Based on the information generated from the Vanguard Capital Markets Model (VCMM) it was projected that unhedged emerging market equities had the highest 10-year annualized mean volatility rate. U.S. small-cap equities followed in second with a forecast volatility rate of 22.4 percent. Small-cap equities tend to be made up of public companies with a market value ranging between 250 million U.S. dollars to a maximum of two billion U.S. dollars. Small-cap equities have been forecast to achieve a 10-year annualized return of at least 4.3 percent.

Graph and download economic data for CBOE Volatility Index: VIX (VIXCLS) from 1990-01-02 to 2025-03-24 about VIX, volatility, stock market, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Volatility of Stock Price Index for Japan (DDSM01JPA066NWDB) from 1984 to 2021 about volatility, stocks, Japan, price index, indexes, and price.

Stock price volatility in India was reported at 20.59 in 2021, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. India - Stock price volatility - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on March of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Volatility of Stock Price Index for India (DDSM01INA066NWDB) from 1984 to 2021 about volatility, stocks, India, price index, indexes, and price.

March 24, 2020 saw the largest one-day gain in the history of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), with the index increasing 2,112.98 points. This occurred approximately two weeks after the largest one-day point loss occurred on March 9, 2020, which was triggered by the growing panic about the coronavirus outbreak worldwide.

Index fluctuations

The DJIA is an index of 30 large companies traded on the New York Stock Exchange. It is one of the numbers that financial analysts watch closely, using it as a bellwether for the United States economy. Seeing when these large gains occur, as well as the largest one-day point losses, gives insight to why these fluctuations may occur. The gains in 2009 are likely adjustments after major losses during the Financial Crisis, but those in 2018 are probably signs of high market volatility.

Other leading financial indicators

While the DJIA is closely watched, it only gives insight on the performance of thirty leading U.S. companies. An index like the S&P 500, tracking 500 companies, can give a more comprehensive overview of the United States economy. Even so, this only reflects investment. Other parts of the economy, such as consumer spending or unemployment rate are not well reflected in stock market indices.

As of February 2025, the average annual price of Brent crude oil stood at 77.36 U.S. dollars per barrel. This is some three U.S. dollars lower than the 2024 average. Brent is the world's leading price benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils. Crude oil is one of the most closely observed commodity prices as it influences costs across all stages of the production process and consequently alters the price of consumer goods as well. What determines crude oil benchmarks? In the past decade, crude oil prices have been especially volatile. Their inherent inelasticity regarding short-term changes in demand and supply means that oil prices are erratic by nature. However, since the 2009 financial crisis, many commercial developments have greatly contributed to price volatility; such as economic growth by BRIC countries like China and India, and the advent of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling in the U.S. The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war are examples of geopolitical events dictating prices. Light crude oils - Brent and WTI Brent Crude is considered a classification of sweet light crude oil and acts as a benchmark price for oil around the world. It is considered a sweet light crude oil due to its low sulfur content and a low density and may be easily refined into gasoline. This oil originates in the North Sea and comprises several different oil blends, including Brent Blend and Ekofisk crude. Often, this crude oil is refined in Northwest Europe. Another sweet light oil often referenced alongside UK Brent is West Texas Intermediate (WTI). WTI oil prices amounted to 76.55 U.S. dollars per barrel in 2024.

Graph and download economic data for Volatility of Stock Price Index for Indonesia (DDSM01IDA066NWDB) from 1984 to 2021 about Indonesia, volatility, stocks, price index, indexes, and price.

Price swings of Bitcoin increased substantially in November 2022, recording a 10-day volatility of more than 100 percent. Measured in a metric called volatility, the percentage shown here reflect how much the price of BTC in U.S. dollars changed historically over a preceding 7-day window. Changes can be either up or down, with a higher volatility reflecting that an asset is more risky, as price movements are less easy to predict and can swing in any direction. The volatility metric referred to here is called "realized volatility", otherwise known as as "historic volatility" and describes these price swings over a given period of time - and consequently is not looking into the future. Despite the rise of several cryptocurrencies since 2021, Bitcoin still had the highest market share ("dominance") of all cryptocurrencies in 2022.

One of the most frequently indicated advantages of Poland's entry into the Eurozone is the reduction of exchange rate risk. In the observed period, however, the zloty became an increasingly stable currency. In 2019 the average monthly EUR/PLN exchange rate volatility was only 3.7 percent, which was the lowest ever and as much as five times lower than in the record year 2009 (almost 18 percent).

In March 2024 Bitcoin BTC reached a new all-time high with prices exceeding 73000 USD marking a milestone for the cryptocurrency market This surge was due to the approval of Bitcoin exchange-traded funds ETFs in the United States allowing investors to access Bitcoin without directly holding it This development increased Bitcoin’s credibility and brought fresh demand from institutional investors echoing previous price surges in 2021 when Tesla announced its 15 billion investment in Bitcoin and Coinbase was listed on the Nasdaq By the end of 2022 Bitcoin prices dropped sharply to 15000 USD following the collapse of cryptocurrency exchange FTX and its bankruptcy which caused a loss of confidence in the market By August 2024 Bitcoin rebounded to approximately 64178 USD but remained volatile due to inflation and interest rate hikes Unlike fiat currency like the US dollar Bitcoin’s supply is finite with 21 million coins as its maximum supply By September 2024 over 92 percent of Bitcoin had been mined Bitcoin’s value is tied to its scarcity and its mining process is regulated through halving events which cut the reward for mining every four years making it harder and more energy-intensive to mine The next halving event in 2024 will reduce the reward to 3125 BTC from its current 625 BTC The final Bitcoin is expected to be mined around 2140 The energy required to mine Bitcoin has led to criticisms about its environmental impact with estimates in 2021 suggesting that one Bitcoin transaction used as much energy as Argentina Bitcoin’s future price is difficult to predict due to the influence of large holders known as whales who own about 92 percent of all Bitcoin These whales can cause dramatic market swings by making large trades and many retail investors still dominate the market While institutional interest has grown it remains a small fraction compared to retail Bitcoin is vulnerable to external factors like regulatory changes and economic crises leading some to believe it is in a speculative bubble However others argue that Bitcoin is still in its early stages of adoption and will grow further as more institutions and governments recognize its potential as a hedge against inflation and a store of value 2024 has also seen the rise of Bitcoin Layer 2 technologies like the Lightning Network which improve scalability by enabling faster and cheaper transactions These innovations are crucial for Bitcoin’s wider adoption especially for day-to-day use and cross-border remittances At the same time central bank digital currencies CBDCs are gaining traction as several governments including China and the European Union have accelerated the development of their own state-controlled digital currencies while Bitcoin remains decentralized offering financial sovereignty for those who prefer independence from government control The rise of CBDCs is expected to increase interest in Bitcoin as a hedge against these centralized currencies Bitcoin’s journey in 2024 highlights its growing institutional acceptance alongside its inherent market volatility While the approval of Bitcoin ETFs has significantly boosted interest the market remains sensitive to events like exchange collapses and regulatory decisions With the limited supply of Bitcoin and improvements in its transaction efficiency it is expected to remain a key player in the financial world for years to come Whether Bitcoin is currently in a speculative bubble or on a sustainable path to greater adoption will ultimately be revealed over time.

Crude oil prices by year from 1970 to 2021, including significant events and average prices, along with the factors that affect price volatility.

Graph and download economic data for Volatility of Stock Price Index for Kenya (DDSM01KEA066NWDB) from 2008 to 2021 about Kenya, volatility, stocks, price index, indexes, and price.

Prices for Japan Stock Market Index (JPVIX) including live quotes, historical charts and news. Japan Stock Market Index (JPVIX) was last updated by Trading Economics this March 27 of 2025.

Global liquefied natural gas prices have shown less volatility in 2024 and 2025 than the years prior, with the benchmark price reaching 14.72 U.S. dollars per million metric British thermal units in February 2025. This figure represents an increase from the same period a year earlier. The global LNG benchmark, which is largely influenced by Asian market trading, particularly Indonesian LNG in Japan, serves as a key indicator for the industry's pricing trends. Natural gas prices become less volatile The Asian LNG market experienced less turbulence in 2023 compared to the previous year, with price volatility dropping to 75 percent. This relative stability followed an exceptionally volatile 2022, when LNG demand surged due to sanctions on Russian imports. The global natural gas price index, which encompasses European, Japanese, and American markets, stood at 207.9 index points in November 2024, showing an increase of nearly 20 points that month. This upward trend in natural gas prices contrasts with the comparatively lower crude oil price indices and follows greater heating demand in the winter months. Landed prices vis-à-vis export prices Due to its geographical location, Japan is exclusively reliant on LNG trading for its natural gas supply. As such, Japan's landed LNG spot price is often higher than for other markets, reaching approximately 10.05 U.S. dollars per million British thermal units in January 2024. By comparison, the world's largest LNG exporter, the United States, has seen its LNG export prices decrease to 7.57 U.S. dollars per thousand cubic feet in 2023, down from 12.24 U.S. dollars the previous year.

Credit unions have experienced growth in recent years, stemming from increased membership and elevated interest rates throughout the period. The industry experienced improving macroeconomic conditions over the past five years, credit unions benefitted from increased consumer borrowing. Although at the onset of the period the industry was negatively impacted by economic volatility. Economic uncertainty led consumers to limit spending, while interest rates declined because the Federal Reserve lowered the Federal Funds Rate to the zero-bound range. Revenue climbed marginally by 0.2% in 2020. However, as the Federal Reserve raised interest rates in an attempt to curb inflation in 2022, industry revenue benefited. The industry experienced greater interest income demand although loan volumes were limited. However, in the latter part of the period the Fed slashed interest rates as inflationary pressures eased, hindering interest income but boosting loan demand volumes. Overall, industry revenue swelled at a CAGR of 2.1% to $113.1 billion over the past five years, including a 1.6% jump in 2025 alone. Industry profit has also climbed due to greater interest income revenue and will comprise 19.9% of revenue in 2025. Changes in the regulatory environment have and will continue to shape the direction of this industry. Greater demand for credit unions increases their systemic importance to the overall economy. These intermediaries are federally insured, so any liquidity crisis requiring federal intervention would burden taxpayers. Legislation dictating stricter capital requirements has been passed under the National Credit Union Association's Risk-Based Capital Final Rule despite lobbying and opposition. Despite an intensified regulatory landscape, industry revenue is expected to expand at a CAGR of 0.8% to $118.0 billion over the five years to 2030. As the economy settles back to normal, consumer borrowing activity is expected to mount. The industry is also likely to endure greater competition from commercial banks, as their improving customer satisfaction threatens credit union membership. Despite this challenge, credit unions are expected to continue to receive strong demand for mortgages as the rate of a 30-year conventional mortgage is expected to decline over the next five years.

Investment trusts have experienced strong revenue volatility recently, driven by rapidly changing global market conditions. The COVID-19 outbreak shocked stock exchanges around the world and hit equity performance hard in the early months of 2020. However, a strong recovery helped trusts bounce back. While demand for investment trusts has stayed fairly strong, alternative investment vehicles like open-ended investment companies have put pressure with their competitive prices, encouraging investment trusts to band together through consolidation to drive down fees charged thanks to economies of scale. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 3% over the five years through 2023-24 to £1.5 billion, including estimated growth of 5.5% in 2023-24, while the average industry profit margin is anticipated to be 28.2%. After the financial crisis in 2008, Ultra-low interest rates supported equity growth as investors sought attractive returns from companies supported by cheap lending rates. This environment came to an end in 2022, as interest rates picked up rapidly amid spiralling inflation. As a result, bond values plummeted, and stock markets recorded lacklustre growth, hurting investment income. Although the rising base rate environment persisted into 2023-24, investors priced in rate cuts near the end of 2023, triggering a rally in stock markets. Capital also flowed into bonds as investors sought to lock in higher yields before they would potentially decline in 2024-25. Investment trust revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 7% over the five years through 2028-29 to £2.1 billion, while the average industry profit margin is forecast to reach 30.2%. Depsite economic growth set to remain muted in the coming years, central banks are taking a higher for longer approach to monetary policy as inflation proves stubborn. This will weigh on stock market activity, but make sovereign fixed income a welcome alternative thanks to their attractive yields and low levels of risk. Investment trusts will continue to seek acquisitive growth, using mergers and acquisitions to minimise fixed costs through scale. Despite expected growth, the loss of passporting rights and equivalence means that investment in the industry from the EU is likely to be somewhat dampened.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Normal Paraffin market size will be USD 14521.5 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.00% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 5808.60 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 4356.45 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 3339.95 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 726.08 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 290.43 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7% from 2024 to 2031.
The linear alkyl benzene (LAB) production segment is the dominant application in the normal paraffin market due to its critical role in manufacturing detergents

Market Dynamics of Normal Paraffin Market

Key Drivers for Normal Paraffin Market

Increasing Demand for Linear Alkylbenzene (LAB) Production to Boost Market Growth

The growing demand for linear alkylbenzene, a key raw material for biodegradable detergents and cleaning agents, is significantly driving the normal paraffin market. Normal paraffin serves as a crucial feedstock in LAB production due to its chemical stability and high purity. The increasing focus on eco-friendly cleaning products and the shift away from phosphate-based detergents have further fueled this demand. With the global cleaning industry expanding, particularly in emerging economies, the reliance on LAB and, consequently, normal paraffin, is anticipated to grow substantially in the coming years. For instance, In August 2021, LANXESS acquired Emerald Kalama Chemical for USD 1.04 Billion. The specialty chemicals enterprise, LANXESS accomplished the second-largest history with the takeover of Emerald Kalama Chemical

Rising Applications in Industrial and Consumer Products to Drive Market Growth

Normal paraffin's versatility across various industrial and consumer applications is another key market driver. It is widely used in the manufacturing of industrial solvents, lubricants, and additives due to its excellent solvency and thermal properties. Moreover, the cosmetics and personal care industries utilize normal paraffin in formulations for creams, lotions, and other skincare products. The growth of these sectors, driven by increasing consumer disposable income and urbanization, has bolstered the demand for normal paraffin globally. Additionally, its use in the production of chlorinated paraffin for metalworking fluids further expands its industrial utility.

Restraint Factor for the Normal Paraffin Market

Volatility in Crude Oil Prices, will Limit Market Growth

The fluctuating prices of crude oil present a significant restraint to the normal paraffin market, as crude oil is the primary raw material for its production. Price instability affects the production costs and profitability of normal paraffin manufacturers, making it challenging to maintain competitive pricing. Moreover, these fluctuations can disrupt the supply chain and create uncertainties in market planning. This volatility also drives the exploration of alternative materials, which could impact the demand for normal paraffin in certain applications, particularly in cost-sensitive industries.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Normal Paraffin Market

Covid-19 pandemic had a mixed impact on the normal paraffin market, disrupting supply chains while simultaneously creating opportunities in specific applications. Lockdowns and restrictions on industrial operations led to reduced production and delays in raw material supply, affecting the availability of normal paraffin. However, the increased demand for hygiene and cleaning products, including detergents and disinfectants, during the pandemic drove the demand for linear alkylbenzene (LAB), a key derivative of normal paraffin. On the downside, reduced economic activity and declining industrial operations in s...

Aluminum increased 16.20 USD/Tonne or 0.63% since the beginning of 2025, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Aluminum - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Trade Credit Insurance market size will be USD 12154.2 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.50% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 4861.6 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.7% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 3646.26 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 2795.47 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.5% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 607.71 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.9% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 243.08 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Small and medium-sized enterprises are expected to grow at the fastest CAGR over the projection period

Market Dynamics of Trade Credit Insurance Market

Key Drivers for Trade Credit Insurance Market

Rising Global Trade Activity Boosts Trade Credit Insurance Market Growth

An increase in worldwide imports and exports of goods and services is predicted to drive future growth in the trade credit insurance market. Exporting is selling goods and services to another country. Importing, on the other hand, is the act of acquiring goods and services from other countries and bringing them into one's own country. Trade credit insurance is used to protect trade companies' receivables from credit issues. Trade credit is a technique used by producers, importers, and exporters to simplify their financial processes. Trade expansion has boosted the demand for trade credit insurance. For instance, according to a February 2022 study provided by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), a Switzerland-based intergovernmental agency under the United Nations Secretariat, global trade reached a record $28.5 trillion in 2021. This is a 25% rise over 2020, and a 13% increase over 2019. After a very sluggish third quarter of trade growth in 2021, it continued in the fourth quarter, when commerce in goods increased by almost $200 billion, reaching a record high of $5.8 trillion

Uncertainties Propel Demand For Risk Mitigation Through Trade Credit Insurance

Economic volatility and uncertainties are projected to drive future growth in the trade credit insurance market. Economic fluctuations and uncertainties relate to variations and uncertainties in economic situations, such as GDP growth, stock market volatility, and exchange rate volatility, which can affect businesses and individuals. Economic fluctuations and uncertainties benefit trade credit insurance by shaping the risk landscape and influencing insurance rates, claims, and coverage. They also emphasize the importance of proactive risk management, early warning systems, and the development of novel technology. According to the Office for National Statistics, in September 2020 and October 2022, more than a third (35%) of businesses said that economic uncertainty had the greatest impact on their turnover

Restraint Factor for the Trade Credit Insurance Market

Various and conflicting Trade Regulations

Various laws have different standards and guidelines between countries, with financial centers taking a more unified approach to trade regulations. This becomes an important component for credit insurance enterprises to give answers, resulting in an inter-regulatory dispute that stifles the credit insurance market's growth. Export Credit Insurance (ECI), for example, covers a product or service exporter in the United States from the risk of a foreign customer failing to pay. As a result, adhering to regulatory requirements in different countries before providing trade credit insurance is a major impediment to the market's growth.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Trade Credit Insurance Market

The impact of Covid-19 in the Trade Credit Insurance market is broad-based and multi-dimensional. When lockdowns and economic uncertainty threw companies into unprecedented turmoil, ca...