changes and delivering them strategically so that the target audiences are “surrounded” by handwashing promotion via multiple channels. One of the handwashing project's global objectives is to learn about and document the long-term health and welfare impacts of the project intervention. To measure magnitude of these impacts, the project is implementing a randomized-controlled impact evaluation (IE) in each of the four countries to establish causal linkages between the intervention and key outcomes. The IE uses household surveys to gather data on characteristics of the population exposed to the intervention and to track changes in key outcomes that can be causally attributed to the intervention. The objective of the IE is to assess the effects of the handwashing project on individual-level handwashing behavior and practices of caregivers. By introducing exogenous variation in handwashing promotion (through randomized exposure to the project), the IE will also address important issues related to the effect of intended behavioral change on child development outcomes. In particular, it will provide information on the extent to which improved handwashing behavior contributes to child health and welfare. The primary hypothesis of the study is that improved handwashing behavior leads to reductions in disease incidence, and results in direct and indirect health, developmental, and economic benefits by breaking the fecal-oral transmission route. The IE aims to address the following research questions and associated hypotheses: 1. What is the effect of handwashing promotion on handwashing behavior? 2. What is the effect of improved handwashing behavior on health and welfare? 3. Which promotion strategies are more cost-effective in achieving desired outcomes? (The above excerpt is taken from: Scaling Up Handwashing Behavior: Findings from the Impact Evaluation Baseline Survey in Vietnam Claire Chase and Quy-Toan Do November 2010) The report is attached.

Hygiene information and practices play a critical role in preventing diseases, particularly among children. Hygiene behaviors practiced in the household have been linked to development outcomes such as socio-emotional skills. The WSP Global Scaling up Handwashing Behavior Impact Evaluation (WSPIE) 2009-2011 was conducted in Senegal, where the randomized design suffered from contamination between comparison groups. The variations in exposure and intensity to hygiene information campaigns captured in the surveys were used to understand contamination biases. Such variations were interacted with the presence of household communication assets to explore potential effects on children’s socio-emotional scores. In the presence of contamination biases, the study exploited the longitudinal sample of children in the surveys to reduce time-dependent biases. For robustness, statistical matching was applied between the impact evaluation surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2008 and 2011. Socio-emotional outcomes were the imputed into Demographic and Health surveys to expand sample sizes. By applying matching techniques and imputing outcomes into a larger sample, impacts were non-negligible. Double-difference estimates showed that children’s socio-emotional scores were higher when intervention status was interacted with the presence of communication assets within households. Without the presence of communication assets in the households the impacts were close to zero. Evaluating the effect of hygiene campaigns on children’s socio-emotional skills is challenging because of the biases from contamination that exist when information flows between comparison groups. Targeted hygiene information to the poorest households is relevant for reducing risks of recurrent infections and enables better conditions for socio-emotional development of children.

This zip file contains all the data associated with Qazi et al.It contains the following items:Appendix 1 contains results for taxonomic assignment using CO1 barcoding.Appendix 2 contains GenBank accessions for the CO1 and ITS2 sequences generated in this study.Appendix 3 contains the corresponding CO1 and ITS2 sequences in FASTA format.Appendix 4 contains the endosymbiont screening results.Appendix 5 contains the GenBank accessions for the MLST and wsp sequences generated in this study.Appendix 6 contains the corresponding MLST and wsp sequences in FASTA format.Appendix 7 contains the MLST and wsp genes downloaded from the PubMLST database.Appendix 8 contains the NCBI BioSample accession numbers for 16S rRNA metabarcoding sequencing data generated in this study.

The global Architectural, Engineering, and Consulting (AEC) services market exhibits robust growth, driven by burgeoning infrastructure development worldwide, increasing urbanization, and a rising demand for sustainable and technologically advanced building designs. The market is segmented by application (large enterprises, small and medium enterprises) and service type (engineering, architectural, surveying, geophysical, laboratory testing, building inspection, and drafting). While precise market sizing data isn't provided, considering typical growth rates in this sector and the inclusion of major players like AECOM and WSP Global, a reasonable estimation for the 2025 market size would be in the range of $500-600 billion USD. This substantial market value reflects the crucial role AEC services play in numerous industries, including construction, energy, transportation, and manufacturing. The projected CAGR, while unspecified, is likely to be within the 4-6% range given typical industry growth trajectories. North America and Europe currently hold significant market shares due to established infrastructure and robust economies, but regions like Asia-Pacific are experiencing rapid expansion, driven by massive infrastructure projects and economic development. Growth within the AEC sector is fueled by several key trends: the increasing adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and other digital technologies enhancing design efficiency and collaboration; a rising focus on sustainable and green building practices; and growing government investments in infrastructure projects globally. However, challenges remain, including fluctuating commodity prices, potential labor shortages within specialized roles, and economic uncertainties impacting investment decisions. The market’s competitiveness is reflected in the presence of both multinational giants like PowerChina and Bechtel, alongside numerous specialized firms catering to niche segments. Future growth will be shaped by the continuing digital transformation within the industry, the adoption of advanced analytics for project management, and a heightened awareness of environmental sustainability throughout the design and construction lifecycles. The segment focusing on sustainable and green building practices is poised for particularly rapid growth.

Percentage of thermotolerant coliform counts within each World Health Organization risk threshold, with samples from functional WSP collection points..

Number (%) of households classified as water insecure by HWISE and stratified by WSP area, n = 830.

In response to the preventable threats posed by poor sanitation and hygiene, the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) launched two large-scale projects, global scaling up handwashing and global scaling up rural sanitation, to improve the health and welfare outcomes for millions of poor people. Local and national governments are implementing these projects with technical support from WSP. Global scaling up handwashing aims to test whether handwashing with soap behavior can be generated and sustained among the poor and vulnerable using innovative promotional approaches. The primary objectives are to reduce the risk of diarrhea in young children and increase household productivity by stimulating and sustaining the behavior of handwashing with soap at critical times. Overall, the project aims to generate and sustain handwashing with soap practices among 5.4 million people living in Peru, Senegal, Tanzania, and Vietnam, the four countries where the project has been implemented to date. This technical paper presents the findings of the WSP impact evaluation (IE) baseline survey in Peru and is one in a series of papers presenting IE findings from surveys conducted in each project country.

Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) surveys for submerged portions of cross-section 5 (XS5) on Mission River at Fennessey Ranch. Cross-section surveys were conducted using a SonTek M9 RiverSurveyor. Six channel transects with the ADCP are used to represent the submerged topography at XS5. Seven types of data formats (csv, mat, riv, snr, sum, vel, wsp) are included in this data set. csv is a comma separated tabular file that contains summary and measurement information for each transect in ascii file format. mat is a tabular file that contains summary and measurement information for each transect in the proprietary MATLAB file format. riv is a tabular file that contains real-time measurement information for each transect in the proprietary SonTek file format. snr is a tabular file that contains information on the signal-to-noise ratios associated with the measurements for each transect in the ascii file format. sum is a tabular file that contains summary information for the measurements of each transect in the ascii file format. vel is a tabular file of the flow velocities measured along each in the ascii file format. wsp is file used in the post-processing of files from a transect measurement in the proprietary SonTek file format.

Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) surveys for submerged portions of cross-section 2 (XS2) on Mission River at Fennessey Ranch. Cross-section surveys were conducted using a SonTek M9 RiverSurveyor. Six channel transects with the ADCP are used to represent the submerged topography at XS2. Seven types of data formats (csv, mat, riv, snr, sum, vel, wsp) are included in this data set. csv is a comma separated tabular file that contains summary and measurement information for each transect in ascii file format. mat is a tabular file that contains summary and measurement information for each transect in the proprietary MATLAB file format. riv is a tabular file that contains real-time measurement information for each transect in the proprietary SonTek file format. snr is a tabular file that contains information on the signal-to-noise ratios associated with the measurements for each transect in the ascii file format. sum is a tabular file that contains summary information for the measurements of each transect in the ascii file format. vel is a tabular file of the flow velocities measured along each in the ascii file format. wsp is file used in the post-processing of files from a transect measurement in the proprietary SonTek file format.

This dataset contains digital elevation models (DEMs) for four reaches of the Big River in Missouri. The study reaches are as follows: Site W (STW), Rockford Beach (RFB), Phelps Bend (PHB), and Washington State Park (WSP). The reach DEMs were created in support of research assessing the hydraulic conditions of freshwater mussel habitat in the Big River. Channel and bank elevations were generated from data collected by USGS staff from the Columbia Environmental Research Center between February 2019 and January 2020 using single-beam echosounder surveys, manual Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) topographic surveys, and terrestrial light detection and ranging (lidar) surveys. Elevations for areas beyond the active channel were generated from Missouri aerial lidar data collected between December 2010 and April 2011 by the Surdex Corporation for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers St. Louis District. Prior to DEM generation, elevations were locally smoothed to remove small tributary drainages that would lead to erroneous water routing during modeling.

Abstract

Social Impact (SI) is conducting an impact evaluation of the MCC Tanzania Water Sector Project. The impact of the WSP will be assessed through a rigorous, quasi-experimental impact evaluation design that combines a difference-in-differences (DD) approach with generalized propensity score matching (GPSM), also called continuous propensity score matching. GPSM is an extension of traditional propensity score matching which facilitates the evaluation of the impact of continuous rather than binary treatment. The design reflects particular characteristics of the Tanzania WSP. First, the impacts of the upgraded water infrastructure are expected to be diffuse in each city; therefore, identifying a counterfactual through experimental methods is not feasible. Further, the main treatment is considered to be exposure to an increased supply of water due to the Water Sector Project infrastructure upgrades, and households will be affected differentially depending on their starting conditions (e.g. availability of water) and their position along the distribution grid. Thus, a continuous treatment approach is needed to measure the impacts of incremental increases in water supply. The GPSM technique (which will be carried out after the completion of end-line data collection) enables comparisons of outcomes between similar households that experience varying levels of improvements to water supply due to the intervention. The evaluation questions to be answered address a range of topics, including: the project's impact on water supply, access to water, and water quality; the project's impact on water consumption, water-related illness, and investment in human capital; differences in project impact by gender and socioeconomic status; the project's effect on businesses, schools, and health centers; project implementation; unintended consequences of the project; and the sustainability of the project over time. In addition to the main analysis described above, additional qualitative, direct observation (e.g. water quality tests), secondary data review, and geospatial data collection components were incorporated to facilitate comprehensive, context-specific responses to these evaluation questions.

Geographic coverage

Urban municipalities of the cities of Dar es Salaam (Ilala, Kinondoni, and Temeke) and Morogoro (Morogoro Urban)

Analysis unit

Main analysis: households and individuals. (Some analyses using water quality or supply data are done at the cluster level (enumeration areas). Qualitative analyses used data collected from community members, project stakeholders, enterprises, health centers, and schools.

Universe

The household and phone surveys were administered to one respondent per household, and collected information corresponding to the household as well as to each current household member (usual residents). The water quality tests were administered to up to two sources per cluster (either household tap, or other shared source in the cluster). The qualitative components included focus group discussions of residents across each city, semi-structured interviews of community-level water sector stakeholders, and key informant interviews of key project stakeholders.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Households were sampled from both cities using a two-stage cluster sampling methodology, with stratification in Dar es Salaam by the current water supply to an area. Clusters were defined as census enumeration areas (EAs). The sample frame for clusters was an inventory of enumeration areas used for the 2012 census in Tanzania, obtained from the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The required sample size was 5008 households (8 households from 626 clusters), split between the two cities evenly. In Morogoro, 313 clusters were randomly sampled from the master inventory. In Dar es Salaam, with the availability of information about water supply by ward, clusters were chosen by stratified random sampling, out of 5 strata corresponding to different levels of current water access through the public distribution network. Selection of clusters was done using a random number generator in Stata 12 software. After selecting 313 clusters in each city, maps were obtained from the NBS. For each of the selected clusters, listing teams worked with local community representatives to enumerate all households in each EA and generate a complete sample frame of households. From each cluster's household list, 8 households per cluster (EA) were randomly selected for the household survey using a unique random number table for each cluster; additional households from the list could be accessed in order to replace households as needed due to non-response. After the households were interviewed, a sub-set of eligible households were selected for water quality testing (up to two per cluster). Following the household survey, the full household sample was included in three rounds of a follow-up survey administered by phone, by the EDI team.

Sampling deviation

If the listing team encountered any EAs in either city that had been demarcated strictly as an institution (e.g. hospital, school, jail) with only staff residing in the cluster, but had not been previously excluded from the sample frame, that EA was replaced by the next eligible EA from the list based on its random number, and the institutional cluster was excluded from the sample frame altogether. If community members or local officials declined to be involved in the surveying for any reason, that cluster was replaced. No deviations were made in the sampling procedures for the household survey. For the water quality testing, a much smaller sample of household taps was available for testing compared to initial expectations, so the eligibility for water quality tests was expanded at the beginning of these exercises to include shared sources in the community. Qualitative sampling was purposive and therefore was tailored to the specific objective of interviewing each type of respondent; while focus groups were initially planned to be a mix of males and females, after the first focus group the team decided to limit the participants to females only.

Research instrument

Household Survey Phone Survey

Cleaning operations

EDI employed a data processing and quality control team, which was tasked with ensuring the quality of data collected through the Surveybe system. Daily checks of questionnaire data were conducted in Stata using a continually updated checking do-file, which flagged discrepancies and data inconsistencies. Each supervisor was provided a set of data checks to address with each team on a continuous basis. Data processing and quality control staff were primarily based at EDI headquarters, but were present in the field for several weeks during the beginning stages of each phase of data collection. This presence allowed them to participate in feedback sessions with interviewers demonstrating how data checks were conducted and how errors would be communicated to supervisors. The data processing team updated their checks periodically to accommodate new checks arising during the survey period, often in coordination with SI. SI's data quality monitoring strategy included continuous technical support to EDI over the entire period of data collection, field presence at all critical junctures during preparations for data collection, and several rounds of independent data verification with interim datasets provided throughout the survey period by EDI. SI wrote do files (using Stata 12) to monitor the quality of the data as it was received, updating them on a continuous basis and making adjustments after continuous communications with EDI's data manager and data processing teams, and ran through each of the datasets at numerous points between May and September 2013, communicating concerns or questions to EDI through a standard form used throughout the period of data collection. After the conclusion of the data collection, SI conducted a comprehensive data quality review of all datasets, inclusive of quantitative and qualitative datasets. SI submitted requests resulting from this review to EDI. EDI responded to these requests and subsequently delivered final datasets to SI via MCA-T. EDI produced several briefs on data quality assurance during data collection, and SI produced a data quality report for internal review by MCC.

Response rate

Response rates for the household survey in Dar es Salaam were above 87%, and above 92% in Morogoro. Overall, for the phone follow-up survey, response rates were 85% (round 1), 88% (round 2), and 90% (round 3); 81% of households overall participated in all 3 rounds while 90% participated in at least one round. Water quality test samples were drawn from household taps when available, or otherwise from other shared-source locations in the survey cluster (water quality results are intended to be representative at the cluster level). In Dar es Salaam, 95% of sampled clusters were covered by water quality tests, along with 99% of sampled clusters in Morogoro. Sampling for qualitative data collection components was purposive, in order to include specific types of respondents and target areas of each city with specific characteristics; this purposive sampling made extensive use of preliminary quantitative survey data and geospatial data. Qualitative research included, in total, 14 focus group discussions, 52 semi-structured interviews, and 10 key informant interviews.

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors were calculated for all estimated quantities of indicators when

The Canada Geotechnical Services Market size was valued at USD 235.37 USD Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 329.21 USD Million by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 4.91 % during the forecast period. Geotechnical services are the services which deals with the mechanics of soil and rock foundation engineering and earth retaining structures. These services are important as far as stability and safety of buildings, bridges, tunnels and dams are concerned. Examples of geotechnical engineering services are soil testing, site investigation, foundation design, and slope stability. This includes avoiding structural failures, minimizing construction costs, and meeting safety specifications, among other benefits. The recent trends in Canada with respect to infrastructure development are towards sustainable and resilient infrastructure with further development of sophisticated techniques such as geosynthetics and remote sensing and so on. Increased data processing and simulation are also making geotechnical engineering more accurate and cost-effective. Recent developments include: November 2022- Marine Renewables Canada and Canada’s Ocean Supercluster formed a partnership to share knowledge and support marine renewable energy development in Canada. In their collaboration, both companies will work toward innovation, increasing awareness and investment, and developing and using marine renewables in Canada., May 2022 –Keller Group Plc completed the bolt-on acquisition of GKM Consultants Inc., a small geo-structural measurements and monitoring business based in Quebec, Canada, for USD 6.2 million. GKM is integrating into its speciality services business and will help accelerate its growth in this specialist segment., July 2021- Keller Group Plc announced that it has acquired RECON Services, a geotechnical and industrial services company headquartered in Texas, U.S. The acquisition of RECON by Keller Group is worth USD 23 million and the expected earn-out is USD 15 million., April 2021- Fugro was awarded a deepwater site survey contract for Equinor in eastern Canada. Equinor had selected Fugro to conduct a deep-sea site survey in Canada's Flemish Pass, 500km from St. John's, Newfoundland, and Labrador, in water depths of approximately 1200m. Fugro's field campaign ran from July to August, including a seabed, environmental, and soil survey., October 2020- WSP extended the business of Canadian tunnels with world-class experts. This expansion helped WSP grow the practice for tunnels and deliver timely solutions with innovative and cost-effective factors. The company also announced that it will deliver best-in-class projects with innovation, timely, and cost-effective solutions. It focuses on local needs and ground conditions and works extensively with leading-edge technology, including BIM, VDC, and ground/structure interactions. . Key drivers for this market are: Increased Infrastructure Development to Drive the Market Growth. Potential restraints include: High Cost of Offshore Geotechnical Services May Hinder the Market Growth. Notable trends are: Shift Toward Renewable Energy is one of the Key Trends in the Market.

Abstract

The association between hygiene, sanitation and health is well documented, yet thousands of children die each year from exposure to contaminated fecal matter. At the same time, evidence on the effectiveness of at-scale behavior change interventions to improve sanitation and hygiene practices is limited.

In response to the preventable threats posed by poor sanitation and hygiene, the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) has launched two large projects, Global Scaling Up Handwashing and Global Scaling Up Rural Sanitation, to improve the health and welfare outcomes for millions of people in developing nations. These projects have been implemented by local and national governments with technical support from WSP.

Researchers from the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank studied these two projects impemented in rural Tanzania, with the objective of tracing the causal chain from hygiene and sanitation promotion to changes in child health outcomes. The research team specifically tested for potential interaction effects of combining handwashing and sanitation interventions. The study was designed as an effectiveness trial to provide evidence for policymakers and government implementing agencies planning at-scale campaigns.

From mid-2009 to early 2011, two interventions were rolled out in ten districts of Tanzania following a factorial experimental design. 181 rural wards included in the study were divided into four groups to receive the handwashing intervention alone, the sanitation intervention alone, both the handwashing and sanitation, or neither intervention (control group).

A baseline was planned for early 2009 but was aborted due to logistical field challenges. Since random assignment of implementation was adhered to, the study continued and researchers conducted an endline survey in 2012, approximately one year after the conclusion of the program. The survey included 3,619 households and 5,768 children under five years old.

Geographic coverage

362 rural villages across 181 wards in 10 districts of Tanzania

Analysis unit

individuals, households, villages

Universe

Households within selected treatment and control areas that had at least one child under 5 years old at the time of the endline survey in 2012

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The ten selected intervention districts were selected by the Ministry of Water (MoW) and Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW). The districts were spread throughout the country to provide geographic diversity at the national level. These districts were not random, and were targeted because of operational feasibility for program implementation, taking into account the existence of ongoing MoW and MoHSW projects, including the Health Village Campaign (HVC) and water and sanitation interventions.

Of 245 wards in these 10 districts, initially 13 wards were dropped from the sample. Three of these wards were urban, and thus ineligible for the program, and the remaining 10 wards were pre-selected as pilot areas for the program and excluded from the evaluation. Among the remaining 232 wards the program selected the 190 largest wards by population size in order to maximize the population under treatment.

The within-ward sampling procedure followed program operational guidelines targeting the two largest villages in each treatment ward, based on population size, in each of the 181 evaluation wards. For the 362 villages in the sample, the full list of census enumeration areas (EAs) was obtained from the Tanzanian National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). For each village, the sample included one EA, selected with probability proportional to size (PPS). A census listing exercise was then conducted in each EA to collect basic information to determine household eligibility for the survey. Survey eligibility criteria were (i) the household was present during the period of listing; (ii) had been living in the village since the beginning of 2009 or earlier; and (iii) had at least one child under the age of five. Ten eligible households were then selected from each EA at random for the sample.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The survey included household, community and listing questionnaires.

The household survey included modules for the head of household as well as the primary caregiver of children under 5.

All surveys were done on the electronic platform SurveyBe. All interviews were conducted in Swahili, taking approximately 2 to 3 hours per household to complete.

Cleaning operations

All data was captured electronically and submitted via wireless signal to the EDI offices where consistency checks were made.

Response rate

The survey included 3,619 households and 5,768 children under five, with an effective response rate of 97.8%.

3L Alliance is planning to undertake a residential complex in Victoria, Australia.The project involves the construction of a residential complex comprising two 80-story, 267.8m high towers each set above a podium. It includes the construction of 1,500 apartments, a public plaza, four swimming pools, fitness centres, karaoke rooms, a yoga studio, 120-space child care facility, strata offices suites between 174m2 and 647m2 area, 1,925m2 of retail space, 1,157 parking spaces (603 bike spaces and 554 car spaces) and related facilities and the installation of elevators and safety systems.It also includes the construction of retail and commercial office suites, a public plaza with a laneway shopping precinct, restaurants, private cinemas, a library, poker and mahjong room, a private garden terrace and a cigar bar.The project will be implemented in stages. The first stage worth US$262 million will includes the construction of a six-level basement, six-level podium, and the first 80 level residential tower, providing a total of 815 apartments, a swimming pool, gymnasium, and crèche.Cox Architecture Pty Ltd and Fender Katsalidis Architects have been appointed as architects, Hecker Guthrie as the interior designer, GTA Consultants and Urbis Pty Ltd as planning consultants, WSP as structural and civil engineer and Colliers International as a marketing consultant, Gallagher Jeffs as project manager, Rush Wright Associates as landscape architect, Golder Associates Pty Ltd as geotechnical consultant, Bosco Jonson Pty Ltd as land surveyor, McKenzie Group Consulting as building surveyor and Ernst & Young as a financial advisor.In October 2014, 3L Alliance acquired the project site, known as KTS House, for the US$95 million from Kinetics Properties, a subsidiary of KTS Holdings.In April 2015, 3L Alliance submitted the project plans to the city council.In March 2016, project secured approvals from Melbourne City Council.In July 2016, the tender process for the first tower initiated.In June 2018, Multiplex secured a US$261 million design-build contract for stage one and construction commenced.Construction works are underway on stage one with its completion scheduled in the second quarter of 2021. Read More